Prenatal examination time: from the diagnosis of early pregnancy. In addition to finding out whether the soft birth canal and internal reproductive organs are abnormal in Shuanghe town, blood pressure, heart and lung, urine protein and urine sugar must also be measured. For those who have a family history of genetic diseases or a history of childbirth, chorionic villi culture should be carried out, and amniotic fluid can be taken for karyotype analysis in the second trimester of pregnancy to reduce the birth rate of children with congenital defects and genetic diseases. If no abnormality is found through the above examination, a series of prenatal examinations should be carried out from the 20th week of pregnancy, once every 4 weeks during the period of 20-36 weeks of pregnancy, and once a week after the 36th week of pregnancy, that is, nine more prenatal examinations at the 20th, 24th, 28th, 32nd, 36th, 37th, 38th, 39th and 40th weeks of pregnancy. All high-risk pregnant women should increase the number of prenatal examinations as appropriate.
(A) embryonic development and abnormal development
Under normal circumstances, ovulation is about two weeks after the last menstruation. If you get pregnant in time, your menstruation has not expired two weeks before pregnancy.
Can't find it. If harmful factors are encountered during this period, because the third germ layer occurs within two weeks of pregnancy and the organ has not yet formed, if the damage can be repaired, it will not be teratogenic (except for the factors acting on the egg sperm and its precursor). If it can't be repaired, the embryo will die and miscarry, and the pregnancy will not be found.
Therefore, general early pregnancy care can only begin after 5~6 weeks of menopause, when pregnant women feel nausea, vomiting, drowsiness and so on. Some abnormalities in early pregnancy, such as neural tube dysfunction, should be prevented in marriage or pre-pregnancy health care. The rest should be prevented from different developmental abnormalities according to different stages of pregnancy, but the main time of limb facial features and 90% organ abnormalities is within 3~9 weeks of pregnancy, which should be prevented in early pregnancy health care.
(2) The possible teratogenic problems in early pregnancy and their prevention and treatment.
1. Ethanemia caused by hyperemesis gravidarum can cause abnormal fetal development, and the nutritional imbalance caused by vomiting can also affect the normal growth of the fetus.
Vomiting during pregnancy is a physiological phenomenon. If it does not develop into a pathological state, pregnant women with poor appetite can eat less and eat more meals, relieve psychological scruples, treat the reaction correctly, and pay attention to maintaining a nutritional balance in order to successfully pass the reaction period.
If vomiting is serious, you should supplement nutrition and liquid as soon as possible, and don't wait for urine ketone bodies to appear. When urine ketone body is positive, it should be actively treated to make it disappear as soon as possible. If vomiting during pregnancy is ineffective after active treatment and lasts longer than early pregnancy, we should carefully check whether there is any abnormality in fetal development.
2. Fever in early pregnancy, the harm of heat to the fetus sometimes exceeds the pathogen that causes fever, and it increases the opportunity of medication in early pregnancy. It has been reported that the body temperature exceeds the normal body temperature by 65438 0℃ for more than 24 hours, which may be teratogenic. Therefore, people who have been infected with fever should actively take physical cooling. Fever in early pregnancy can lead to teratogenesis. Although there may be no major structural malformation after the fetal period, it will damage the child's brain and cause convulsions and mental retardation after birth.
In addition to avoiding illness and fever during pregnancy, other factors that can affect the temperature rise of pregnant women should be avoided. For example, hot sitz bath, sauna bath and other occupations and daily life have reported an increase in the incidence of congenital malformation. In addition to teratogenicity, the ratio of abortion and stillbirth will also increase.
3. Intrauterine infection The most common intrauterine infections in the first trimester are Toxoplasma gondii, rubella virus, mumps virus and chickenpox. These viruses or protozoan infections can cause fetal malformation or diseases and disabilities, so vaccination should be actively carried out to minimize the occurrence.
4. In the event of threatened abortion, we must first rule out whether there are maternal factors such as uterine fibroids, luteinizing hormone deficiency, history of trauma, and history of systemic diseases. Previous pregnancy or pregnancy history, whether there are immune factors should also be ruled out. If there are many fetal factors, it is not appropriate to actively protect the fetus, so as not to increase the chance of abnormal birth. The tissue discharged from abortion should be sent to a physical examination to help find out the cause of abortion.
5. Pregnant women who smoke or smoke passively and alcohol and tobacco can lead to low birth weight babies. Nicotine will increase the chances of miscarriage and premature delivery, and make the fetus prone to intrauterine distress, and the newborn's survival ability is low and it is easy to get sick. Pregnant women should not only smoke during pregnancy, but also avoid smoking polluting the environment and reducing the chances of going to public entertainment places.
Alcohol is considered a teratogen. Fetal malformation caused by pregnant women's drinking is called alcoholism syndrome. Mild poisoning is atypical and alcohol affects children. Therefore, pregnant women must avoid alcohol, and drinking by both husband and wife will affect the quality of the fetus.
The common problems in early pregnancy are improper medication, rubella vaccine (live attenuated vaccine) and gas poisoning in early pregnancy, so we should first strengthen pre-pregnancy education and reduce some unfavorable factors.
(3) Health care in early pregnancy.
1. Take early and regular prenatal examination and guidance seriously, and conduct general physical examination and laboratory examination.
2. Gynecological examination to find out whether the soft birth canal is abnormal, such as whether there is transverse mediastinum of vagina; Whether the cervix and uterus are abnormal, such as abnormal fibroids and old cracks; Whether there are various inflammatory infections in the external reproductive tract, and whether there are ovarian tumors, inflammation, lumps and other diseases in the pelvic reproductive organs. ; If it affects pregnancy or childbirth, what should I do and when?
Paying attention to whether the uterus enlargement coincides with the month of menopause is helpful to determine the more accurate pregnancy date, so as to judge whether there will be intrauterine growth retardation, oversize or premature delivery in the future, which will lead to expiration.
3. Daily life should be regular, avoid overwork, ensure sleep time and have appropriate activities every day.
4. Keep the indoor air fresh, don't pollute the environment, and avoid alcohol and tobacco.
5. Avoid mental stimulation, keep a good mood, and seek medical advice in time when you find yourself in a bad psychological state.
6. Pay attention to the temperature change, prevent diseases and take medicine according to the doctor's advice. No matter what illness you go to see, you must tell the doctor that I am pregnant.
Pregnancy, for the doctor's reference.
7. Pay attention to nutrition, don't be picky about food, and follow the nutrition guidance during pregnancy. Keep a certain amount of calories and protein intake, eat more fruits and vegetables, and eat less sweets. Understand the methods and importance of correctly supplementing calcium, iron and iodine. Understand the reasonable diet and recipes during pregnancy.
Only when the pregnant mother is physically and mentally healthy and the social environment is good can the fetus develop healthily. Good fetal development in early pregnancy will lay a good foundation for future development.