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Last revision date: 2022/ 12/ 14.
Open Platform Love Course (China University Large Open Network Course)
Northwest A&F University, a starting university.
Opening teachers Guan, Xu, Gong Xiaoqing, Zhan Xiangqiang, Liu Man and Hu Tixu.
Agronomy and materia medica
Start time: March 28th, 2022-July 29th, 2022.
The course period is 18 weeks.
Course status has been completed.
Hours per week-
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Course introduction
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Since the 1940s, countless life scientists have uncovered the mystery of biological heredity with their wisdom and sweat, that is, genes are the carriers of genetic material. Therefore, molecular biology with DNA-RNA- protein as the core has become the key to reveal the mystery of life. Molecular level research is increasingly affecting various traditional biology and agriculture and forestry disciplines, including gardening.
Molecular Biology of Horticultural Plants will provide you with the basic theories and main experimental basis of various branches of modern molecular biology, introduce the new theories, technologies and methods that have developed rapidly in modern molecular biology in recent 20~30 years, and expound the research progress and application of molecular biology in the field of horticultural crops on the basis of theoretical knowledge of molecular biology and characteristics of horticultural disciplines. The course is divided into nine chapters: introduction, chromosomes and DNA, transmission of biological information, research methods of molecular biology, regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes, regulation of gene expression in eukaryotes, genome and comparative genome. The pictures in the courseware come from books and the Internet, and are only for teaching purposes.
course syllabus
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foreword
1. 1 Introduction
1. 1. 1 creationism and evolution
1. 1.2 cell theory
1. 1.3 classic biochemistry and genetics
Discovery of 1. 1.4DNA and Establishment of Gene Theory
1.2 A Brief History of Molecular Biology
T 1.2. 1 protein chemistry;
T 1.2.2 Major Events in the Research of Molecular Biology
T 1.2.3 Other events that play an important role in the development of molecular biology.
1.3 Main research contents of molecular biology
T 1.3. 1 recombinant DNA technology (genetic engineering);
Study on the regulation of t 1.3.2 gene expression;
T 1.3.3 Study on the Structure and Function of Biological Macromolecules (Structural Molecular Biology)
T 1.3.4 genome, functional genome and bioinformatics research;
1.4 Potential customers
Chromosome and DNA
2. 1 chromosome
T2. 1. 1 Chromosome Overview
T2. 1.2 Chromosome composition of eukaryotic cells
2. 1.3 Prokaryotic Genome
2.2 the structure of DNA
T2.2. The primary structure of1DNA
T2.2.2DNA the secondary structure of DNA
Advanced structure of t2.2.3DNA
2.3DNA replication
T2.3. Semi-conservative Replication of1DNA
T2.3.2DNA Some Basic Concepts of DNA Replication
2.4 Characteristics of DNA Replication in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
2.4.1Basic characteristics of DNA replication
2.4.2 eukaryotic DNA replication initiation regulation
2.4.3 linear DNA terminal replication
2.5DNA mutation and repair
T2.5. 1DNA mutation
The repair mechanism of t2.5.2DNA damage
2.6 Transposition of DNA
T2.6. Classification and structural characteristics of1transposon
T2.6.2 Transposon of Eukaryotic Clock
T2.6.3 Genetic Effects of Transposition
Transmission of Biological Information (Ⅰ) —— From DNA to RNA
3. Structure, classification and function of1RNA
3. Structural characteristics of1.1RNA;
3. The distribution of1.2 RNA in cells; mRNA、tRNA、rRNA
3. The function of1.3 RNA;
3.2 Overview of RNA Transcription
3.2. Comparison between1RNA transcription and DNA replication
3.2.2 The main component of transcription machine-RNA polymerase
3.2.3t promoter and transcription initiation;
3.3. Basic process of RNA transcription
3.3. 1 template identification
Transcription initiation
Transcriptional extension
3.3.4 Transcription termination;
3.4 Comparison of Transcription and Product Characteristics between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
3.4. 1 Comparison of transcription process between prokaryotes and eukaryotes;
Characteristics of prokaryotic mRNA
Characteristics of eukaryotic mRNA
3.5 Prokaryotic RNA polymerase and its transcription
3.5. 1 Prokaryotic RNA polymerase
3.5.2 Prokaryote Promoter Structure
3.5.3 Optimal distance between-10 region and -35 region in prokaryotic promoter
3.5.4 Recognition and Binding of Prokaryotic RNA Polymerase to Promoter-Hydrogen Bond Complementarity
3.5.5 Transcription Cycle of Prokaryotic RNA
(1)RNA transcription initiation;
(2) Extension of newborn RNA chain
(3) Extended RNA polymerase has both synthesis and proofreading functions;
(4) terminating (4)RNA transcription; -Terminator and ρ factor; Anti-termination;
3.6. Eukaryotic RNA polymerase and RNA transcription
3.6. 1 eukaryotic polymerase-species, composition analysis and structure
3.6.2 Effects of Eukaryotic Promoters on Transcription
3.6.3 Assembly of Transcription Initiation Complex
3.6.4 Enhancers and their functions
3.7 inhibition of RNA transcription
3.7. 1 purine and pyrimidine analogues
3.7.2DNA template function inhibitor
3.7.3RNA polymerase inhibitors
3.8 Post-transcriptional processing of eukaryotic RNA
3.9RNA editing, recoding and chemical modification
3. 10mRNA transport
3. 1 1 ribozyme
3. The position of12 RNA in biological evolution
Transmission of Biological Information (Ⅱ) —— From mRNA to protein
4. 1 genetic code-triplet
4.2tRNA
4.3 ribosomes
4.4 Biological Mechanism of protein Synthesis
4.4. 1 amino acid activation
4.4.2 Translation starts
4.4.3 Extension of Peptide Chain
4.4.4 Termination of Peptide Chain
4.4.5 Synthesis of Polyribosomes and protein
4.4.6 Processing of protein precursors
4.4.7 protein folding
4.4.8 Inhibitors synthesized by protein
4.5 protein operation mechanism
4.6 Study on the Modification, Degradation and Stability of protein.
Research methods of molecular biology (I) ——DNA, RNA and protein manipulation techniques
5. 1 History of recombinant DNA technology
5.2DNA basic operation technology
5.2. 1 genomic DNA extraction
5.2.2 Nucleic acid gel electrophoresis
5.2.3 Polymerase chain reaction technology
5.2.4 Construction of Recombinant Vector
5.2.5 real-time quantitative PCR
5.2.6 Construction of Genomic DNA Library
5.3 basic operation technology of RNA
5.3. 1 total RNA extraction
Purification of mRNA
5.3.3cDNA synthesis of cdna
5.3.4cDNA Construction of cDNA Library
Screening of gene library
5.3.6 Study on Non-coding RNA
5.4 Gene cloning technology
Competition technique
Packaging technology
5. 4. 3 Gateway large-scale cloning technology
5.4.4 Map-based Cloning of Genes
5.4.5 flanking sequence of T-DNA insertion site cloned by thermal asymmetric cross polymerase chain reaction
5.5 protein and protein omics technology
5.5. 1 two-dimensional electrophoresis technology
5.5.2 Fluorescence Differential Display Two-dimensional Electrophoresis Technology
5.5.3 protein mass spectrometry analysis technology
Research Methods of Molecular Biology (Ⅱ) —— Research Techniques of Gene Function
6. 1 gene expression research technology
6. 1. 1 Transcriptome sequencing analysis and RNA-Seq
Study on alternative splicing of 6. 1.2RNA
6. 1.3 in situ hybridization technique
6. Site-directed Mutation of1.4 Gene
6.2 Gene Knockout Technology
6.2. 1 Basic principles
6.2.2 Gene knockout technology of higher animals
6.2.3 Plant Gene Knockout Technology
6.2.4 Genome editing technology
6.3 protein and RNA interaction technology
6.3. 1 yeast one-hybrid system
6.3.2 Yeast two-hybrid system
Protein interaction technology
6.3.4 Chromatin immunoprecipitation technology
6.3.5RNAi technology and its application
6.4 Identification of target gene function in yeast cells
6.4. 1 Yeast Gene Transformation and Trait Complementarity
6.4.2 Functional Identification of Exogenous Genes in Yeast
6.5 Other Molecular Biology Techniques
6.5. 1 gel block experiment
6.5.2 Phage display technology
6.5.3 protein Phosphorylation Analysis Technology
6.5.4 protein western blot experiment
6.5.5 Cell Localization and Chromosome Technology
6.5.6 genome-wide association studies and its application
Prokaryotic gene expression regulation
7. 1 Overview of gene expression regulation in prokaryotes
7. 1. 1 Classification of Gene Expression Regulation in Prokaryotes
7. 1.2 Main characteristics of gene expression regulation in prokaryotes
7.2 Main characteristics and negative regulation of lactose operon
7.2. 1 Enzyme Induction-Evidence of ——lac System Regulation
7.2.2 Manipulator sub-model and its influencing factors
7.2.3lac regulatory region and O region of lac operon DNA-p
7.2.4lac Other problems of LAC manipulator
7.3 trp Operon and Negative Suppression System
7.3. 1trp operator suppression system
7.3.2 The weakening effect of Trp operon
7.3.3trp Other regulatory mechanisms of Trp operon
7.4 Other Operators
7.4. 1 hemicellulose operon
7.4.2 arabinose operon
7.4.3 Degradation of repressor LexA and SOS reaction in bacteria
7.4.4 Two-component Regulation System and Signal Transduction
7.4.5 Operon regulated by multiple promoters
7.5 Nitrogen Fixation Gene Regulation
7.5. 1 nitrogenase
7.5.2 Nitrogen Fixation Related Genes and Their Expression Regulation
7.5.3 Generation of tuberculosis and regulation of tuberculosis-related genes
7.6 Other ways to regulate transcription level
7.6. Regulatory function of1σ factor
7.6.2 Regulation of Histone-like Protein
7.6.3 Role of Transcriptional Regulatory Factors
7.6.4 Provisions on Anti-termination Factor
7.7 Post-transcriptional regulation
7.7. Structural elements of1mRNA regulate translation.
7.7.2mRNA Effect of mRNA Stability on Transcription Level
7.7.3 Regulatory function of regulatory proteins
7.7.4 Regulation of Small RNA
7.7.5 Influence of Rare Codons on Translation
7.7.6 Influence of Overlapping Genes on Translation
Repression of translation
7.7.8 Influence of Magic Point Nucleotide Level on Translation
Eukaryotic gene expression regulation
8. 1 Related concepts and general rules of eukaryotic gene expression regulation
8. 1. 1 Basic concept of eukaryotic gene expression
8. 1.2 Expression patterns and characteristics of eukaryotic genes
8. 1.3 General regulation of eukaryotic gene expression
8.2 Transcriptional Regulation of Eukaryotic Gene Expression
8.2. 1 General structural characteristics of eukaryotic genes
8.2.2 Enhancers and Their Effects on Transcription
trans acting element
8.3 Epigenetic Regulation of Chromatin Modification and Eukaryotic Gene Expression
8.3. Regulation of gene expression at1eukaryotic DNA level
8.3.2DNA methylation and gene activity regulation
8.3.3 Effect of Histone Modification on Eukaryotic Gene Expression
8.3.4RNA Effect of RNA Level Modification on Gene Expression
8.4 Regulation of eukaryotic gene expression by non-coding RNA
8.4. 1 interfering small RNA
8.4.2miRNA
8.4.3 long-chain non-coding RNA
8.5 Regulation of Eukaryotic Gene Expression at Other Levels
8.5. 1 protein phosphorylation regulates gene transcription.
8.5.2 Effect of protein acetylation on transcription activity.
8.5.3 Effects of Hormones on Gene Expression
Genome and comparative genomics
1 1. 1 Qualcomm DNA sequence analysis technology.
11.1.1the basic principle of Sanger DNA sequencing.
Construction of 1 1. 1.2 genomic DNA large fragment library
1 1. 1.3 shotgun sequencing technology and its improvement.
1 1. 1.4 next-generation sequencing technology
1 1.2 application of new sequencing platform
Single nucleotide polymorphism of 1 1.2. 1
1 1.2.2 Application of high-throughput sequencing in Chromosome Conformation Capture Technology
1 1.2.3 ribosome map sequencing and multi-ribosome map sequencing
Advances in Molecular Biology of Horticultural Plants
12. 1 Preface-Re-examine the intersection of "horticulture" and "molecular biology"
12. 1. 1 horticulture
I. Modernization
Horticulture is a traditional discipline, and the horticultural industry is an ancient industry. With the development of human society, scientific progress and technological innovation, horticulture science and horticulture industry are also developing constantly. Traditional disciplines and ancient industries have entered the process of modernization.
Second, diversification.
The main function of traditional horticultural industry is to produce and provide horticultural products for consumers. Therefore, the traditional horticultural industry has a single function and focuses on material production. With the development of human society, the function of horticultural industry has been expanding, showing a diversified trend.
The main contents of industrial modernization and diversification should be:
1, the application of modern high-tech in horticultural industry.
2. Standardization of horticultural products and production processes and industrialization of horticultural production and management.
3. The application of sustainable development concept and technology in horticulture industry.
4. Expand the function of horticulture industry and realize urban horticulture and sightseeing horticulture integrating urban and rural areas.
5. Gardening culture and gardening therapy that make the horticultural industry move towards the family.
Third, the sustainable development of horticulture industry.
When human society pays more and more attention to environment and sustainable development, it is the time when ecological environment protection and survival safety are paid more and more attention by human beings. The concept of sustainable development of horticulture industry is more and more popular, and the application of sustainable development technology is more and more common.
The sustainable development of horticultural industry is to develop ecological horticulture, pollution-free horticulture and organic horticulture.
12.10.2 developing "molecular biology"
Review the previous content (basic knowledge)
Note: We can imitate the form of flip classroom, test the effect of pre-teaching through students' questions and answers, improve students' learning enthusiasm, and carry out teaching according to students' mastery of basic knowledge of molecular biology.
Chromosome and DNA
Transmission of Biological Information: Core Principles
The central principle has been developing and perfecting, and there are still many unknowns.
Research technology of molecular biology of horticultural plants
Gene expression regulation
Plant genomics
Molecular Biology of Flower and Fruit Development in Horticultural Plants
Molecular biology of horticultural plant adversity
12.2 Application of Molecular Biology in Horticultural Plant Research
Note: Class hours are limited, and only the following contents are introduced.
12.2. 1 molecular breeding
I. Molecular markers
Second, population (quantitative) genetics.
Third, genomics.
Genetic engineering-transgene
There are mainly heterologous expression (promoter: self, conditional inducible or constitutive), RNAi (knockout) and polygenic transformation.
First, disease resistance.
Second, insect resistance.
Third, resist abiotic stress
Fourthly, flavor quality is improved.
12.2.3 genome fixed-point editing and its extension
I. ZFn, TALEN, CRISPR
Second, Cas, primingeditor.
Third, chromosome fragment replacement (knock-in)
Comparative genomics and pangenomics
12.2.5 Multiomics Combination Technology
12.3 prospect
The development of horticultural plant research is infinite in the future.
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