The basic characteristics of normal newborns. During this period, children leave their mothers to a completely strange new world and start to live independently. Great changes have taken place in the internal and external environment. Parents also need to pay more attention. The following are the basic characteristics of normal newborns.
Basic characteristics of normal newborns 1 characteristics of normal newborns:
1, respiratory system. Neonatal breathing is mainly abdominal breathing, with shallow breathing and fast frequency, about 40 times/minute.
2, the circulatory system. The neonatal heart rate fluctuates greatly, generally 90- 160 beats/min, with an average of 120- 140 beats/min. The average blood pressure is 70/50 mm Hg (9.3/7 kPa).
3. Digestive system. Neonatal digestive tract has a large area, thin wall and high permeability. The stomach is horizontal, the cardia is slack, the pyloric sphincter is developed, and the pylorus is relatively tense, which is easy to galactorrhea. Meconium is excreted at 10- 12 hours after birth and transits to normal feces in about 2-3 days.
4. Blood system. The number of red blood cells and hemoglobin in newborn blood is high at birth, and then gradually decreases. Fetal hemoglobin accounts for about 70% of hemoglobin. Because of the strong affinity of fetal hemoglobin for oxygen, cyanosis is often not obvious when newborns are hypoxic. The total number of white blood cells is high and begins to decrease on the third day after birth.
5, urinary system. Urination usually occurs within 24 hours after birth. If there is still no urination for more than 48 hours after delivery, it is necessary to find out the reason. Glomerular filtration rate is low, concentration function is poor, and edema or dehydration symptoms are easy to appear. Poor phosphorus excretion can easily lead to hypocalcemia. The ability of kidney to regulate acid-base balance is insufficient, which is prone to metabolic acidosis.
6. the nervous system. The brain is relatively large and the excitability of the cerebral cortex is low. The spinal cord is relatively long, and its end is probably at the lower edge of the third and fourth lumbar vertebrae, so the lumbar puncture needle should be in the gap between the fourth and fifth lumbar vertebrae. There is a temporary primitive reflex at birth; Under normal circumstances, these reflexes disappear naturally after a few months of birth; Neonatal Papillomavis and Creutzfeldt-Jakob sign can be positive.
7. The immune system. The fetus can get IgG from the mother through the placenta, but it gradually disappears after several months. IgA and IgM cannot pass through the placenta, so newborns are prone to respiratory and digestive tract infections. Human colostrum contains high IgA, which can enhance the body resistance of newborns.
8. Thermoregulation. Neonatal thermoregulation center is underdeveloped. Newborns have large body surface area, thin subcutaneous fat, rich blood vessels and easy heat dissipation. When it is cold, shivering reflex is not established, mainly relying on brown fat metabolism to produce heat, which is relatively insufficient. Newborns dissipate heat through skin evaporation and sweating. When the room temperature is too high, it will cause excessive water loss in the body, and fever is called "dehydration fever".
Basic characteristics of normal newborns. Normal newborn refers to the gestational age of 37-42 weeks at birth and the weight >; 2500g, 47cm long, live newborn, no deformity and no disease.
1, appearance features-loud crying at birth, high flexor muscle tension of limbs, rosy skin, less fetal hair, full of fetal fat, well-developed auricle, obvious areola, palpable nodules, fingernails longer than fingertips, more dermatoglyphics on soles, boys' testicles falling into scrotum, and girls' labia majora completely covering labia minora.
2, skin mucosa and umbilical cord-the skin is thin and tender, rich in blood vessels, easy to be infected, and the umbilical cord falls off 1 ~ 7 days after birth.
3, body temperature-the development of the body temperature center is not perfect, the regulation function is poor, and it is easy to change with the external temperature.
4, breathing-the respiratory center is immature, mainly abdominal breathing, irregular breathing rhythm, 40 ~ 45 times/minute.
5, circulation-the heart rate is fast, about L20 ~ 140 beats/min. And it fluctuates greatly, ranging from 90 to 160 times/minute.
6, digestion-the stomach is horizontal, the cardia is slack, the pylorus is tense, and galactorrhea is prone to occur. Dark green meconium begins to be excreted within 24 hours after birth, and turns into yellow feces after 3 ~ 4 days.
7, urine-kidney function is poor, prone to edema or dehydration. Usually urinate within 24 hours.
8. Nerve-The newborn's brain is relatively large, the cerebral cortex is underdeveloped, and there are often unconscious and uncoordinated activities. There are some primitive reflexes when full-term babies are born, such as rooting reflex, sucking reflex, grasping reflex and Moro reflex. These reflexes will only disappear when the newborn has nervous system diseases. Under normal circumstances, these reflexes will naturally disappear after a few months of birth.
9. Immunization-IgG can be obtained from the maternal placenta and gradually disappears after several months, but the autoimmune function is not perfect, especially the secretory IgA deficiency, so newborns are prone to various infections, especially respiratory and digestive tract infections.
Nursing:
1, nursing diagnosis/problems:
(1) Risk of temperature change: It is related to the imperfect thermoregulatory function.
(2) Infection risk: It is related to imperfect immune function.
(3) Lack of knowledge: Parents lack knowledge of feeding and nursing.
2, nursing measures:
(1) Nursing to prevent temperature change: keep warm, dry the newborn's skin, wrap it with a warm towel and a small quilt, and put it in a hot water bottle. Proper environment, temperature and humidity are very important for maintaining body temperature. Newborns should be placed at a neutral temperature, that is, dressed and wrapped, and the room temperature should be kept at 22℃ ~ 24℃. In this suitable environmental temperature, the human body consumes less oxygen, has the lowest metabolic rate, has less evaporation and heat dissipation, and can maintain normal body temperature. This temperature is also called moderate temperature. In addition, the neonatal room should be sunny, ventilated and fresh. The relative humidity is between 55% and 65%,
(2) Nursing for preventing infection: the environment is clean, wet and sanitary, and ultraviolet rays are irradiated for 30 minutes every day. Staff must be healthy and adopt strict aseptic operation and disinfection and isolation system. Newborns' clothes should be soft, and they can take a bath only after their body temperature is stable. The water temperature is 38℃ ~ 40℃ once a day. Pay attention to the cleanliness of skin wrinkles such as head and neck, armpits and palms, keep the navel dry, and pay attention to daily observation.
(3) Health guidance: publicize the advantages of breastfeeding, encourage fathers to participate in daily care, teach parents the methods of daily care for newborns in various ways, and emphasize the importance of continuing to care for newborns after discharge.
Basic characteristics of normal newborns 3 Newborns begin to breathe within about 10 second after umbilical cord rupture.
The umbilical cord will break rapidly within 1~2 minutes after the newborn is born. If the umbilical cord is broken too late, it will form polycythemia, causing heart disease, emphysema and heart failure.
The newborn's organ development is not yet mature, and its filtration ability is poor, so it can't be fed with saline solution. So as to avoid tissue edema.
Dark green meconium will be excreted on the first day of birth. If there is no defecation after 24 hours of birth, it is necessary to check whether there is congenital anorectal or digestive tract malformation.
After feeding, the stool turns yellow like a paste, 3 ~ 5 times a day. The characteristics of stool can indicate the feeding situation; The number of times increases, and the stool is divided into water, suggesting that digestion is not good; The stool is frothy and sour, suggesting too much sugar. Feeding with milk, the stool is caked and has a strong smell; Insufficient feeding, less green stools, more times, and crying of newborns; When intestinal infection occurs, the stool frequency increases, the stool is thin or watery, or there is mucus, pus, foul smell, vomiting, fever and anorexia. x
When a newborn is born, the subcutaneous fat is thin, the whole body is covered with white fat, and the skin is rosy. Body temperature drops by 2℃ within 1 hour after birth, and then gradually rises. Generally, the body temperature is stable at 36~37℃ within 12~24 hours.