I am worried that once the cloning technology is mature, hundreds of "Hitler" will be maliciously cloned, or another celebrity will be confused. This is a misunderstanding of cloning. There are many acquired environmental factors, and personality and social attributes cannot be exactly the same. No matter how the cloning technology develops, only human flesh is cloned, not human soul, and the age gap between clones and clones. Therefore, the so-called human cloning is a historical figure that cannot be completely copied and will not be resurrected. Real people don't worry about more "self".
[Edit this paragraph] The time of cloning and all cloned projects.
Sheep: 1996, trolley (trolley)
Macaque: June 2000, 5438+ 10, Li, female.
Pigs: In March 2000, five Scottish PPL pigs, and in August, Gina, female.
Cattle: 200 1 year, Beta male.
Cat: As of 200 1, copy machine (CC), female.
Mouse: In 2002.
Rabbit: In March and April 2003, it achieved independence in France and South Korea respectively;
Money mule: May 2003 Idaho Gem, male June, Utah Pioneer, male.
Deer: Dewey in 2003.
Ma Prometea, 2003, female
Dog: In 2005, Seoul National University, Korean experimental team, Snoopy.
Pigs: On August 8, 2005, the first cloned pig from donor cells was born .../The cloning research has made great progress, and the success rate of cloning is still quite low: 276 attempts failed, and the researchers were experienced before Dolly was born; After 70 calves were born, 9000 attempts were successful, and one-third died, and they did not interact with each other. Prometea also made 328 attempts to be born successfully. Some species, such as cats and orangutans, reported cloning failures. Dog cloning experiments have to go through hundreds of trial and error before the results come out.
Dolly took an age test after she was born. In this era, when she was born. When she was 6 years old, most old people had arthritis. This aging is thought to be caused by the wear of telomeres. Telomeres are the ends of chromosomes. With cell division, telomeres are constantly worn during replication, which is usually considered as the cause of aging. However, among the successful cloned cattle, the researchers found that they were actually much younger. According to analysis, they are not only born, but also have longer telomeres than when they were born. Compared with normal cattle, this means that they can live longer, but many of them are terminated early because of their rapid growth. Researchers believe that this research may eventually be used to change human life.
[Edit this paragraph], which violates the ethics of human cloning.
Is modern science and technology, especially modern life science, disrespectful of moral principles, disobedient voice and morality? Experts point out that some crazy scientists secretly clone human beings in the United States-cloning human ethics, human life, and a series of highly controversial and difficult legal issues.
Recently, many media in China reprinted the reports of foreign media. This is an amazing news: a cult manipulated by a group of crazy scientists has a secret cloning experiment in the depths of the desert in Nevada. According to February this year, a British scientist cloned the human death from a baby girl 10 months old, and the same principle was used to create Dolly, the world's first cloned sheep. It is said that "if all goes well, the world's first clone will be born at the end of next year."
After the news is disclosed, the ethical issues of cloning technology will once again become a hot topic of discussion. If this is true, how to treat it, how to evaluate and think correctly? The reporter visited the director of ethics, law and society of the Southern Research Center of the National Human Genome and the researcher of Shen Mingxian College of the Institute of Philosophy of Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences. Professor Shen said: Since 1997, Dolly sheep has been successfully cloned by Roslin Institute in Britain, and there are also foreign countries. Driven by fame and fortune, it proposed and tried to engage in the research of human cloning. The government has banned it, but in the past two years, reports about human cloning have appeared in newspapers more than once. However, it is really shocking that this speed is so fast as that of cults.
It is understandable that parents lose their daughters and their daughters are resurrected through cloning. But if scientists want to clone human experiments, it is worth discussing. Professor Shen's cult: even if you don't say it, this practice is not desirable. In the clone, he will live in the shadow of the copy. "I am a dead man, how will his psychology be affected?"
According to the viewpoint of bioethics, science and technology are the long-term interests of all mankind, and it must follow the internationally recognized moral principles of "doing well, not hurting, being independent and just". After the successful failure of Dolly Cloned Sheep 200, the sheep became deformed or died. Cloning human beings is more complicated and will undoubtedly encounter more failures. Creating unhealthy, deformed or short-lived will be a violation of human rights.
Professor Shen pointed out that in science, cloning can be divided into therapeutic cloning and reproductive cloning. The former is the medical research of cloning human organs by using embryonic stem cells to solve the problem of lack of donor support in the international scientific and ethical circles. However, a prerequisite for therapeutic cloning is that the embryo cannot exceed the pregnancy limit of 65,438+04 days. Reproductive cloning is usually called human cloning, because it violates the general principles of bioethics, so the mainstream opinion of scientists is that even human cloning is firmly opposed. The human genome of UNESCO, the World Health Organization and the International Ethics Committee, as well as governments around the world, have also expressed their opposition to reproductive cloning very clearly. If you are really born, you still have to stick to this basic position.
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[Edit this paragraph] Kelong Hua Mei still has shortcomings.
Select the text of Wen Wei Po from 165438+20001October 8.
We say that the advantages and disadvantages of biotechnology are the advantages and disadvantages of cloning.
Li: 1) Cloning technology relieves the pain that women cannot be mothers.
2) The implementation of cloning experiment has promoted the development of genetics and opened up the prospect of "manufacturing" animal organs transplanted into human body.
3) Cloning technology can also be used to detect fetal genetic defects. The cloning of fertilized eggs is used to detect the developing fetus and uterus of various genetic diseases and cloned embryos with the same genetic characteristics.
4) Cloning technology can be used to treat adult nerve tissue with nervous system injury and regeneration ability, and stem cells can repair nervous system injury.
5) In IVF surgery, doctors often need to implant more than one fertilized egg into the uterus and screen it during pregnancy. But many women can only provide one egg for fertilization, and cloning can solve this problem well. This egg can be cloned and fertilized, which greatly improves the success rate of pregnancy.
Disadvantages: 1) Cloning will reduce genetic variation. The individuals produced by cloning have the same genetic diseases and the same sensitivity. The disease can destroy the clones produced by the whole population. Suppose a country's cloned cattle product is a serious virus, which can destroy the country's animal husbandry.
2) Using cloning technology will enable people to multiply and utilize the most valuable existing population, instead of popularizing the whole population according to the law of survival of the fittest in nature. In this sense, cloning technology interferes with the evolution of nature.
3) Cloning technology is an expensive technology, which requires a lot of money and the participation of biotechnology professionals, with a high failure rate. Dolly has only 277 experimental results. Although the most advanced technology is developed in a country, the success rate is only 2-3%.
4) The risk of diseases spread by transgenic animals increases. For example, cows that produce milk with drugs are infected with the virus, which may infect patients with milk infection.
The development of cloning technology and whether to allow genetic manipulation of early human embryos will trigger a debate on the genetic characteristics of human offspring under artificial control. Many ethicists can't accept it.
6) Cloning technology can also be used to create "Superman" or strong people with low physical intelligence. In addition, if cloning technology is effectively used, human males will lose their genetic significance.
7) The influence of cloning technology on family relations will be enormous. A child can be regarded as a DNA clone of the father of a twin brother, but it's hard to imagine how you feel when you find that one person is just a complete copy of another.
[Edit this paragraph] Simply put, cloning technology
The origin of cloning is the transliteration of English cloning, which is an artificially induced asexual reproductive clone. Asexual reproduction refers to the offspring-free homospore reproduction, budding and fission reproduction produced by the combination of male and female germ cells. New individual plants, such as roots, stems and leaves, are produced by layering, cutting or grafting, which is also called asexual reproduction. Sheep, monkeys, cattle and other animals are asexual reproduction, without manual operation. Scientists call the operation process of artificial gene plant breeding cloning, and biotechnology is conceived through cloning technology.
Cloning technology was first proposed by German embryologist in 1938. After scientists conducted the first frog cloning experiment in 1952, people continued to use various animal cloning techniques. There has been little progress in technology. In the early 1980s, the research work once fell into a trough. Later some mammalian embryonic stem cells were cloned successfully. 1On July 5th, 996, British scientist Dr Ian Wilmut cloned the somatic cells of adult sheep and gave birth to young sheep. Cloning technology has brought a major breakthrough, breaking the technical difficulties of animal embryonic stem cell cloning in the past, achieving the target population reproduction of animal cloning for the first time, providing consumers with better food or any chemical substances, and possibly using somatic cells, thus achieving the goals of animal cloning research and cloning technology in a higher sense. animal
The cloning process is to transplant the nucleus of a donor cell containing genetic material into an egg cell without nucleus, stimulate the combination of reproductive development by micro-current, and then promote the newly implanted cell to split into an embryo, which develops to a certain extent (Roslin Institute cloned sheep for about 6 days), and then make the uterus of an animal pregnant, so that it has the same animal cells genetically. In this process, if the donor cells are genetically modified, the genes of asexual offspring will also change in the same way. The main difference between "Honolulu Technology" and Dolly Sheep Technology, which successfully bred three generations of cloned mice, is that the genetic material in the cloning process is directly through physical methods instead of culturing and injecting the culture solution of oocytes, and the chemical stimulation used in this process is not to control the electrical stimulation of oocytes again. 1On July 5th, 998, scientists announced at the Japanese Livestock Center in Ishikawa Prefecture and the Animal Science Laboratory of Feng Jingen University. The birth of cloned cattle and the technology of cloning adult animals are repeatable.
What is cloning?
Cloning transliterated English words, cloning plants originally cultivated by KLONE from Greece, such as cutting stems and grafting buds or branches, asexual propagation or asexual propagation.
Today, cloning is the asexual reproduction of a population of organisms through somatic cells, which produces offspring with the same genotype. It can also be understood as replication, replication cloning, which is copied from the same prototype and has the same appearance as the genetic prototype.
The news that Dolly the sheep was born in February 1997 immediately attracted the attention of the whole world. The first cloned sheep cultivated by British biologists through cloning technology, human beings can make the same animal life form by using animal cells, breaking the unchangeable law of nature. BR/>； What is the difference?
It should be said that life can be cloned.
Has it been cloned?
Frog: 1962, failed.
Carp: 1963, China scientist Tong injected the genetic material of male carp into the eggs of female carp as early as 1963 in the first week, and successfully cloned female carp, 33 years earlier than Dolly sheep. The relevant papers were published in China academic journals, not translated into English, so they are not known to the international community. (From: Public Broadcasting Company)
In ancient mythology, the Monkey King expressed the fantasy story of the Monkey King with countless tiny hairs. 1938, German scientists first proposed the idea of mammalian cloning. Dolly, a somatic cloned sheep, was born in 1996. Cloning has quickly become the focus of the world's attention, and we can't help wondering whether we will follow the problem of sheep's back. There is no objection to the cloning of DIN, but it has reached the pursuit of scientists. It is another successful cloning after the most similar primate and human biological characteristics of cattle, mice, pigs and even monkeys. People have to believe that one day, scientists will use human cells to replicate and provide the same human cloned cells. This is not a dream in science fiction, but an almost certain reality. At present, three foreign-funded institutions have officially announced that they will carry out human cloning experiments. Zavos, a professor at the University of Kentucky, cooperated with Italian expert Antonio Neck for two years.
Cloning human beings may have complicated consequences. Most countries with advanced biotechnology now adopt the attitude of prohibition or strict restriction. Clinton said: "The risk of copying human beings through this technology should be eliminated." Hong Guofan, member of Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference and director of the Gene Research Office of the National Center of Chinese Academy of Sciences, also clearly expressed his opposition to human cloning research and advocated distinguishing cloning technology from cloning.
Is it really terrible to clone humans with such a demon's Pandora's box?
In fact, the most important reason why people can't accept human cloning experiments is the obstacle of traditional ethics. For thousands of years, human beings have been following the principle of sexual reproduction. Human cloning is a laboratory product that creates a controlled life. Especially in the west, cloning "Adam and Eve who abandoned God and detached" has also been opposed by many religious organizations. In addition, the relationship between the cloned person and the cloned person is determined by the blood relationship, which violates the traditional morality. These are the reasons why clones can't find a suitable place to live. However, in the traditional morality of human beings, He Xiuxiu, an academician of China Academy of Social Sciences, said: "The ethical problem of human cloning should be solved, but there is no reason to oppose" scientific and technological progress. The development of human society itself tells us that the renewal of human concept drives the development of technological history, and the backward concept of science and technology that restricts development is rigid. The history of blood transfusion and organ transplantation has brought many ethical disputes. 1978 when the first test-tube baby was born, it caused an uproar, but now, people have been able to treat it correctly. This shows that in the face of the development and maintenance of science and technology, it will not harm mankind. On the contrary, it is a cloning technology that benefits mankind. "Therapeutic cloning" will be a breakthrough in the production of transplanted organs, overcome diseases and bring revolutionary changes to biotechnology and medical technology. For example, when your daughter needs a bone marrow transplant, no one can provide it for her; When you unfortunately lose the pain that a 5-year-old child can't get rid of, when you want to improve the childless child ... maybe you will realize the important scientific value and practical significance of cloning. The research of therapeutic cloning and the experiment of complete human cloning complement each other and promote each other. Therapeutic cloning is the end point, and complete human cloning can be the gospel of human society if it is used properly.
Science has always been a double-edged sword. However, the progress of science and technology is really beneficial to mankind, which lies in how human beings treat and apply it, not because it is temporarily unreasonable and unworthy. Cloning technology may indeed be related to nuclear technology that benefits mankind, or it may be disastrous. The essence of "fear" is the fear of technology being abused, not the fear of technology itself. At present, in the attitude of the world, human cloning and more "ambiguous", Britain passed by more than two-thirds of the votes last year, and the United States, Germany and Australia, which allowed the cloning of early human embryos, gradually spread the voice of relaxing the restrictions on therapeutic cloning. It can be said that the first country to master human cloning technology means that it has advantages and initiative, while countries that start late may still suffer unpredictable losses. As the first American to master nuclear technology from the beginning, this technology shows that it is evil, but countries must strengthen research and experiments in this field. From this perspective alone, it is also worth discussing that the experiment of human cloning adopts a simple negative attitude.
I am worried that once the cloning technology is mature, hundreds of "Hitler" will be maliciously cloned, or another celebrity will be confused. There are many acquired environmental factors, and personality and social attributes cannot be exactly the same. This is a misunderstanding. Moreover, no matter how the cloning technology develops, human beings have cloned meat, but there is no human soul, and there is a big age gap between clones and clones. Therefore, the so-called incomplete reproduction of clones will
Sheep: 1996, trolley (trolley)
Macaque: June 2000, 5438+ 10, Li, female.
Pig: Scottish PPL pig in March, 2000, Zina in May and August,
Niunv: 200 1, beta version, male.
Cat: As of 200 1, plagiarist (CC), female.
Mouse:
Rabbit in 2002: independent in France and South Korea in March 2003;
Mule: May 2003, Idaho Gem, male June, Utah Pioneer, male.
Deer: Dewey in 2003
Ma: Prometea, 2003, female.
Dog: Snape, experimental team, Seoul National University, Korea, 2005.
Great progress has been made in the research before cloning, and the success rate of cloning is still quite low at present: Dolly-born researchers have experienced 276 failed attempts; In 9000 successful attempts, 70% calves were born, and one third of them died at an early age. Prometea also made 328 attempts to be born successfully. For some species, such as cats and orangutans, there was no successful dog cloning experiment, but after hundreds of experiments and mistakes, the result came.
Dolly's age after birth was tested in the era when she was born. At the age of six, she developed arthritis in the general elderly. Such aging is thought to be caused by telomeres, which are the ends of chromosomes. With cell division, telomeres are constantly worn during replication, which is usually considered as the cause of aging. However, after the success of cloning cattle, the researchers found that, in fact, they were much younger. According to analysis, they are not only born with the length of their backs, but also have longer telomeres at birth than normal cows, which means they can live longer. However, due to the rapid growth, many of them were terminated early. Researchers believe that this research may eventually be used to change human life.
Cloning is of great significance to human life and ethics.
Modern science and technology, especially modern life science, respects moral principles instead of the opposite, and does not listen to voices. Is this moral? Some crazy scientists in the United States pointed out that the practice of experts secretly cloning human beings runs counter to the human bioethics of cloning human beings.
Recently, many domestic media reprinted foreign media reports, including an amazing news: a group of crazy scientists carried out a cult action and conducted a secret human cloning experiment in the depths of Nevada desert. Dolly, the world's first cloned sheep, was made by the same principle. According to a British scientist who died in February this year, Dolly was an elderly baby girl who extracted cells to make clones. It is said that "if all goes well, then the world's first clone will be born at the end of next year."
After the news was disclosed, the ethical issues brought by cloning technology once again became a hot topic of discussion. If this is true, how should we treat it, how to correctly evaluate and think about it? The reporter visited the director of ethics, law and society of the Southern Research Center of the National Human Genome and researcher Shen Mingxian of the Institute of Philosophy of Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences.
Professor Shen said: Since 1997, Dolly sheep was successfully cloned by Roslin Institute in Britain, people driven by fame and fortune abroad put forward and tried to engage in human cloning research, which was prohibited by governments all over the world. But in the past two years, reports about human cloning have appeared in newspapers more than once, and the speed is so fast that it is really a fight with cults.
It is understandable that parents lose their daughters and daughters are resurrected through cloning, but if scientists want to clone human experiments, it is worth discussing. Professor Shen's cult: even if you don't say it, this practice is not desirable. Will live in the shadow of the "clone" people, "I am a dead man, what kind of psychological impact will he have?"
According to the viewpoint of bioethics, science and technology are for the benefit of all mankind. It must follow the four internationally recognized moral principles of "doing well, being harmless, being independent and being fair". After Dolly 200 was successfully cloned, the sheep became deformed or died. Cloning human beings is more complicated and will undoubtedly encounter more failures. It will be a violation of human rights to create unhealthy, deformed and short-lived ones.
The diversity of human genome is the biological basis of human evolution, and the so-called "immortality" created by those crazy scientists is actually a copy of the same gene, which may reduce the diversity of genes rather than benefit the evolution of human itself. Therefore, whether from the individual, or from the whole, from the perspective of social development and bioethics, we should resolutely oppose human cloning.
Professor Shen pointed out that the scientific community has cloned two therapeutic clones and reproductive clones. The former is the medical research of cloning human organs with embryonic stem cells to solve the problem of lack of organ donors in the international scientific and ethical circles, but there is a premise that it is used for therapeutic cloning and the embryo does not exceed the limit of pregnancy 14 days. Reproductive cloning is usually called human cloning, because it violates the general principles of bioethics, so the mainstream opinion of scientists is firmly opposed. The human genome of UNESCO, the World Health Organization and the International Ethics Committee, as well as governments, have also expressed their opposition to reproductive cloning very clearly. Even if human cloning is really born, we still have to stick to this basic position.
Modern science and technology is a double-edged sword, which will bring some negative effects while benefiting mankind. This raises a question for us: Is modern science and technology, especially modern life science, moral and disrespectful? Professor Shen said: Now some scientists think that you should do this as long as you are as scientific as possible. Actually, this is a wrong view. Technically, can we create a seriously endangered superhuman life, or can we make it? Some crazy scientists, under the banner of "freedom", endanger mankind to do something. Therefore, we must be wary of people with ulterior motives using modern science and technology. , also can not be opposed by science and ethics. Facts have proved that the development of modern life science has moral norms and guidance, rather than scientific development, and it is bound to listen to the voice of morality, which is healthier and conducive to the smooth development of science.
Hope to adopt.