First, lung cancer.
High-risk group: 50-70 years old, including one of the following situations
1. 230 packs a year; 2. Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; 3. Have at least 1 year occupational exposure history (asbestos, hydrogen, polonium, uranium, chromium, cadmium, nickel, silicon, diesel exhaust gas, soot and soot); 4. Those who have been passive smokers for more than 20 years, including those who smoke 30 packs/year and quit smoking less than 15 years.
Early screening methods: low dose spiral CT (LDCT) of chest; No obvious abnormality was found in the examination, and DLCT reexamination was conducted 1 time every year.
How to prevent it: 1. Tobacco control; 2. Avoid contact with risk factors; 3. Avoid indoor and outdoor air pollution; 4. Cook a range hood, stir fry less.
Second, colorectal cancer.
High-risk population: 1. Male, aged ≥45; 2. Body mass index [calculation formula: weight (kg)/ height (m) 2] ≥ 24kg/m2; 3. History of colorectal polyps; 4. Family history of colorectal cancer among first-degree relatives; 5. Suffering from familial adenomatous polyposis and Lynch syndrome.
Early screening method: it is suggested that people over 45 years old can first conduct a rectal cancer risk assessment questionnaire, and then conduct simple colorectal cancer screening, such as fecal occult blood test.
How to prevent it: 1. Adhere to physical exercise to avoid obesity; 2. Healthy diet, intake of Tianjiajie fiber and fresh fruit, avoiding high-fat and high-protein diet; 3. Quit smoking and limit alcohol to avoid its long-term inflammatory stimulation to the digestive tract.
Third, gastric cancer.
High-risk population: 1. The older you get, the higher the risk; 2. Helicobacter pylori infection; 3. High-salt diet, smoked fried food, excessive intake of red meat and processed meat; 4. Bad eating habits such as not eating breakfast for a long time, eating irregularly, eating fast, overeating, eating leftovers, and insufficient intake of fruits and vegetables; 5. Smoking and drinking; 6. Have a family history of gastric cancer; 7. Suffering from gastroesophageal reflux disease will increase the risk of cardiac cancer, and chronic atrophic gastritis is an important risk factor for gastric cancer. 8. Diabetes, obesity, mental psychology, social factors and immune factors may also be related to the occurrence of gastric cancer.
Early screening method: upper gastrointestinal endoscopy.
How to prevent it: 1. Reduce the intake of salt, eat less pickled, smoked, oily food, red meat and processed meat, and increase the intake of vegetables and fruits; 2. Chew slowly, quit smoking and limit alcohol; 3. Pay attention to gastric intraepithelial canceration, chronic atrophic gastritis, gastric polyp, hypertrophic gastritis of remnant stomach after operation, gastrointestinal metaplasia and other stomach diseases, treat them in time and review them regularly; 4. Timely treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection.
Fourth, breast cancer.
High-risk group: 1.45-74 years old female; 2. Age of menarche ≤ 12 years old; 3. "Menopause" is over 55 years old; 4. Have a history of breast biopsy or benign breast disease surgery; 5. First-degree relatives have a history of breast cancer, or relatives above the second level have breast diseases or ovarian cancer above the second level before the age of 50; 6. Use hormone replacement therapy of "sex combined with progesterone" for half a year or more; 7. Use "estrogen" instead of treatment for more than half a year; 8. No breast-feeding history or breast-feeding time less than 4 months; 9. No live birth history or first live birth age ≥30 years old.
Early screening method: For women aged 45-74, it is recommended to conduct mammography combined with ultrasound screening every year.
How to prevent it: 1. Practice a healthy lifestyle; 2. Quit smoking and limit alcohol, exercise moderately, eat more vegetables and keep weight; 3. Promote breastfeeding.
Fifth, liver cancer.
High-risk group: male 45-74 years old and female 50-74 years old, meeting any of the following conditions; 1.HBSAg positive; 2. History of hepatitis C virus infection; 3. History of cirrhosis; 4. First-degree or second-degree relatives have a history of liver cancer.
Early screening method: It is recommended that high-risk groups do serum alpha-fetoprotein and abdominal ultrasound examination.
How to prevent it: 1. Vaccinate against hepatitis B; 2. Quit smoking and limit alcohol to maintain a healthy weight; 3. Timely treatment and control of metabolic diseases; 4. Don't eat moldy food, such as moldy peanuts and corn, to avoid aflatoxin exposure.
Sixth, esophageal cancer.
High-risk group: According to our country's experience, the high-risk group of esophageal cancer is defined as 1. Age 45-74 years old; 2. First-degree relatives have a history of esophageal cancer; 3. The history of esophageal intraepithelial neoplasia.
Early screening method: upper gastrointestinal endoscopy is recommended for high-risk groups.
How to prevent it: 1. Eat less pickled food, red meat food, processed meat and fried food; 2. Reasonable diet, balanced nutrition, eating more fresh fruits and vegetables, and not eating moldy food; 3. Quit smoking and limit alcohol, and avoid hot drinks and food.
Seven, thyroid cancer.
High-risk population: 1. Those with past and family history of thyroid cancer; 2. History of head and neck radiation exposure or radiation dust exposure in childhood; 3. Individuals receiving radiotherapy for head and neck diseases; 4. Thyroid nodules >; 1 cm, persistent hoarseness, dysphonia, dysphagia or dyspnea, and vocal cord lesions (inflammation, polyps, etc.) were excluded. ); 5. Thyroid nodules >; 1 cm, anterior lymph node enlargement; 6. People with low iodine or high iodine diet.
Early screening method: the actual evidence of thyroid screening is insufficient, so it is not recommended to carry out thyroid screening in the general population.
How to prevent it: 1. Strengthen occupational protection measures to avoid excessive exposure of radiation factors; 2. Avoid head and neck radiation exposure and reduce unnecessary medical radiation exposure; 3. Live a healthy life, eat reasonably, keep proper iodine intake and increase exercise; 4. Reasonably channel bad emotions and maintain a good attitude.
Eight, prostate cancer.
High-risk population: 1. Age > 50 years old; 2. Age > 45 years old, with a family history of prostate cancer; 3. Age > 40 years and baseline prostate specific antigen >:1μ g/L.
Early screening method: It is recommended that men over 50 years old and in good health have regular physical examination, and high-risk individuals can have 1 serum prostate-specific antigen detection every two years.
How to prevent it: 1. Reduce low animal fat intake; 2. Drink green tea properly and increase the intake of soybeans, fruits, vegetables and vitamin E.
Nine, pancreatic cancer.
High-risk group: people over 50 years old who meet the following conditions: 1. Mutation of pancreatic cancer-related genes such as CDKN2A, TP53 and BRCA2; 2. Have a family history of pancreatic cancer; 3. Those with a history of chronic pancreatitis and mucinous pancreatic cyst; 4. People with a history of diabetes, especially those with new diabetes over 50 years old; 5. Long-term smokers and drinkers; 6. Overweight (body mass index ≥24) people.
Early screening method: At present, the actual evidence of pancreatic cancer investigation is insufficient, so it is not recommended to screen pancreatic cancer in the general population.
How to prevent it: 1. Timely treatment and control of diabetes; 2. Healthy lifestyle, smoking cessation and alcohol restriction, and weight control; 3. Reasonable diet, balanced nutrition and eating more fresh fruits and vegetables; 4. Maintain a good mental state and adopt an optimistic attitude towards life.
X. Cervical cancer.
High-risk population: 1. High-risk human papillomavirus infection; 2. Have a history of HIV infection or sexual transmission; 3. Premature sexual life and multiple sexual partners; 4. People who have been treated for uterine cancer and precancerous lesions in the past.
Early screening method: According to the characteristics of the onset age of uterine cancer in China, it is suggested that the starting age of screening for sexually active or married women should be 25-30 years old, and 1 cytological examination should be conducted every three years, and women with HIV infection or low immune function can be advanced as appropriate.
How to prevent it: 1. Vaccinate against human papillomavirus; 2. Avoid high-risk sexual behavior; 3. Postpone the age of first sexual intercourse; 4. Do not smoke or quit smoking; 5. Actively prevent and treat chronic cervicitis and other diseases.