1. How do women with panda blood prepare for pregnancy
The blood group system is divided like this
Humans have two blood group systems: one is ABO blood group system, which is commonly called type A, type B, type O and type AB; The other is "Rh blood group system", that is, Rh positive and Rh negative.
abo blood group
ABO blood group is divided into type A, type B, type AB and type O according to the different blood groups composed of antigens and antibodies in human blood. Among them, people with type O blood are more common and are called "universal donors", while people with type AB blood are "universal recipients".
Blood rh
Anyone with Rh agglutinin on red blood cells in the blood is Rh positive, and vice versa. In this way, the four main blood groups A, B, O and AB are divided into Rh positive and Rh negative blood groups respectively.
Precious and mysterious "panda blood"
According to relevant data, the Rh positive blood group accounts for about 99.7% of the Han nationality and most other ethnic minorities in China. Hemolytic transfusion reaction A series of reactions caused by the destruction of red blood cells after blood transfusion, which may cause fever, anemia, jaundice and other symptoms. With modern blood matching and transfusion technology, this situation has rarely happened.
About 90% of individual ethnic minorities; Rh negative blood group is rare, accounting for only 0.3%~0.4% of the total population in China. Because it is too difficult to find such a blood source, it is as precious as the giant panda, so it is called "panda blood". Rh-negative blood of AB type is even rarer, accounting for only 0.034% of the total population in China. People with this blood type are no different from people with normal blood type at ordinary times, but it will be difficult to find the source of blood once they need blood transfusion in case of danger and disease.
Women with panda blood should pay attention to hemolysis.
Panda blood will produce antibodies when it receives Rh positive blood. Rh-positive people can accept the blood of Rh-negative people, but Rh-negative people can't accept the blood of Rh-positive people. Rh blood group system generally has no natural antibody, so the first blood transfusion will not find Rh blood group incompatibility.
Rh-negative people receive Rh-positive blood for the first time, and after 3 months, they will produce anti-Rh agglutinin, that is, immune anti-Rh antibody. If Rh positive blood is transfused again, it will lead to hemolytic transfusion reaction.
The fetus may have hemolysis.
The blood type of the fetus is determined by both parents. If the blood group antigen inherited by the fetus from the father is not available to the mother, the fetal red blood cells will enter the mother to produce corresponding antibodies, which will enter the fetus through the placenta, leading to an immune reaction between the antigen and the antibody and hemolysis.
For the Rh blood group system, if a Rh negative woman marries a Rh positive man, this woman may give birth to a Rh positive fetus. When fetal red blood cells enter the mother for some reason (such as childbirth, amniocentesis, induced abortion, etc.). ), it will cause the mother to produce anti-Rh agglutinin. In the future, if the woman gives birth to a Rh-positive fetus again, the maternal anti-Rh agglutinin may enter the fetal blood through the placenta, causing fetal red blood cells to agglutinate and destroy, leading to severe anemia and even death of the fetus. If Rh-negative women have received Rh-positive blood before, their first Rh-positive fetus will also undergo hemolysis.
Some hospitals will check the blood type when building the card, and mark it on the cover of the file, so that doctors will pay special attention to it every time they have a checkup. In addition to rare blood group, elderly pregnant women, pregnant women with a history of pregnancy, and pregnant women with abortion, etc. It is also the object of special examination by doctors.
Under normal circumstances, as long as the hospital determines that the pregnant woman is "panda blood", it will check whether there is Rh antibody and make various emergency plans. For example, for postpartum hemorrhage, the hospital will apply to the blood center in advance to transfer Rh-negative blood and do its best to ensure the safety of mother and baby. Pregnant women only need to follow the doctor's instructions and cooperate with the doctor.
"Panda blood" expectant mothers should contact the hospital in advance.
"Panda blood" expectant mothers must find a specialized hospital with technology, strength and blood transfusion conditions, or a general hospital with Grade III A (hereinafter referred to as Grade III). Generally, hospitals below the third level do not have the conditions and dare not accept "panda blood" mothers. It is best to have a pre-pregnancy check-up in a 3A general hospital and file it.
Check blood type before pregnancy, and check maternal and infant hemolytic reaction.
If pregnant men and pregnant women don't know their blood types, they must check their blood types before pregnancy, so as to check the possibility of ABO hemolysis and Rh hemolysis of mother and baby. Although the hemolysis of the first child is less, it still needs attention.
The risk of "panda blood" pregnant women is much greater than that of ordinary pregnant women, but as long as pregnant women and hospitals actively prepare, pay attention to iron supplementation, prevent anemia, and avoid fetal oversize, delivery is not as terrible as expected. If the mother has no birth history, abortion history or blood transfusion history, the first-born baby will basically not have neonatal hemolysis; The probability of hemolysis of the second child is higher, and the baby may need to be given anti-D immunoglobulin after birth. Of course, it does not mean that the second child will be hemolyzed.
"Panda blood" expectant mothers need to prepare blood in advance so as not to face a "blood shortage" during childbirth.
"panda blood" expectant mothers should prepare blood before giving birth, just in case. If there is an emergency during childbirth and there is too much blood loss, blood transfusion is needed immediately. If blood is not prepared in advance, if there is no blood, delaying blood supply will bring serious consequences to production.
General specialized hospitals and tertiary hospitals have blood banks. As long as you tell the hospital your blood type in advance, the hospital will prepare the blood source. However, it is still necessary to remind the expectant mother of "panda blood" that it is best to go to the blood station to reserve some blood for herself before pregnancy, which is also convenient if it is urgently needed.
If pregnant women want to give birth in which hospital, it is best to communicate with the hospital in advance and prepare countermeasures to ensure the safety of mother and baby. Be prepared for the safety of you and your baby.
If you choose to match your own blood, you must follow the doctor's advice. At 38 weeks, fetal development has been basically completed, and blood can be drawn to prepare blood. But generally do not choose this way.
"Panda blood" is not as terrible as the legend. I went to the hospital early when I gave birth to the baby. The hospital suggested that we prepare blood, but we need our family members to go to the city blood bank to get it. The city blood bank was informed that it was urgent to find a volunteer to donate blood. About 24 hours later, my family took a blood sample. At that time, I had already entered the delivery room, which made the whole family nervous. I gave birth naturally, my mother and son were safe, and the rare panda blood was useless. Facts have proved that it is not as difficult as we thought, and the hospital will give us guidance and advice. If it is panda blood, please go to the hospital in advance. The hospital will prepare blood for you. Don't wait until you need blood. If you have friends of the same blood type, you should contact in advance in case of emergency.
What should mom pay attention to before and after giving birth to panda blood?
1, and blood group antibodies are tested regularly.
Between mother and fetus, in the state of blood group incompatibility, the red blood cells in fetal blood are gradually destroyed, which may cause various diseases, lead to premature birth and hemolysis of newborn, and even lead to fetal death and abortion in severe cases.
For women suspected of hemolysis of newborn, the antibody titer in blood must be checked before pregnancy. If there are no antibodies, they can get pregnant normally. Antibodies were monitored after pregnancy 16 weeks. If the result is negative, check it once a month until 28 weeks. If there is no antibody all the time, anti-D immunoglobulin can be injected to prevent neonatal hemolysis.
2, there are antibodies that need treatment.
Once the antibody is confirmed, you should immediately go to the fertility specialist hospital in rare blood group for treatment. If antibodies are found during pregnancy, they must be checked every two weeks to see if the antibodies are elevated. When the antibody titer (that is, the ratio of antibody to antigen concentration) is greater than 1∶ 16, it will affect the fetus. It can be combined with B-ultrasound to check whether the fetus has edema, hydrops and arterial anemia. When the antibody titer rises above 1∶64, amniotic fluid examination, optical density measurement at 450nm wavelength, umbilical vein puncture, fetal blood type, hemoglobin, red blood cell count, bilirubin level and anti-human globulin test are needed. If the antibody titer is 128, plasma exchange can be carried out as appropriate. Intrauterine blood transfusion is feasible when fetal anemia is serious, so postpartum blood exchange treatment should be considered.
3. Inject anti-D immunoglobulin again within 72 hours after delivery.
If you want to have a second child, you need to inject anti-D immunoglobulin within 72 hours after delivery. It should be noted that this antibody needle should be injected without antibodies in the body. If there are antibodies, you can't inject them again.
① Anti-human globulin test, also called Combs test, is a common method to detect incomplete antibodies and an important basis for diagnosing autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA).
2. Compulsory courses for men during pregnancy
Understand all aspects of sperm
Sperm is the most important tangible component in semen, which is gradually developed from spermatogonia in testis. The whole development cycle takes about 74 days. Adult males can produce about 1 100 million sperm every day. Changes in physical state and external stimuli (such as radiation and temperature) can only change the quality of sperm, but not its development cycle.
To understand the relationship between sperm quality and pregnancy
In addition to egg cells, the quantity, quality and activity of sperm play an important role in the completion of fertilization, among which the quality of sperm is particularly important. The man's physical quality, the health and function of reproductive organs and some external environmental factors will affect the quality and quantity of sperm.
The best age to be a father
After the age of 35, the androgen in the body also began to decline, and the secretion of testosterone decreased by 1% on average every year. Therefore, men also have a reproductive biological clock, but it is more flexible.
What season is the highest sperm quality?
The change of male semen quality is related to the season. In spring, sperm tail defects occur the most; The proportion of immature sperm in summer is higher than that in other seasons. Generally speaking, the highest number of sperm is in winter, followed by spring; The strongest sperm motility is in autumn and winter.
The best frequency of sexual life for pregnancy.
The more reasonable basic principles should be: 5 ~ 7 days before ovulation, save your strength and stand by and wait for the attack; Within one week before and after ovulation, increase the frequency, and once every other day or three days if physical strength and physique permit.
What effect does orgasm have on fertility?
The orgasm of both men and women is conducive to improving the pregnancy rate and achieving eugenics. Extreme orgasm is not only easy to conceive, but also helpful to achieve eugenics, and may also increase the chances of having a boy.