Only through scientific and effective control, diabetic patients can achieve the purpose of slowing down their illness and staying away from complications, and can live like normal people.
Diabetes is a "paper tiger", which means diabetes can be prevented and controlled. The "five carriages" of diabetes treatment are parallel, that is, diabetes education, diabetes medical nutrition treatment, diabetes exercise treatment, diabetes drug treatment and diabetes detection.
0 1, diabetes education
Diabetic patients often attend health lectures, read books, communicate with doctors and nurses about problems they don't understand in the learning process, and master diabetes knowledge comprehensively. As we all know, limited by the current medical level, diabetes is still a lifelong disease. Only by controlling hyperglycemia and related metabolic disorders can we eliminate the symptoms of diabetes and prevent the occurrence and development of acute and chronic complications.
Familiar with personal lifestyle intervention measures, diet plan, regular exercise and exercise prescription, oral insulin therapy and insulin injection technology, self-blood sugar monitoring, prevention and treatment of hypoglycemia, etc.
02, medical nutrition therapy
Medical nutrition therapy used to be called diet therapy, which requires:
1.？ Reasonable control of total heat?
In order to achieve or maintain the ideal weight, it is best to calculate the ideal weight first. The ideal weight of an adult can be calculated by a simple formula: height (cm)-105= standard weight (kg). 10% of the standard weight is the ideal weight; More than 20% are considered obese; Less than 20% is emaciation; 10% to 20% is overweight. Then calculate the total daily calories according to the labor intensity.
2.？ A balanced diet?
The total energy eaten is in balance with the total energy consumed. The three nutrients should be balanced, that is, carbohydrates are mainly contained in cereals such as rice, wheat, corn, barley, oats, sorghum, fruits, dried fruits, dried beans and root vegetables (such as carrots and sweet potatoes), and each gram of carbohydrates can generate 4 kilocalories in the body, accounting for 50%~60% of the total energy.
Protein mainly exists in fish, meat, milk, eggs and beans. Each gram of protein can generate 4 kilocalories of heat energy in the body, accounting for 65,438+05% ~ 20%. Each gram of protein can generate 4 kilocalories of heat energy.
Lipids are divided into animal fats such as fish and meat and vegetable oils such as vegetable oil and soybean oil. High-fat foods include animal skins, such as fat pork, lard, butter, ghee and vegetable oil. And some fried foods, pasta, snacks, cakes, etc. Each gram of fat can produce 9 kilocalories, and the fat is less than 30%. Eat more vegetables and keep the balance between vitamins and trace elements.
3.？ Appropriate quantity?
Diabetes needs to control diet, mainly to control high-calorie diet and avoid big fish and big meat. But it doesn't mean that diabetics don't eat meat, and life is not fun, but they should mix food in moderation and reasonably.
4.？ Pay attention to your diet?
Eat at least three meals a day, and regularly and quantitatively, with an interval of 4-5 hours between meals. Patients who are injected with insulin or prone to hypoglycemia should also add 2~3 meals between meals, that is, take some food from the three meals as the main meal, which is an effective measure to prevent hypoglycemia.
5.？ Hydration?
Some diabetics usually urinate too much, so they think it is caused by drinking too much water, so it is wrong and undesirable to limit drinking water. People with diabetes must not limit their drinking water. Because the blood sugar of diabetic patients rises, it can promote a lot of water to be excreted through the kidney, which also leads to polyuria. Because there is a lot of water in the body, the body loses water. In order to keep the balance of water in the body, the brain has to send out a warning signal-thirst, forcing you to drink water.
If diabetics restrict drinking water in order to avoid polyuria, it would be a big mistake. In order to control the disease, diabetic patients should take medicine, and drinking plenty of water can excrete the waste after drug metabolism in the body, reducing the side effects and damage to the body.
03, sports guidance
Exercise is an indispensable means to treat diabetes. A lot of exercise can not only treat diabetes, but also increase blood sugar and aggravate the condition. A small amount of exercise has no therapeutic effect on diabetes at all, such as taking a leisurely walk at ordinary times, because the amount of activity is too small to achieve the therapeutic purpose. The rough method is to exercise until the body sweats slightly (not because of the hot weather in summer), or the heart rate reaches 120 beats/min or (170- age) beats/min (simple calculation method), but it is discounted for the elderly and heart patients.
The types of sports can be selected according to everyone's preferences, such as brisk walking, jogging, swimming, boxing and so on. Calories consumed by physical activity and exercise.
Safety assessment during exercise is also very important.
① Comprehensive physical examination, especially monitoring blood sugar. The blood sugar of 5.5~ 16.7 mmol/L can basically ensure the safety of exercise. Urine ketone (+) is not suitable for exercise. When the blood sugar is >: 16.7 mmol/L, exercise is prohibited.
② Those with good blood sugar control should reduce their blood sugar by 20% before exercise to avoid hypoglycemia. If blood sugar remains after exercise
③ Choose safe and non-competitive aerobic exercise, such as walking, running, cycling, swimming, housework, Tai Ji Chuan, playing tennis, dancing, mountain climbing, etc. And exercise regularly, quantitatively and step by step, not vigorously.
(4) accompanied by someone during exercise, carrying a diabetes rescue card, blood glucose meter, sugar cubes, sweet juice, etc. If you feel unwell, monitor your blood sugar in time. If you have hypoglycemia, you should supplement sugar as soon as possible.
⑤ Exercise after meals 1~2 hours as much as possible. When the fasting time is too long and the effect of insulin or hypoglycemic agents reaches the peak, exercise is prohibited.
⑥ Exercise is prohibited when suffering from other diseases, serious injuries, numbness of feet, tingling, neck or chest pain, shortness of breath, dizziness, nausea, blurred vision or blind spots.
⑦ Try not to engage in strenuous activities at dusk or at night to avoid hypoglycemia after sleep.
⑧ Check the sports ground to avoid bad weather and accidents.
04, drug therapy
After diet and exercise therapy, diabetic patients' blood sugar can't reach the standard and must go to the hospital for treatment.
05, regular inspection
Diabetic patients should regularly check their blood sugar, blood pressure, blood lipid, fundus, urinary microprotein, nerves and blood vessels. Understand the occurrence and development of complications, early detection and early treatment.
In addition, we should maintain a healthy psychology and face it positively. The mental health of diabetes is also very important, which has attracted people's attention. If you have friends and relatives with diabetes, please give them more care. Because diabetes is a lifelong disease, it takes a lot of perseverance to persist in treatment, and patients' psychological endurance is often insufficient, which is prone to psychological and emotional abnormalities. However, as a diabetic, we should also establish a positive outlook on life in the face of diseases. In fact, the history of human development is also a history of fighting diseases. We should understand the development law of nature, be open-minded and cheerful towards life, and be active and calm towards diseases.