Origin-A butterfly flapping its wings occasionally in the tropical rain forest of Amazon River basin in South America may trigger a tornado storm in Texas within two weeks. In psychology, butterfly effect is an emotional reaction and behavior that is different from ordinary chain effect and has no obvious causal relationship.
Symptoms-I began to feel irritable because of a small incident that happened a few days ago. In the state of depression and stagnation, small emotional fluctuations gradually formed an uproar in my heart, and finally broke out in an unpredictable manic mode. The longer time is accumulated, the more disastrous the consequences of the collapse will be.
Solution: Small irritability-depression and stagnation-breaks out.
Outbreaks are sometimes small and unpleasant long-term accumulation and stagnation.
So don't ignore small emotions and let them stagnate in your heart.
At the same time, there may be no clear reason for the big outbreak, but the accumulation and accumulation of small events.
2. Qi Gannick effect:
Origin-An experiment by French psychologist Ciganik. He divided the subjects into two groups and completed 20 tasks respectively. In the meantime, he intervened in one group, so that their work could not be successfully completed, while the other group successfully completed all the work without obstacles. Although all the subjects were very nervous when accepting the task, the tension of those who successfully completed the task disappeared, while those who failed to complete the task were always troubled by those tasks, and the tension persisted.
Symptoms-when accepting a job, people will be nervous to a certain extent, which will only be relieved after the task is completed. However, people often face overlapping tasks in their work. Therefore, tension exists and accumulates all the time, and they can't relax even on weekends and holidays, and they are in a state of fatigue for a long time, which eventually leads to neurasthenia and sub-health.
Solution:
The tension at work is really a little unsolvable.
However, "only when the task is completed will the tension be relieved", in other words, "only when the task is completed will the tension be relieved"
So finishing the task as soon as possible can ease the tension.
At the same time, when you devote yourself to doing something, you won't be nervous.
So tension only exists in the gap between unfinished tasks and not doing tasks.
At the same time, it is also beneficial to enhance the psychological ability to bear pressure.
And the task can be decomposed into a plurality of small tasks.
This can keep the balance between relaxation.
It's good to relax.
In short, the solution is roughly as follows: devote yourself to solving the task decomposition of improving psychological pressure-bearing ability as soon as possible [NextPage]
3. Rosenthal effect:
American psychologist Rosenthal and others did an experiment in 1968. They went to a primary school, and selected three classes of children from grade one to grade six for a serious "test to predict future development". Then the experimenter informed the teacher of the list of students who thought they had "excellent development possibilities". In fact, this list is not determined according to the test results, but is randomly selected. It hints at teachers with "authoritative lies", thus arousing teachers' expectations of the students on the list. Eight months later, the results of the intelligence test found that the students on the list generally improved their grades and the teachers gave them good moral evaluation. This experiment has achieved miraculous results. People call this phenomenon that students can make the progress expected by teachers through the subtle influence on students' psychology "Rosenthal effect", which is also commonly known as pygmalion effect (Pygmalion is the king of Cyprus in ancient Greek mythology, and he has a good impression on a girl's statue, and his desire finally turns this statue into a real person, and the two love and combine).
Educational practice also shows that if teachers love some students, they will have high expectations. After a period of time, students will feel the care, love and encouragement of teachers. Often treat teachers, study and their own behavior with a positive attitude, students will be more self-respecting, confident, self-loving and self-reliant, thus inducing positive passion. These students tend to make progress that teachers expect. On the contrary, those students who are ignored and discriminated by teachers will feel the teacher's "eccentricity" from the teacher's words, behaviors and expressions over time, and will also treat the teacher and their own learning with a negative attitude, ignoring or refusing to listen to the teacher's requirements; These students tend to get worse every day, and finally become social undesirable elements. Although there are exceptions, this is the general trend, and it also sounded the alarm for teachers.
Solution: Expectation is a kind of power, that is, the power of psychological suggestion and the power of subconscious mind.
4. Zegoni effect:
Origin- 1927, psychologist Cai Gaoni did an experiment: divided the subjects into two groups, A and B, and solved the same math problem at the same time. In the meantime, group A was allowed to complete the calculation smoothly, while a group of calculations was suddenly ordered to stop halfway. Then let the two groups recall the problems of calculus respectively. Group B is obviously better than Group A, and this unfinished unhappiness remains in the memory of Group B for a long time. And those who have finished, the "desire to finish" has been satisfied, and they easily forget the task.
Symptoms-Many people are born with a desire to finish. You can't get rid of what you have to do until you finish it. Zegoni effect makes people go to two extremes: one is over-compulsion, and they have to face the task in one go. If they don't finish it, they will stick to it and even stubbornly exclude others; At the other end, the driving force is too weak, and everything is procrastinating, often giving up halfway, always shifting the goal until one thing is completely completed, and never completely completing one thing.
Solution: Actually, it is a uniform Gannick effect.
5. Broken window effect
There is a phenomenon in psychological research called "broken window effect", that is, if the window of a house is broken and no one repairs it, soon, other windows will be broken inexplicably; A wall, if some graffiti is not cleaned up, will soon be covered with messy and unsightly things. In a very clean place, people will be embarrassed to throw garbage, but once there is garbage on the ground, people will not hesitate to throw it and will not feel ashamed. This is really a strange phenomenon.
Psychologists study this "tipping point" How dirty the ground is, people will feel so dirty anyway. No matter how dirty it is. How bad the situation is, people will give up and let it rot.
Solution: Actually, it is a herd effect.
One person breaks the window, one person bears the psychological pressure, two people share it ... and so on.
Everyone does this, and the psychological pressure of doing this is reduced to a negligible level.
I always feel that people's behavior patterns can be described by internal and external psychological pressure in the simplest way.
Because behavior is nothing more than initiative and passivity.
Initiative can be regarded as the result of internal psychological pressure.
Passivity can be considered as the result of external psychological pressure.
Generally speaking, it is best that internal psychological pressure > = external pressure.
Analyze this case
The external pressure is reduced (if you break the glass, it's nothing to break it yourself)
Internal pressure drive (people don't like to obey the rules, but they like to indulge in destruction)
Internal pressure > external pressure, so everyone broke the window [NextPage]
6. Halo effect
Pushkin, a great Russian writer, once suffered from the halo effect. He fell madly in love with Natalie, known as "the first beauty in Moscow", and married her. Natalie looks amazing, but she is different from Pushkin. Every time Pushkin reads her a written poem. She always covers her ears and says, "Don't listen! Don't listen! " On the contrary, she always asks Pushkin to play with her and attend some luxurious parties and dances. Pushkin left his creation behind, was heavily in debt, and finally died in a duel with her, which made a literary superstar fall prematurely. In Pushkin's view, a beautiful woman must have extraordinary wisdom and noble character, but this is not the case. This phenomenon is called halo effect.
The so-called halo effect is that in interpersonal communication, one aspect of a person's characteristics masks other characteristics, thus causing obstacles to interpersonal cognition. In daily life, the "halo effect" often quietly affects our cognition and evaluation of others. For example, some old people think that if they don't like the individual shortcomings of young people, or don't like their clothes and living habits, they must be worthless. Because some young people admire the cuteness of their friends, they will look around. It's really called "a handsome man covers all the ugliness". Halo effect is a subjective psychological speculation, and its mistake lies in:
First, it is easy to grasp the individual characteristics of things and get used to pushing the individual to the general, just like a blind man touching an elephant, replacing the face with points;
Second, it links some unrelated personality or appearance features, and asserts that there must be another feature with this feature;
Third, all the good ones are affirmed, and all the bad ones are denied. This is an absolute tendency dominated by subjective prejudice.
In a word, halo effect is a cognitive obstacle that has a great influence on people's psychology in interpersonal communication. We should try our best to avoid and overcome the side effects of halo effect in communication.
Solution: We should realize that a person's personality is three-dimensional, 360-degree, and cannot be generalized.
7. False sympathy bias
We usually think that our hobbies are the same as most people. If you like playing computer games, you may overestimate the number of people who like computer games. You usually overestimate the number of people who vote for your favorite classmates, overestimate your prestige and leadership in the group, and so on. You tend to overestimate the number of people who have the same characteristics as your behavior and attitude. This tendency is called "false empathy bias"
Solution: realize that people are different, and the attributes of a certain aspect are determined by the environment and personality.