(1) Types of vaccines
According to the Regulations on the Administration of Vaccine Circulation and Vaccination, vaccines are divided into two categories. Category I vaccines refer to vaccines provided by * * * to citizens free of charge, and citizens should be vaccinated in accordance with the provisions of * * *, including vaccines determined by the national immunization plan, vaccines supplemented by the people's governments of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government in the process of implementing the national immunization plan, and vaccines organized by people's governments at or above the county level or their health authorities for emergency vaccination or mass vaccination. The second category of vaccines refers to other vaccines that citizens voluntarily vaccinate at their own expense.
At present, the first type of vaccines are mainly children's routine immunization vaccines, including hepatitis B vaccine, BCG vaccine, polio vaccine, cell-free DTP vaccine, DTP vaccine, leprosy vaccine, measles vaccine, live attenuated hepatitis A vaccine, group A meningococcal vaccine, group A+C meningococcal vaccine and live attenuated Japanese encephalitis vaccine.
Effect of vaccination
Vaccination is recognized as one of the most economical and effective public health measures in the world, and "prevention first" has been one of China's health policies since the founding of New China.
Through vaccination, smallpox, which is the most harmful to human health, has been eliminated in Fujian Province, and the goal of polio-free has been achieved. The incidence of diseases targeting measles, Japanese encephalitis, epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis and hepatitis A decreased by more than 99%, and the carrier rate of hepatitis B surface antigen under 5 years old decreased from more than 20% of 1992 to less than 0.5% at present. According to the World Health Organization's Global Vaccine Action Plan (20 10~2020), only from the perspective of the number of deaths prevented, if the global vaccination is not carried out in the decade from 201/KLOC-0 to 2020, the number of deaths will increase by 24.6 million, reaching 25.8 million.
So far, no drug can eliminate a disease at a very low price like a vaccine. Vaccines are even the only way to prevent a series of diseases that cause and kill children, and some self-funded vaccines are also very important for children's health.
(3) You may still get sick after vaccination.
All vaccines have a certain protection rate, but due to the individual differences of the recipients and the characteristics of the vaccine itself, the protection effect of any vaccine has not reached 100% so far, and a few people may still get sick after vaccination. Another situation is coupled disease. If the recipient happens to be in the incubation period of the disease targeted by the vaccine at the time of vaccination, it will still get sick after vaccination and has no protective effect.
(d) Under what circumstances are children not suitable for vaccination?
Contraindications of vaccination include contraindications and careful use, which refers to the situation that vaccination should not be carried out. Contraindications refer to the increased risk of serious abnormal reactions after vaccination, and objects with contraindications should not be vaccinated. Caution means that after vaccination, the recipient may increase the risk of serious adverse reactions or affect the immunity of the vaccine; Most cases of caution are temporary, and the corresponding vaccine should be replanted after the symptoms disappear.
Contraindications for vaccination:
1. has a serious allergic reaction to vaccine ingredients or the previous dose of vaccine.
2. Encephalopathy without other clear reasons occurred within 7 days after vaccination with pertussis vaccine (body temperature exceeding 40.5℃ within 48 hours after vaccination, continuous crying for more than 3 hours, collapse or similar shock state; Children who have convulsions within 3 days after vaccination should not be vaccinated with pertussis vaccine (DTP).
3. People with severe immune dysfunction should not be vaccinated with live attenuated vaccine.
Pregnant women should not usually be vaccinated with live attenuated vaccines.
5) Vaccination is suspended in most of the following cases (note)
1. Acute disease, fever >; 37.5℃, diarrhea.
2. Moderate and severe chronic diseases (such as severe heart, liver and kidney diseases and tuberculosis, nervous system diseases such as epilepsy, severe malnutrition and severe rickets), acute attacks of chronic diseases, etc.
3. There are severe dermatitis, psoriasis, eczema and purulent skin diseases at the inoculation site.
4. Moderate and severe asthma, urticaria and other allergic people.
Accept, please adopt.
2. Health and epidemic prevention knowledge
First, don't drink raw water, which contains germs and viruses. Drinking it is easy to get sick.
If you want to drink water, drink boiled water or sterilized water. Second, don't eat unwashed fruits and vegetables.
Unclean melons and fruits, or melons and fruits washed by the river, may have germs and viruses on their skins, which are easy to get sick after eating. Third, don't eat expired cakes.
In summer, the temperature is high and the humidity is high, so cakes are easy to deteriorate and cannot be eaten after the shelf life. Fourth, don't eat rotten food.
After food goes bad, even if it is cooked again, it is still harmful to eat. 5. Don't eat or try not to eat cold salad.
The environmental sanitation is poor, and cold dishes, especially cold dishes, are easy to be polluted during the production process. It is best not to eat them. If you must eat, you should pay attention to the hygiene of cold dishes and eat some raw garlic. 6. Don't eat moldy rice noodles.
Moldy rice noodles contain poison and are harmful to people.
3. What are the management mechanisms for animal epidemic prevention?
The veterinary administrative department of the State Council is in charge of the national animal epidemic prevention work.
The local people's veterinary departments at or above the county level shall be in charge of animal epidemic prevention within their respective administrative areas. Other relevant departments of the people's governments at or above the county level shall do a good job in animal epidemic prevention within the scope of their respective duties.
The animal health supervision departments of the army and the armed police force are responsible for the epidemic prevention of active animals and self-use animals respectively. Animal health supervision institutions established by local people's governments at or above the county level shall be responsible for the quarantine of animals and animal products and other supervision, management and law enforcement related to animal epidemic prevention in accordance with the provisions of this law.
People at or above the county level * * * set up animal disease prevention and control institutions in accordance with the principles of overall planning, rational distribution and comprehensive setting stipulated by the State Council, and undertake the technical work of early prevention and control such as animal disease monitoring, detection, diagnosis, epidemiological investigation and epidemic report.
4. Do you have any health and epidemic prevention knowledge?
Prevention and treatment of infectious diseases Spring is not only a good time for citizens to go out for an outing or spring outing, but also a season of frequent respiratory infectious diseases. Citizens should pay attention to the prevention of respiratory infectious diseases in their lives, studies, work and tourism.
How to prevent respiratory infectious diseases? 1, develop good personal hygiene habits; (1) Cover your nose and mouth with a handkerchief or tissue when sneezing or coughing. Don't spit everywhere, and don't throw away the toilet paper used to spit or wipe your nose.
(2) Wash your hands frequently. Wash your hands with soap or hand sanitizer and running water. Don't wipe your hands with dirty towels. Wash your hands immediately after contact with respiratory secretions (such as sneezing).
(3) Don't use cups and tableware with others. (4) Open the window at least three times a day in schools, offices or residents' homes, with each time not less than 10 minute.
If there are patients with respiratory infectious diseases around, the number of ventilation should be increased. When opening the window, avoid through flow and keep warm.
(5) Brush your teeth carefully every night (generally not less than 3 minutes), rinse your mouth with warm normal saline after brushing your teeth, and rinse your head upwards to fully rinse your throat, which is more effective. 2, strengthen physical exercise, enhance resistance (1) to strengthen outdoor activities and cold-resistant exercise.
Pay attention to a balanced diet and ensure adequate rest. (2) Pay attention to environmental sanitation.
In the epidemic season of infectious diseases, go to crowded public places as little as possible. 3, completes the protection (1) should try to avoid contact with patients with symptoms of respiratory infectious diseases.
(2) Wear masks in crowded places during the popular season. (3) If you have fever, cough, headache, vomiting and other symptoms, you should seek medical advice in time.
Patients with the above symptoms should wear masks to prevent infection. Vaccination can reduce the chance of infection or relieve symptoms.
Influenza, meningitis, chickenpox and measles can all be vaccinated. (2) Prevention and treatment of intestinal infectious diseases Summer is the high incidence season of intestinal infectious diseases, which are mainly spread through food, drinking water and daily contact.
Paying attention to environmental hygiene, developing good hygiene habits and "keeping your mouth and hands clean" are the keys to disease prevention in summer. The most important preventive measure of intestinal infectious diseases in summer is to cut off the route of transmission and prevent the disease from entering the mouth. Attention should be paid to the following matters: (1) safety and sanitation of drinking water, disinfection and sanitation of kitchens, canteens and toilets, and indoor and outdoor sanitation; Waste and garbage are treated harmlessly.
(2) Advocating and implementing separate meals or using public chopsticks and spoons. (3) Pay attention to personal hygiene, develop good hygiene habits, wash your hands before and after meals, do not drink raw water, and do not eat spoiled and unclean cold food and drinks.
(3) Rabies prevention and control knowledge Rabies is also known as hydrophobia and mad dog disease. If people are bitten or scratched by crazy animals, they will be infected with rabies virus and may get rabies. More than 90% of human rabies is transmitted by dogs, followed by cats.
Rabies patients will have a series of mental symptoms, such as high fear, mania, fear of water, wind, light and sound. , and gradually appeared laryngeal muscle spasm, drooling, paralysis, respiratory and circulatory paralysis and other symptoms, the mortality rate was 100%. The best way to prevent rabies is not to keep dogs, cats and other animals; If you have dogs, cats and other animals, you must inject rabies vaccine into these animals regularly to avoid being hurt by animals; If you are bitten by dogs, cats and other animals, regardless of the severity, you should deal with the wound in time, inject rabies vaccine for human use in the CDC, or inject anti-rabies virus serum as prescribed.
(4) Food Poisoning If anyone is found to have food poisoning, they should be sent to the hospital in time. Don't take medicine indiscriminately. The sooner you treat it, the better. Don't waste time. Stop eating suspicious food immediately, and collect and seal it on the spot for inspection.
It is necessary to protect the scene and collect vomit and feces from patients. Be inspected in time. Drinking water: drink plenty of water immediately to dilute the toxin.
Vomiting: press your fingers on your throat and spit out the food in your stomach as much as possible.
5. Autumn health diseases and epidemic prevention knowledge
Autumn is the transition season from hot to cold in a year. Large temperature changes, low air humidity and frequent cold air activities are the inducing factors of many diseases. Attention should be paid to the prevention of the following diseases: 1, respiratory diseases: 1) prevention of colds: the abnormal climate change in autumn is the high incidence season for colds.
In particular, the elderly and children are prone to colds or flu, and should be actively prevented. The main measures are to keep good ventilation, increase clothes in time according to climate change, drink plenty of water appropriately, and those who are in poor health or have basic diseases should actively carry out vaccination.
2) Asthma prevention: dry air in autumn and many allergens such as pollen often cause asthma. Therefore, asthma patients should pay attention to keep warm, prevent contact with allergens and prevent recurrence.
3) Prevention of acute and chronic bronchitis: Autumn is a good season for acute and chronic bronchitis, which often happens after a cold. Prevention is mainly to ventilate, keep the air fresh, strengthen outdoor activities and enhance the body's resistance; Pay attention to keep warm and cold, eat less spicy food, quit smoking and drink less. In addition, autumn dryness refers to a series of symptoms caused by dry and cold air, such as headache, tears, dry throat, stuffy nose, cough, stomach pain and joint pain. Drink plenty of water and take food or medicine that nourishes yin and moistens lung properly.
2. Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases: Cold is an important inducing factor for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases such as hypertension, coronary heart disease and stroke. With the coming of autumn and winter, the sudden drop of temperature will make the already narrow blood vessels of patients with cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases contract, increase blood pressure, slow blood flow and reduce blood volume, causing arterial spasm and inducing angina pectoris, acute myocardial infarction, stroke and other diseases.
Therefore, patients with cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases should reasonably adjust their diet and daily life, do not smoke and drink too much, and do not overwork. Pay special attention to the changes of blood pressure and heart, check regularly and take medicine on time.
3. Gastrointestinal diseases: The climate in autumn is changeable, and it is also a frequent season for gastrointestinal diseases such as peptic ulcer, acute gastroenteritis, constipation and infantile diarrhea. After eating in hot summer, after autumn, the digestive function of the human body gradually declines, and the intestinal disease resistance is also weakened, and diarrhea may occur.
As the climate turns cold, it will also lead to the recurrence of stomach diseases. Diarrhea in autumn is also common, especially for children. Prevention of autumn diarrhea is mainly to prevent catching cold after fatigue, pay attention to reasonable diet, quit smoking and drinking, and enhance the adaptability of gastrointestinal tract.
Too sweet and greasy food can cause acute gastroenteritis, cholecystitis, pancreatitis and other diseases. 4. Rheumatism and joint diseases: Autumn is also a good season for rheumatism and joint diseases, which should be actively prevented.