The concept of Physical Fitness first appeared in 1897, but as a discipline, it really attracted the attention of the scientific community from
The concept of Physical Fitness first appeared in 1897, but as a discipline, it really attracted the attention of the scientific community from Morris. 1950 found that there is a significant difference in the incidence and risk of heart disease between British bus drivers and ticket sellers.
1954, Klaus? The results of Klaus-Weber physical fitness test found that the physical fitness of American teenagers was far behind that of European countries, which shocked the government and the people of the whole country.
1954, American president Eisenhower took the lead in setting up the presidential committee on teenagers' physical fitness. 1956, he also took the lead in convening the presidential meeting on physical fitness and sports, at which he warned the low physical fitness level of American teenagers.
1957, the American association for health, sports and leisure activities (AAHPER) further put forward the youth test project. During the period of 1957 ~ 1958, sit-ups, pull-ups, standing long jump, softball throwing, folding running and 550. In September, 1958, the test results and teenagers' fitness norms were announced. Since then, the concept of physical fitness has gradually attracted the attention of American society and sports physiology, and countries all over the world have followed suit, including China.
In 1980, Jensen and others believe that personal adaptability refers to the sum of external and internal activity ability, and physical fitness is a part of it, which includes personal characteristics and sports ability characteristics, such as muscle strength, endurance, flexibility, motivation, agility and speed.
From 65438 to 0984, Lamb analyzed physical fitness from the viewpoint of exercise physiology, and thought that "physical fitness is the ability to promote the success of current and future life challenges"
In 1996, the U.S. Department of Health and Services defines physical health as "a set of physical elements that people have or acquire that are related to their ability to perform physical activities" (U.S. Department of Health and Services; Human service, 1996), people with good physical fitness can usually "carry out daily affairs with vigorous energy without excessive fatigue; Enjoy all kinds of leisure activities in your spare time, be energetic and be able to effectively cope with all kinds of emergencies. "
In 1997, Howley and Franks define physical health as "a state of good health, low risk of illness, and enough energy to participate in various physical activities"
In 2005, Professor Wang Jian of Zhejiang University compiled the textbook Healthy Physique, pointing out that according to the relationship between physique and health, it can be divided into competitive physique and healthy physique. The former is mainly composed of physical factors related to athletic ability, such as agility, coordination, balance, speed, explosiveness and reaction time.
However, healthy physical fitness is mainly composed of those physical fitness elements closely related to human health, usually including cardiovascular fitness, body fat content, muscle fitness and flexibility.
Among them, cardiovascular physical fitness reflects that the blood transport system composed of heart, blood, blood vessels and lungs delivers oxygen and energy substances to muscles while maintaining the body's ability to engage in physical activity.
Because people with good cardiovascular fitness usually have good exercise endurance and aerobic exercise ability, cardiovascular fitness is sometimes called cardiovascular endurance or aerobic fitness.
The percentage of body fat refers to the percentage of body fat in weight; Muscle strength refers to the ability of skeletal muscle to overcome and resist resistance through muscle tension during contraction, which is usually expressed by weight, torque or work power. Muscle endurance refers to the ability of skeletal muscle to maintain long-term exercise, which is generally expressed by quantitative exercise load times, load duration or output power changes.
Flexibility and adaptability are indicators to measure the range of motion of a single joint or multiple joints, which are usually determined by factors such as joint structure, muscle, ligament and joint capsule length and ductility. In addition, Bouchard and Shephard, famous experts in health and fitness research, built a new health and fitness system based on the research results of health science and clinical medicine for many years, and carried out health and fitness research on this basis.
Physical fitness is the synthesis of multiple physiological parameters, which can be divided into healthy physical fitness and competitive physical fitness. The basic items of healthy physique include cardiopulmonary endurance, muscle strength and endurance, body composition and flexibility, but they can be expanded according to the needs of the assessed object in specific applications.
Bouchard and Shephard, famous experts in health fitness research, built a new health fitness system based on the research results of health science and clinical medicine for many years, and carried out the research on health fitness on this basis.
Compared with the previous "four elements" model of healthy constitution, the newly proposed healthy constitution * * * includes 22 items, which belong to five different components: body shape, muscle, exercise, heart and lung, metabolism, including blood sugar, blood lipid, blood insulin, bone mineral density and other indicators closely related to the occurrence or development of various chronic diseases in human body.
Table 1? Bouchard and Sheppard's Five Elements Fitness Model
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The World Health Organization defines physical health as being able to cope with daily work without feeling overtired, and spare no effort to enjoy leisure and the ability to cope with emergencies.
In 2007, ACSM proposed that "exercise is a good doctor"
China started 20 12 in June. It is advocated that physical activity should be regarded as the basic vital signs of human beings, and should be included in the doctor's consultation system, and exercise prescription should be regarded as the basic content of diagnosis and treatment.
2065438+On July 27th, 2004, China Health Promotion Foundation agreed to launch the project of "Applied Research on Physical Fitness Assessment and Sports Management".
From August, 2065438 to August, 2004, China Health Promotion Foundation issued a notice for the project of "Application Research on Fitness Evaluation and Sports Management", hoping that the units that have used or are going to use fitness evaluation and sports management technology to carry out health examination or health management will actively register and become the first batch of "Application Research on Fitness and Sports Management" units in China.
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