Question 2: The main hazards of solid waste The source of solid waste is scattered, the output is large, the composition is complex, the shape and nature are changeable, and it may contain toxic, flammable, explosive, radioactive, corrosive, reactive, infectious and pathogenic harmful wastes or pollutants, and even organisms rich in pollutants. Some substances are difficult to degrade or treat, and the discharge (quantity and quality of solid waste) is uncertain and hidden. These factors lead to the generation and hiding of solid waste. (1) wastes a lot of resources. The output of solid waste is large, and the stock of solid waste (including simple landfill disposal) is also large, which consumes a lot of material resources and occupies a lot of land resources. In 20 12, the annual output of global solid waste is expected to exceed 654.38+0 billion tons (e-waste alone will reach 48.9 million tons), China will reach 654.38+0.5 billion tons (e-waste 2.3 million tons), the global solid waste stock will reach 38 billion tons, and China will reach 7 billion tons. The production of huge solid waste means the consumption and waste of huge material resources, and the huge stock of solid waste means the occupation and waste of a large number of land resources. If it is assumed that the apparent ratio of landfill waste is 1 and the average height of garbage stacking is 30m, 38 billion tons of solid waste in the world will occupy190,000 mu of land, and 7 billion tons of solid waste in China will also occupy 3.5 million mu of land. Moreover, the output of solid waste is growing rapidly, and the growth rate often exceeds the growth rate of treatment capacity of treatment facilities, resulting in the dilemma of "garbage besieged city". With the rapid development of industry, the output of solid waste in developed countries developed rapidly in the 1960s, and a garbage siege appeared. Since the late 1980s, the output of solid waste in China has also increased rapidly. According to the Report on Investment Analysis and Prospect Forecast of Waste Disposal Industry in China in 2009-2065 438+02, there are more than 600 cities in China. Except for the county seat, two-thirds of large and medium-sized cities are surrounded by garbage, and a quarter of cities have no suitable places to pile up garbage. Besides wasting a lot of material and land resources, it will also consume a lot of human, financial, information and time resources to properly handle solid waste. Solid waste, especially hazardous waste, will destroy the ecological environment if it is not handled properly. 1) Primary pollution. For example, improper disposal of solid waste such as simple stacking, discharging into water body, random discharge, random loading and unloading, random transfer and smuggling will damage the landscape, and abiotic pollutants and biological pollutants contained in it will enter the soil, water body, atmosphere and biological system, causing primary pollution to the soil, water body, atmosphere and biological system and destroying the ecological environment; In particular, discharging hazardous wastes directly into rivers and lakes or into water bodies through pipe networks, or discharging atmospheric harmful substances such as dust and hazardous waste gas contained in containers into the atmosphere, not only leads to water body or air pollution, but also leads to the expansion of pollution scope, with quite serious consequences; Smuggling leads to the unknown whereabouts of waste, the difficulty in tracking and monitoring pollutants, and the difficulty in determining the scope of pollution, with quite serious consequences. Improper disposal of hazardous waste may lead to unexpected events such as poisoning, corrosion, burns, radiation pollution and virus spread, which will seriously damage the ecological environment and even lead to personal injury or death. Some harmful substances, such as heavy metals and dioxins. It even enters the food chain with water and is ingested by animals, plants and humans, reducing the body's resistance to diseases, causing an increase in diseases (types), causing immediate or potential harm to the body and even leading to death. 2) Secondary pollution. In the process of solid waste treatment, some substances (including pollutants and non-pollutants) contained in solid waste participate in physical reaction, chemical reaction and biochemical reaction, resulting in new pollutants and secondary pollution. The formation mechanism of secondary pollution is complex, and its prevention and control is more difficult than primary pollution. The common secondary pollutants in the process of solid waste treatment and their generating ways are as follows: ① In the process of long-term improper storage and stacking, the waste heap breeds pathogens such as molds and parasites, which accelerates the reproduction and growth of mice, snakes, mosquitoes and other organisms and brings the risk of disease and disease spread; (2) In the process of storage, stacking, transportation, sorting and landfill. The fermentation and decay of organic perishable substances will produce atmospheric harmful substances such as methane gas and odor, as well as pollutants in soil and water such as organic wastewater (even containing pollutants such as heavy metals and pathogens), and will also breed a variety of microorganisms; (3) During incineration, organic nitrogen, chlorine, sulfur, etc. Solid waste is transformed into harmful substances in the atmosphere, such as nitrogen oxides, hydrogen chloride, sulfur oxides, etc. (4) Dioxins will be produced during the incineration of medical wastes, domestic wastes and other wastes, which contain a large amount of dioxins. & gt
Question 3: What are the hazards of solid waste? 1. polluted water.
If solid waste is piled up at will without harmless treatment and flows into rivers and lakes with natural precipitation or surface runoff, the water surface will shrink for a long time, and its harmful components will be more harmful.
Harmful components in solid waste, such as mercury, cadmium, lead and other trace harmful elements, can enter the soil with leaching water if not handled properly, thus polluting groundwater. At the same time, they may also seep into the water network with rain, flow into wells, rivers and even nearby waters, be ingested by plants, and then enter the human body through the food chain, affecting human health. It is found that the concentration, chromaticity, total number of bacteria, heavy metal content and other pollution indexes of groundwater around landfill sites in individual cities in China seriously exceed the standard.
Atmospheric pollution
Dry matter or light matter in solid waste floats with the wind, which will pollute the atmosphere. Lack of corresponding protection and purification facilities in the process of garbage transportation and treatment, releasing harmful gases and dust; Stacked and buried wastes, as well as wastes seeping into soil, will pollute the atmosphere and reduce air quality through volatilization and reaction. Incineration is a popular way to treat solid waste at present, but it will produce a lot of harmful gases and dust. When some organic solid wastes are piled up for a long time, they will be decomposed by microorganisms at suitable temperature and humidity, and at the same time, harmful gases will be released.
Contaminated soil
Soil is where many microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi, live together. These microorganisms play an important role in the embodiment of soil function. They form a balanced ecosystem with the soil itself. However, after weathering, rainwater and surface runoff, the toxic liquid of untreated harmful solid waste will penetrate into the soil, thus killing microorganisms in the soil and destroying the ecological balance in the soil. Where the pollution is serious, there is even no grass growing.
Step 4 occupy land
Unlike waste gas and waste water, solid waste will not migrate and spread everywhere and must occupy a lot of land. The phenomenon of urban solid waste occupying land is becoming more and more serious. At present, there are 6 billion tons of industrial solid waste and 500 million tons of domestic waste piled together in China. It is estimated that 6.5438+million tons of solid waste can't be treated every year and is piled up in suburbs or on both sides of expressways, and tens of thousands of hectares of land are embezzled by it.
5. Harm to human health
People who live in the environment can directly ingest harmful wastes in the environment through the respiratory tract, digestive tract or skin, making people sick. A typical example is the Lauwick Canal pollution incident in the United States. In the 1940s, a chemical company in the United States stopped digging abandoned river valleys and used the Raff Canal to bury 2× 104 tons of residual hazardous wastes such as organochlorine pesticides and plastics. After being buried for more than 10 years, well water stinks, babies are abnormal and strange diseases appear in this area. According to the laboratory analysis, there are 82 kinds of toxic chemicals such as HCH, trichlorobenzene, trichloroethylene and dichlorophenol in the local air, groundwater and soil, among which 27 kinds are listed in the priority pollution list of the US Environmental Protection Agency, and as many as 1 1 are suspected to be human carcinogens. Toxic chemical leachate seeped into the basements and surrounding courtyards of many houses, forcing the President to declare the area in a "sanitary emergency" on August 1978, and nearly 1000 households were forced to move twice, resulting in huge social problems and economic losses.
Question 4: What are the pollution hazards of solid waste? According to the source, solid waste can be roughly divided into three types: domestic waste, general industrial solid waste and hazardous waste. In addition, there are agricultural solid waste, construction waste and waste soil. If solid waste is not properly collected, utilized and treated, it will pollute air, water and soil and endanger human health.
Domestic waste refers to the waste generated in people's daily life, [1]
Including food residue, paper scraps, lime soil, packaging materials, waste products, etc. General industrial solid waste includes fly ash, smelting waste residue, slag, tailings, industrial water treatment sludge, coal, and coal gangue and industrial dust polluted by solid waste. Hazardous wastes refer to flammable, explosive, corrosive, infectious, radioactive and other toxic and harmful wastes, [1]
In addition to solid wastes, semi-solid and liquid hazardous wastes are usually classified as hazardous wastes in environmental management. Solid waste has duality, that is to say, at a certain time and place, some items are no longer useful to users or temporarily unnecessary and are discarded and become waste; But for other users or under certain conditions, waste may become useful or even necessary raw materials. The prevention and control of solid waste pollution is to make use of this characteristic and strive to realize the reduction, recycling and harmlessness of solid waste. Those solid wastes that are inevitably produced and cannot be used need to be treated and disposed of. Solid waste also has the characteristics of wide source, many types, large quantity and complex composition. Therefore, the focus of prevention and control work is to collect, transport and store wastes according to their different characteristics, and then make rational use, treatment and disposal to reduce environmental pollution and try to turn wastes into valuables.
Solid waste refers to solid and semi-solid waste that pollutes the environment in production, construction, daily life and other activities. The Law of People's Republic of China (PRC) on the Prevention and Control of Environmental Pollution by Solid Waste (hereinafter referred to as the Solid Waste Law) divides solid waste into three categories: industrial solid waste, municipal solid waste and hazardous waste. Because the pollution prevention of liquid waste (except waste water discharged into water) and gas waste placed in containers (except waste discharged into the atmosphere) is also applicable to the solid waste law, these wastes are sometimes called solid waste.
Industrial waste refers to solid waste that is produced in industrial transportation and other production activities and does little harm to human health or the environment, such as steel slag, boiler slag, fly ash, coal gangue and industrial dust.
Domestic waste refers to the solid waste produced in the daily life of the city or in the activities of providing services for the daily life of the city and the solid waste regarded as urban domestic waste according to laws and regulations. All kinds of information of municipal solid waste can be obtained through investigation and statistics of urban construction.
Hazardous waste refers to the waste with hazardous characteristics listed in the national hazardous waste list or identified according to the national standards and methods for hazardous waste identification, that is, the waste with one of the characteristics of toxicity, corrosiveness, reactivity, flammability and leaching toxicity. Because of its quantity, concentration, physical and chemical properties or easy to spread, the mortality rate increases. Solid, semi-solid, liquid waste, etc. The incidence of incurable diseases or diseases harmful to human health or the environment has increased.
Reason 1. Industrial solid waste
Industrial solid waste is produced in the process of industrial production and processing, and all kinds of waste residue, sludge and dust are discharged into the environment. If industrial solid waste is not treated and disposed safely according to the requirements of environmental protection standards, it will cause serious pollution to land and water resources. Two. Hazardous solid waste
Hazardous solid waste refers to hazardous waste produced by hazardous waste products in various production enterprises with the characteristics of flammability, corrosiveness, reactivity, infectivity, toxicity and radioactivity. From the characteristics of hazardous waste, it has great potential harm to human health and environmental protection. For example, it causes or contributes to an increase in mortality, or increases the incidence of serious diseases, or if it is not properly managed, it will cause serious acute diseases to human health or the environment. Direct or potential hazards, etc. Three. Medical waste
Medical wastes refer to wastes with direct or indirect infectivity, toxicity and other hazards generated in medical treatment, prevention, health care and other related activities. There are five main categories: infectious waste, pathological waste, destructive waste, pharmaceutical waste and chemical waste. Four. municipal solid waste
Urban solid waste refers to the solid waste produced in the daily life of the city or in the activities of providing services for the daily life of the city. Including organic: fruit peels, leftovers, inorganic: waste paper, beverage cans, scrap metal, etc. Harmful: such as waste batteries, fluorescent tubes, expired drugs, etc.
Soil solid waste is piled up in the open air for a long time. Its harmful components are leached and infiltrated by surface runoff and rainwater. & gt
Question 5: Harm of industrial solid waste Passive storage of industrial waste not only occupies a lot of land, resulting in waste of manpower and material resources, but also contains water-soluble substances in many industrial waste residues, which pollute soil and water bodies through leaching. Powdered industrial waste, flying with the wind, pollutes the atmosphere, and some even give off smelly and toxic gases. Some wastes even silted up rivers, polluted water systems, affected biological growth and endangered human health.
Question 6: What are the hazards of solid waste pollution?
Under certain conditions, the waste in garbage will undergo chemical, physical or biological transformation, which will pollute the environment through water, atmosphere, soil and food chain and endanger human health. The main methods are summarized as follows:
1, the impact on the atmospheric environment ① fine particles drift with the wind, causing air pollution; (2) garbage decomposition, releasing harmful gases; (3) landfill treatment produces biogas; (4) Secondary air pollution caused by incineration.
2. Impact on water environment ① Garbage dumping pollutes the water body, endangering the survival of aquatic organisms, reducing the effective area of water surface and reducing flood discharge and irrigation capacity; (2) Surface water and groundwater are polluted by leachate from open-air stacking and simple landfill.
3. Impact on soil environment ① Weathering, leaching and runoff erosion destroy the soil ecological environment; ② Harmful components accumulate in animals and plants through soil, which will eventually endanger human health.
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Question 7: What are the characteristics of solid waste? What kinds of waste residue, dust and other wastes are discharged into the environment during industrial production? It can be divided into general industrial wastes (such as blast furnace slag, steel slag, red mud, nonferrous metal slag, fly ash, coal cinder, sulfuric acid slag, waste gypsum, salt mud, etc.). ) and industrial hazardous solid waste. The main way to control the pollution of solid waste to the environment and the harm to human health is to recycle, harmless and reduce solid waste. A. resource recycling, solid waste recycling, energy and resources recycling. The recovery of industrial solid waste must be based on the production characteristics of specific industries, and attention should also be paid to factors such as feasible technology, competitive products and economic benefits. B. Harmless disposal of solid waste Harmless disposal means that solid waste or harmful components in it cannot cause harm to the environment or be converted into substances that are harmless to the environment after proper treatment or disposal. Commonly used methods are: land landfill; Incineration; Composting method. This section edits the treatment and utilization of solid waste, the engineering technology and management measures for controlling environmental pollution by solid waste and recovering resources from solid waste.