Basic introduction topic: primary education? Author: Zhang Cheng Category: Distance Education Press: Delta Education Basic Education, Training Objectives, Training Mode, Specialty Classification, School-running Characteristics, Main Courses, Opening Schools, Importance, Achievements of Education Reform, Training Objectives of Basic Education Basic education majors insist on cultivating all-round development of morality, intelligence, physique and beauty, with high ideological accomplishment, generous basic knowledge, certain educational and scientific research ability and management level, and good comprehensive quality, which can adapt to the country. Its comprehensive quality is summarized as one core, two levels, six abilities and twelve basic skills. That is to say, to carry out education centered on teachers' morality, and strive to make students reach the academic level of undergraduate level and the professional level of primary school teachers, and have the ability of education and teaching, organization and management, activity guidance, teaching research, learning and development, and twelve basic skills of speaking, writing, calculating, creating, teaching, using, doing, playing, singing, jumping, drawing and practicing. Training mode In order to better meet the talent demand of primary school teachers in basic education, under the guidance of the school-running concept of colleges and departments, we actively practice the educational concepts of people-oriented, holistic education, goal training and practical experience, and construct a talent training mode of 211. 2 1 1 1 can be used as the teaching of two main courses of Chinese and mathematics in primary schools, taking into account 1 other courses, guiding 1 activity courses and specializing in 1 course teaching. In the construction of curriculum structure system, we should adhere to the characteristics of "three natures in one". Three natures refer to the * * * nature of higher education, the characteristics of normal education and the individuality of primary education. First, it refers to the all-round development of moral, intellectual, physical and aesthetic education. In the training work, six curriculum platforms, including general courses, basic professional courses, subject-specific courses, public elective courses, activity courses and social practice courses, run through the practice of primary education and primary education research, which fully embodies the characteristics of 211comprehensive training of primary education and professional expertise. According to the needs of the new curriculum reform of basic education, on the basis of general education and professional basic courses in universities, different subjects such as Chinese, mathematics, English, physical education, art, science education and information technology are offered, and different courses are offered. Students have to study for an average of 2800 hours in four years. Combined with teaching, this major organizes students to carry out practical activities such as social investigation, educational practice and thesis writing. Students should complete 18 1 credit on average after graduation. The enrollment target of primary education major is the third-year graduates of five-year normal schools and the recent high school graduates, with a four-year academic system and a bachelor's degree. Students who have completed the required total credits and are qualified in morality, intelligence, physique and aesthetics are allowed to graduate and issue bachelor's degree certificates to primary education majors. On this basis, foreign languages and computers passed the corresponding level examinations and were awarded a bachelor's degree in education. Professional classification Primary education majors are divided into three directions: liberal arts, science and English. Mainly in-service primary school teachers with secondary normal education and certain education and teaching experience. Among them, literature and history are oriented to literature and history teachers; Science is for science teachers. In the process of construction and development, the specialty of basic education with school-running characteristics will form the multidisciplinary characteristics of specialty construction, the comprehensive training characteristics of talent quality, the open characteristics of school-running mode and the service characteristics of specialty development. The main course "Primary Education" teaches primary education. This major is devoted to the study of children's psychology and education. Mainly psychology and pedagogy; And focus on children's psychology and education. In addition, it can also involve some knowledge of high school foreign languages and other disciplines, as well as tests such as logic questions. Ministry of Education: Northeast Normal University
Beijing Municipal Education Commission: Capital Normal University
Tianjin Municipal Education Commission: Tianjin Normal University
Hebei Provincial Department of Education: Baoding College of Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology is located in Xingtai University and Zhangjiakou College of Shijiazhuang University.
Shanxi Provincial Department of Education: Yuncheng College of Jinzhong University, taiyuan normal College of Shanxi Normal University, Datong University.
Education Department of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region: Inner Mongolia Normal University, baotou teachers college Chifeng College, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology.
Liaoning Provincial Department of Education: Dalian University, Shenyang Normal University, Anshan Normal University and Liaodong College of Shenyang University.
Jilin Provincial Department of Education: Boda College of Yanbian University Jilin Normal University Jilin Normal University Beihua University baicheng normal College Changchun Normal University
Education Department of Heilongjiang Province: Harbin Normal University, Heihe University, Daqing Normal University, Mudanjiang Normal University, Harbin College and Jiamusi University.
Shanghai Municipal Education Commission: Shanghai Normal University
Jiangsu Provincial Department of Education: Yangzhou University Jiangsu Normal University Nanjing Normal University Taizhou College Nanjing Xiaozhuang College Changzhou Institute of Technology Changshu Institute of Technology Huaiyin Normal College Jiangsu Second Normal College
Zhejiang Provincial Department of Education: Zhejiang Normal University, Wenzhou University, Ningbo University, Huzhou Normal University, Shaoxing College of Arts and Sciences of Lishui University, Taizhou College, Hangzhou Normal University, Quzhou College and Zhejiang International Studies University.
Anhui Provincial Department of Education: Huainan Teachers College Fuyang Teachers College Anqing Teachers College Chuzhou College Hefei College Anhui Normal University west anhui university Huangshan College
Fujian Provincial Department of Education: Wuyi College of Jimei University and Quanzhou Normal College of Minnan Normal University.
Jiangxi Provincial Department of Education: Shangrao Teachers College Jinggangshan University Jiangxi Normal University Gannan Normal University
Shandong Provincial Department of Education: Dezhou University Heze University Taishan College Liaocheng University Qingdao University Weifang College
Henan Provincial Department of Education: Huanghuai College of Zhengzhou Normal University, Xinlian College of Henan Normal University, Pingdingshan College, anyang normal College, Shangqiu Normal University and zhoukou normal university.
Hubei Provincial Department of Education: Huangshi Institute of Technology Hubei Second Normal University Xianning College Jingchu Institute of Technology Xiaogan College Hubei Normal University
Hunan Provincial Department of Education: Jishou University of Huaihua University, Hunan First Normal College, Hunan University of Science and Technology.
Guangdong Provincial Department of Education: Shaoguan University, jiaying university Lingnan Teachers College, Hanshan Teachers College, South China Normal University, Zhaoqing College, Foshan Institute of Science and Technology, Dongguan University of Technology, Guangzhou University.
Guangxi Education Department: Guangxi Normal University Yulin Teachers College Hezhou College Guangxi Teachers College Wuzhou College Hechi University Guangxi Teachers College for Nationalities (formerly Nanning Teachers College)
Hainan Provincial Department of Education: Qiongzhou College of Hainan Normal University
Chongqing Municipal Education Commission: Yangtze Normal University Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences Chongqing Normal University
Sichuan Provincial Department of Education: Leshan Normal College of Sichuan Normal University, Xichang College of Chengdu Normal University, Sichuan University of Arts and Sciences, Chengdu College of Mianyang Normal University, neijiang normal College, Yibin College of China West Normal University and Sichuan University for Nationalities.
Guizhou Provincial Department of Education: Kaili College of Guizhou Normal University, Bijie College of Guiyang University, Qiannan Normal University for Nationalities and zunyi normal College.
Yunnan Provincial Department of Education: Chuxiong Teachers College, qujing normal College, Honghe College, Yuxi Teachers College, Dali College and Baoshan College.
Shaanxi Provincial Department of Education: Xianyang Normal College of Ankang College of Xi 'an University of Arts and Sciences
Gansu Provincial Department of Education: Longdong College, tianshui normal university Hexi College and Lanzhou City College.
Qinghai Provincial Department of Education: Qinghai Normal University
Education Department of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region: Ningxia Normal University
Education Department of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region: Importance of Yili Normal University Xinjiang Normal University Changji College Kashgar Normal University 1. Comrade * *, the basic position of primary education, pointed out: "After more than ten years of school education, the dolls in the first grade of primary school will become the new force to create the great cause of 2 1 century. The Central Committee proposed that China should make great efforts to focus on education, starting with primary schools. This is a strategic move. If you don't put forward such a task to the whole party, you will miss the big event and bear the historical responsibility. " Basic education is the foundation of the whole education. To improve the quality of the whole education, we must start with basic education. The basic status of basic education is as follows. (a) the basic position of primary education in the implementation of compulsory education 1986 promulgated the "People's Republic of China (PRC) Compulsory Education Law" stipulates that the state implements nine-year compulsory education. Compulsory education is a compulsory, free and common form of national basic education, which is stipulated by the state in legal form, needed by school-age children and jointly guaranteed by the state, society, schools and families. Compulsory education is an education for all citizens and a major undertaking for the future. The popularity and quality of compulsory education are directly related to the quality of hundreds of millions of workers and talents at all levels needed for China's economic and social development, and to the degree of all-round social progress and China's international reputation and image. Primary education is the first stage of nine-year compulsory education, and it bears a direct and very important responsibility in the implementation of compulsory education. The healthy development of primary education will help to fundamentally eliminate the emergence of new illiteracy and eventually eliminate illiteracy, thus ensuring that education becomes the realization of everyone's rights and obligations. (2) The basic position of basic education in the whole education system. Most school education systems in a country are divided into several stages. The school education system in China generally includes three stages: primary education, secondary education and higher education. Among them, primary education (primary education) and secondary education (secondary education) belong to general basic education and have a high degree of coherence, but each stage has its own independent nature and tasks. "The nine-story platform starts from the soil foundation." Basic education is the foundation of all kinds of education. Personally, a good primary education lays a foundation for their healthy physical and mental development and provides conditions for them to receive secondary education. From the perspective of a country, only by popularizing and improving primary education can secondary education and higher education be gradually popularized and improved. In this sense, basic education has the nature of laying a foundation for higher-level schools and cultivating talents at all levels. In short, basic education is the basis for improving the quality of the people, training talents at all levels and laying the foundation for children's lifelong development. Second, the basic characteristics of primary education Primary education is a large-scale educational foundation project, which has its own unique basic characteristics in addition to the characteristics of general education. (A) the nationality of primary education, broadly speaking, means that primary education must be geared to all the people. Only in this way can illiteracy be completely eliminated and the cultural quality of the whole nation be improved; In a narrow sense, it means that basic education must be open to all school-age children. The popularization of primary education is the common trend of educational reform in all countries in the world, and almost all countries are trying to create conditions to ensure everyone's right to receive primary education. 1989165438+10 In October, the 25th General Conference of UNESCO decided on the plan of "striving to realize basic education for all", which called for eliminating illiteracy as much as possible and popularizing primary education. 1990 In March, the World Conference on Education for All was held in Thailand. The theme of the conference is "Let everyone have the opportunity to enjoy education". The World Declaration on Education for All-Meeting Basic Learning Needs, adopted by the conference, repeatedly emphasized that everyone should enjoy the right to education and provide opportunities for all to receive education. In the new period of socialism, China's basic education is universal education, which is the need of socialist modernization, the need to improve the quality of the whole Chinese nation and the need to enable children of all ethnic groups to receive socialist education. In order to ensure this universality, the state pays special attention to the education of girls and children in poverty-stricken areas and ethnic minority areas and adopts special policies; Special attention is also paid to the education of disabled children to ensure this. (2) Compulsory primary education is open to all school-age children. Any minor citizen who reaches a certain age (6-7 years old) must receive primary education regardless of race, nationality, sex, skin color, language and socio-economic status (except those that are not allowed by intellectual and physical conditions). Therefore, basic education is compulsory in the whole education. For every citizen, educational opportunities are equal and should be enjoyed. The Compulsory Education Law of People's Republic of China (PRC) stipulates: "The state implements nine-year compulsory education. Provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government shall determine the steps to implement compulsory education according to the economic and cultural development of the region. " "The state, society, schools and families guarantee the right of school-age children and adolescents to receive compulsory education according to law." Compulsory education is a universal, compulsory and free school education for school-age children and adolescents in the form of law. The word "obligation" here includes: (1) The state has the obligation to set up schools so that people can enjoy education; (2) Parents or guardians have the obligation to make school-age children or ward go to school; (3) The whole society has the obligation to eliminate all kinds of adverse effects and obstacles on the education of school-age children and adolescents. Therefore, compulsory education needs the protection of the state, family and society. For the educated, this is both a right and an obligation. Primary education is compulsory. According to the Compulsory Education Law, compulsory education is free: "The state exempts students who receive compulsory education from tuition fees. The state has set up scholarships to help poor students go to school. " "Parents or other guardians must make school-age children and adolescents enter school on time and receive compulsory education for a specified number of years." Because primary education is a basic education implemented according to national laws, it is mandatory. (3) Comprehensive primary education is an education that provides children with all-round development in morality, intelligence, physique and aesthetics. Basic education is neither employment-oriented vocational and technical education, nor professional education to train senior professionals. It is the education of general basic knowledge and basic skills for all children. On this basis, develop their abilities, cultivate their noble ideological and moral qualities, improve their physical and psychological qualities, make them have some basic qualities that citizens should have, and create conditions for their further study. Basic education is the premise of cultivating talents at all levels. Primary school education is the most basic knowledge and skill education for all children, helping them learn how to be human and laying a foundation for their study, life and further development. To some extent, synthesis is a professional preparation. Only by ensuring the quality of primary education can we ensure the quality of high school education. The age at which children receive primary education is a period of great changes in life, and it is the best period for people's intelligence, ability and good habits to form. Every aspect of primary education cannot be ignored. Third, the enlightenment role of primary school education From the perspective of life development, the primary school stage is the most important, and it is the most prosperous period of long body and long knowledge. Pupils are curious, eager for knowledge and quick-thinking. They should ask why every question. They are constantly absorbing all kinds of knowledge like sponges. Pupils have a strong memory, are good at reciting, and can keep things of interest in mind. Primary school students are strong imitators and easily get used to it. Good habits formed in childhood can be firmly maintained for life; On the contrary, it is difficult to correct the bad habits formed in primary schools in middle schools and universities. Therefore, in the primary school stage, students should not only learn knowledge and develop intelligence, but also strictly train in their studies and develop good study habits; We should have strict requirements in ideology and morality and develop good behavior habits. Whether the primary school foundation is good or not will affect students' future study and growth, and even affect their lives. In ancient China, children's education was highly valued, and many educators advocated "cultivating morality through enlightenment". In the haiku of divination in Zhouyi, there is a record that "there is virtue", which becomes a guide for tutoring and learning in the future. The compilation of Mongolian teaching materials has attracted the attention of educators in past dynasties. The most representative textbooks of Mongolian studies are Sanbai, Qian Qian and Qian Qian (namely, Saint Amethyst, Hundred Family Names, Qian Wen Zi and Poems of a Thousand Families). Among them, The Classic of Three Characters compiled by Wang Yinglin has more than a thousand words, from literacy to literacy, from common sense to history, from allusions to characters, and it is written in three-character rhyme, which is catchy and easy to read and remember. It is a typical children's textbook, which was adopted by the enlightenment education in the late feudal society of China for a long time. In addition, Zhu also had a certain influence on Children's Instructions. The book is divided into five parts: clothes and shoes, language trends, sweeping the floor, reading and writing, and chores, all of which have specific requirements and regulations for students' behavior. These textbooks still have important reference value for us to compile primary school textbooks. China also had rich experience in teaching methods of children's enlightenment in ancient times. For example, starting from the reality of children, the principles and methods are put forward, such as setting an example, combining literature with Taoism, subtly influencing, preventing minor delays, being good at saving the nation, teaching students in accordance with their aptitude, and learning from each other's strengths. There are also Wang Shouren's Masterpiece and Wang Yun's Godson, which have left a valuable educational legacy for future generations. Primary education is the beginning of children's schooling. At this stage, children will experience three changes in life enlightenment: first, they will change from casual play activities to purposeful and planned learning activities; Second, from individual and loose group activities to organized and regular group activities; The third is the transformation from spoken language to written language. These transformations can enable children to break through the limitations of time and space and broaden the scope of understanding, thus having a great impact on promoting all-round development. This shows that the formation of children's ideological and moral character, the development of knowledge and ability, and the enhancement of physical quality will all officially begin in the primary education stage. In short, primary school is the most fragile period for children's development, the critical period for children to transition to teenagers, and the period from immaturity to gradual maturity and physical and mental development. Therefore, education in this period played an important role in the development of human life. (1) Physical Enlightenment Primary School is a period of children's rapid physical development. Although children are much stronger than young children, they are still weak compared with heavy and persistent learning tasks. Therefore, in primary education, it is very important to care about children's physical and mental health and enhance their physique. In the first year of primary school, we should pay special attention not to make children feel afraid and tired of learning as soon as they enter school. The concern and protection of children's health and the awareness and measures to enhance children's physique should run through the whole process of primary education and even school education at all levels. This task is particularly important in childhood, because children don't understand and realize that they need to protect their bodies and various organs, and the responsibility of primary school educators in this regard is even more important. A young body may be strong and easily injured. In recent years, the increase of myopia rate and cardiovascular and nervous system diseases among primary school students in China is a problem that cannot be ignored. During primary school, it is an active protection for children's health to educate children to develop good work and rest habits and cleanliness. (2) Children in the elementary stage of learning knowledge are in a period when their intellectual potential is gradually emerging and developing rapidly. An important task of primary education should be to enlighten children's intellectual development. In addition to the teaching content, the training of reading, writing, calculation and manual operation skills is of great significance to the future development of children's intelligence and learning ability. Children's manual operation is often ignored. People who have the ability to develop and create generally have various performances during primary school. If the training of practical ability misses this period, the effect will be slow. In addition, the most important thing is the ability of students to master and use written language skillfully. In the process of learning, teachers should pay attention to cultivating students' learning autonomy, including arranging learning time reasonably, completing homework independently, checking and correcting homework mistakes, and trying to overcome learning difficulties. The development of primary school students' self-confidence is closely related to whether they can overcome difficulties and also to teachers' evaluation. Therefore, in the process of guiding and helping students to learn, it is more important for primary school teachers to care for and encourage their progress and independence. Teachers should believe that students will succeed, and be good at making children gradually learn to use their own strength to succeed through various methods. Innovation is the soul of a nation's progress and an inexhaustible motive force for the country's prosperity. The production of innovative achievements depends on innovative thinking and innovative ability, which must be cultivated from an early age and from the time of students. Therefore, basic education plays an important role in cultivating children's curiosity and thirst for knowledge, helping children to study and think independently, protecting their exploration spirit and innovative thinking, and developing their potential. (3) Ideological and moral enlightenment Children who enter primary schools will encounter more and more moral problems with the continuous expansion of their lives. The key to the development of primary school students' moral quality is to match words with deeds, both inside and outside the school. The difference between words and deeds exists because primary school students lack strong will, and the formation of habits or moral behaviors requires a certain amount and intensity of practical training. Therefore, the focus of ideological and moral education in primary schools is to cultivate good moral concepts and behavior habits of primary school students, that is, to cultivate civilized behavior. If strict requirements and repeated training can be given to primary school students for a long time, a series of conditioned reflexes will be established in their minds, and advanced dynamic stereotypes of moral behavior will be formed, so that habits will become natural and lay a solid foundation for primary school students' future study and work. Organizing and arranging children's extracurricular and extracurricular activities in primary school and giving full play to the role of classes and children's organizations can cultivate children's extensive cognitive interests and the spirit of caring for the collective, others, unity and cooperation, provide children with opportunities to show their personal talents and take the initiative to choose, and enable children to form a healthy and happy psychological state and independent ability. For primary school teachers in our country, we are facing a new generation of children in New China, engaged in the sacred socialist education, and we must accomplish our sacred task well. Facing the developing primary school students, we should not only understand their age and personality characteristics as a whole, but also master the physical and mental development process of children in primary schools in detail. We should make detailed and arduous education for each specific child and his physical and mental characteristics at different stages, closely combine school education with parent education and social education, cultivate qualified talents for socialist construction and create a new generation with all-round development for the future of the motherland. Achievements of Educational Reform In the 60 years since the founding of New China, China's educational development has gone through a magnificent development process and achieved great achievements that have attracted worldwide attention. Achievement 1: Fully popularize nine-year compulsory education; Achievement 2: Higher education has entered the stage of popularization; Achievement 3: accelerate the development of vocational education; Achievement 4: educational equity has made great strides; Achievement 5: quality education has entered a new stage of national promotion, key breakthrough and all-round development; Result 6: the overall level of teachers, especially rural teachers, has been continuously improved; Achievement 7: A road of education development in Socialism with Chinese characteristics has been developed; Achievement 8: Education has made an important contribution to China's socialist modernization.