The most comprehensive basic knowledge of maternal and child care in history is here. After reading it, you will know that it is not easy to remember so many knowledge points during the Lunar New Year.
1, the temperature of normal newborns is between 36.5 and 37.5 degrees Celsius.
Before taking the temperature of the newborn with a thermometer, the mercury scale of the thermometer should be below 35. When measuring the temperature of the newborn, one end of the mercury column of the thermometer should be placed under the baby's armpit and the thermometer should be clamped for about 5 minutes.
2. The normal newborn's breathing frequency is 40~45 times/minute.
3. The heart rhythm of normal newborns fluctuates greatly, generally between 100 ~ 140 beats/min.
4. Newborns can sleep quietly for 90 minutes/time and gain 30 ~ 50g/ day. It is normal to gain more than 600g (600g~ 1500g) in the first month. If the growth rate is slow, the mother can be advised to add formula milk to the newborn appropriately.
5, neonatal defecation frequency is generally around 8 times a day, including:
(1) During lactation, the stool is about 8 times a day, which turns into golden paste, thin paste and shapeless, and the urine is about 10 times;
(2) The stool frequency of mixed feeding is about 2-6 times a day, light yellow and soft, and the urination frequency is about 8 times;
(3) Artificial feeding is similar to mixed feeding.
6. The milk quantity of full-term newborns 1~2 weeks is 60~90mL, and 90~ 120mL at 3~4 weeks.
7. It is appropriate for the newborn to feed each time at 15~20 minutes.
8. Newborns are born 12 hours, and dystocia children can be vaccinated with BCG after 48 hours.
9. If conditions permit, the temperature in the neonatal room should be kept at 24~26.
10, the newborn should take a bath 30 minutes to 1 hour after feeding, the water temperature is 38 ~40, and the time should be 10~ 15 minutes. You can use special shower gel or baby soap when taking a bath, and use it 1-2 times a week.
1 1. The time of umbilical cord shedding is 7~ 14 days. Before umbilical cord falls off and after bathing, it should be wiped with 75% medical alcohol cotton swab for 2-3 times.
12, temperature of formula milk powder 45~50, boiling disinfection time of milk utensils 10~ 15 minutes.
13. After 6 months, the baby can be instructed to drink water from a cup.
14. When touching the newborn, the room temperature should be around 28, and each action should be repeated 4-8 times. All actions should be completed within 10 minutes, 1-2 times a day.
15. During visual training, you can hang some colorful toys and pictures 20 cm above the crib. The audio-visual stimulation to the baby should not be excessive, twice a day for 20 minutes each time.
16, most neonatal physiological jaundice appeared in 2~3 days after birth, reached its peak in about 7 days, and subsided in about 14 days.
17. When newborns use diapers in the second month, they should choose diapers with good air permeability, which can be changed every 2 ~ 3 hours.
18, if the newborn has mild red buttocks, it should expose the buttocks more, 2 3 times a day, each time about 10 minute. Apply tannic acid ointment after each exposure. In order to prevent red buttocks, apply buttocks cream after washing buttocks.
19, newborn saliva towel clothing and bedding should be washed separately, and exposed to the sun after washing 1 hour or so to achieve disinfection effect.
(1) ordinary care
1. Observe temperature, pulse, respiration and blood pressure.
Temperature, pulse, respiration and blood pressure are measured twice a day. If there is any abnormality, find out the reason and seek medical treatment if necessary.
2. Diet care:
Guide the parturient to strengthen nutrition, take protein, vitamins and calorie foods as the staple food, diversify varieties, eat more soups with prolactin function, generally eat light and digestible semi-liquid on the day after delivery, and eat general food on the day after delivery, and encourage the parturient to drink more water and eat more foods containing cellulose to keep the stool unobstructed.
3. Rest and activities:
Create a clean, tidy, quiet and comfortable rest environment for the parturient, stay in bed for 24 hours after delivery, and encourage the parturient to get out of bed for proper activities after 24 hours. Nurses should help pregnant women take care of their daily lives. Appropriate activities are conducive to uterine involution, lochia discharge, unobstructed defecation and recovery of body shape.
4. Urine observation:
Women should be encouraged to urinate on their own 2-4 hours after delivery. Excessive bladder expansion will affect uterine contraction and cause postpartum hemorrhage. Pay attention to whether the lower abdomen bulges. If the bladder is swollen, the parturient should be encouraged to urinate, let the parturient listen to the sound of running water or do perineal irrigation to induce urine for the parturient, and report the catheterization to the nurse when necessary.
5. lochia observation:
The blood and mucus discharged from postpartum vagina are collectively called lochia. The first 3 4 days were "bloody lochia"; After that, the blood gradually decreases and turns brown, which is "serous evil"; At about 10 day, it turns yellow and white due to a lot of white blood cells and mucus, which is called "white lochia" and can last for several weeks. Normal lochia smells of blood, but it doesn't stink. If there is an odor, infection should be considered. If bloody lochia lasts for more than 2 weeks, incomplete involution of uterus or placenta tissue or fetal membrane remaining in uterus should be considered. The total amount of normal lochia is 250-500ml.
6. Vulva care:
Scrub vulva with 0. 1% benzalkonium bromide solution or 1: 5000 potassium permanganate solution every day, scrub after defecation, instruct parturient to use sterilized sanitary napkins, and teach parturient to wipe vulva with sterilized toilet paper after defecation every time to keep vulva clean and prevent wound infection.
7. Skin care
Postpartum sweat glands are active, sweating profusely, milk overflows, lochia is discharged, and lying-in women need to breastfeed their babies. At this time, the requirements for skin hygiene are higher than usual. For women who give birth normally, they can take a bath in bed 24 hours after delivery and the next day. Bath water temperature 50-52, room temperature 24-25.
The shower water temperature is 40-45, and the room temperature is preferably 24. Dry quickly with a towel after bathing to prevent catching cold. Generally, once a week 1-2 times, and tub bathing is prohibited within one month after delivery.
8. postpartum promote uterine recovery:
About 4 weeks after delivery, the cervix will return to its normal size. In order to promote uterine recovery, you can refer to the following four methods:
(1) You should urinate in time after delivery: the bladder should not be inflated or always inflated.
(2) Prolonged lying position should be avoided during the puerperium: 6-8 hours after delivery, the parturient can sit up and get out of bed the next day, which is conducive to the recovery of physical function and physical strength, and is helpful to the recovery of uterus and the discharge of lochia. If the uterus has been bent backward, it should be corrected by knee-chest position.
(3) Breastfeeding in time after delivery: Due to the sucking stimulation of the baby, it will reflexively cause uterine contraction, thus promoting uterine recovery.
(4) Pay attention to pudendal hygiene: so as not to cause reproductive tract inflammation.
(2) guiding breastfeeding
Advantages of breastfeeding: it helps to strengthen the emotional connection between mother and child, stimulate mammary gland secretion, stimulate the release of oxytocin, and help the uterus regress. Colostrum is rich in protein, fat-soluble vitamins and anti-infective properties, which has special nutritional and health care value for infants. Breast milk is economical and easy to carry.
The United Nations Health Organization advocates exclusive breastfeeding for 4-6 months after delivery, which is the most primitive, scientific and effective feeding method, and is beneficial to the health of mother and baby.
Successful measures to ensure breastfeeding include:
1. Early contact and early sucking can start the contact between milk and skin within half an hour after delivery, stimulate milk secretion, and breastfeed as needed.
2. Feeding method: Before breastfeeding, the tissue around the areola should be squeezed to make a small amount of milk overflow to stimulate the baby to open his mouth. Put the nipple and most areola into the baby's mouth, and the mother gently holds the breast with one hand to prevent the breast from pressing and blocking the baby's nostrils. After feeding, gently press the baby's jaw with your index finger to avoid damaging the nipple.
3. Nutrition: Maternal women should strengthen nutrition, ensure the growth and development of newborns, increase protein and calories, and supplement nutrients such as calcium, iron vegetables, fruits and cereals. Do not eat spicy food, avoid smoking, drinking alcohol and drinking coffee.
4. Preventive measures
Wash your hands before breastfeeding, scrub your breasts and nipples with clean water to help mothers and newborns take a comfortable posture for breastfeeding.
After breast-feeding, squeeze out a little milk and apply it on the nipple surface to prevent chapped nipple.
Empty your breasts in turn every time you breastfeed. After breast-feeding, pick up the baby and pat the back 1-2 minutes to expel the air in the stomach to prevent spitting.
Maternal women should ensure adequate sleep, maintain a happy mood and exercise properly after delivery.
(3) Nursing care of abnormal breasts:
1. Breast pain or hypogalactia
The main reason is the failure to open milk as early as possible and breastfeed as needed, which leads to the obstruction of mammary duct. Maternal women should be instructed to open milk as soon as possible, breastfeed as needed, make the milk smooth, massage with hot compress before breastfeeding, and empty the breast after breastfeeding.
Treatment method:
When you feel breast pain, induration or lack of milk secretion, first wet and hot compress with a hot towel, then massage the areola with the index finger and middle finger, then hold the breast with one hand, and gently press the breast with the other hand for rotary massage. Then hold the breast in one hand and shake it up and down, left and right, 1 time every day, 20-30 times each time. Hold the nipple with thumb, forefinger and middle finger, and pull it 1 time every day, 20-30 times each time. The mammary duct is dilated and unobstructed.
2. The nipple is flat and sunken
Apply a hot towel to the breast first, and then pull the nipple. When breastfeeding, let the baby suck the flat nipple first, because when the baby is hungry, the sucking force is very strong and it is easy to suck out the milk; When the baby is not sucking enough, you can use the breast pump to suck out the excess milk. If there is milk deposition, it should be reported to doctors and nurses in time and handled in time to avoid inducing mastitis.
3. Nursing care of chapped nipple
After each lactation, you can apply 10% bismuth cod liver oil or compound benzoic acid tincture to promote healing.
4. Guide correct breastfeeding
Common breastfeeding postures are sitting position and lying position, so as to make the mother and baby feel comfortable naturally. Mother and baby are closely related. The mother holds the newborn with one hand and gently squeezes the breast with the other hand to promote the outflow of milk. Place the nipple above the newborn's tongue so that the baby's mouth contains the nipple and part of the areola. Pay attention to prevent the breast from blocking the baby's nostrils.
1, the daily and intake calories during confinement should be around 3000 calories.
2, the baby mother can take a shower and wash her hair. When taking a shower, the room temperature should be adjusted to around 26-28. The water temperature of maternal bath should be 42-46.
3. You can brush your teeth during confinement. Pregnant women can brush their teeth with warm water, 1~2 times a day, and gently brush with a soft toothbrush.
4. The parturient combs her hair, washes her hair, washes her feet, cleans her perineum, changes her underwear frequently, and keeps her body and skin clean.
5. The bath time should be about 10 minutes.
If you take a shower, you can also give birth. If you take a bath, we suggest that you can take a bath after 7 days of natural delivery, after caesarean section 10 days, and when the wound is almost healed.
6. Women who give birth normally can get out of bed and walk around the next day after delivery. After 3-4 days of caesarean section, it is helpful for lying-in women to get out of bed. Proper activities and reasonable exercise are helpful to their recovery. But avoid the labor of squatting and increasing abdominal pressure.
7. Abdominal relaxation: Abdominal band is very helpful for the physiological recovery of postpartum relaxed abdominal muscles and keeping fit. Maternal waist and abdomen should not be too tight. Caesarean section, usually within seven days after operation, wraps the abdomen with abdominal band, which is the need to promote wound healing. However, it is not advisable to use the abdominal belt for a long time after the abdominal stitches are removed.
8. During delivery, the maternal body consumes a lot of energy and often feels thirsty after delivery, so it is best to drink some brown sugar water and eat some thin, soft and light semi-liquid food, and then return to normal diet after 24 hours.
9. Because the new mother has just given birth to a baby and has to breastfeed, it is particularly important to properly care for the breast. Postpartum women should sleep correctly, and it is best to lie on their backs.
10, the nipple should be wiped clean first when feeding the baby for the first time. Wash your hands before each feeding. After breastfeeding, you can squeeze out some breast milk to moisten your nipples. If it is damaged, it should be handled in time.
Lochiorrhea is rich and red on 1 1-3 days after delivery, turns pale yellow after 10, and generally disappears completely in 4~6 weeks. If lochia has abnormal phenomena such as large blood clot, foul smell or blood flow, you should immediately inform the medical staff.
12. For the elderly women, the body is very weak after delivery, so they must eat some foods that tonify qi and blood, but they can't eat tonic things like red ginseng to prevent exhaustion. Longan and birds and chickens are more suitable for tonic at the same temperature.
13, milk is difficult: it is not enough to drink soup alone, but also eat the ingredients in the soup and drink more water. Fruit is also rich in water. If you are afraid of cold fruit, you can heat it or cook it before eating it.
14, after giving birth, the baby sweats a lot, which is the performance of "deficiency heat". Don't let yourself catch cold for a while, especially pay attention to keeping your waist warm.
15, chapped nipple: Apply egg butter to the nipple of the parturient, so that it is safe even if it is eaten by the baby, and it will take effect quickly, just two or three days.