Ilipsoas muscle refers to psoas major and iliopsoas muscle, which is a very important connecting link between lower limbs and trunk. It is already in the "Essential Anatomy of Lower Limb Rehabilitation-Hip and Leg Muscles" and will not be developed here.
The deep muscles of the back do not belong to the abdomen, but erector spinae has a great influence on the expansion and contraction of the abdominal core muscles. Erector spinae includes multifidus, longissimus dorsi and iliocostal muscle.
Pelvic floor muscles: form pelvic diaphragm, and finally form a complete body with chest and abdomen. (A separate chapter on the particularity and importance of pelvic floor muscles)
Chest muscle: intercostal muscle is divided into intercostal muscle and extracostal muscle, with the same starting point and ending point.
Starting point: the lower edge of the upper rib
Stop point: the upper edge of the lower rib
Function: Lift ribs to help inhalation (intercostal nerve T 1- 12).
Diaphragm: a flat muscle that separates the chest from the abdominal cavity. It is dome-shaped, with the upper convex surface facing the thoracic cavity and the lower concave surface facing the abdominal cavity.
Starting point: Starting from the periphery of the lower thoracic orifice and in front of the lumbar L 1-3, it is divided into three sections (starting point is also the stopping point).
1) The sternum rises from behind the xiphoid process; 6 pairs of ribs (No.7- 12) and soft ribs from bottom to top.
2) The waist starts from the upper, left L2 and right L3 lumbar vertebrae with the left and right diaphragmatic feet, and starts from the medial arcuate ligament of tendon tissue on the surface of psoas major and the lateral arcuate ligament of tendon tissue on the surface of psoas major.
Stop point: muscle fibers in all parts migrate to the center and move to the central tendon. (Not really stop, but the contraction direction of diaphragm). There are three hiatus on the diaphragm, 12 in front of the thoracic vertebra, and there are aortic hiatus between the left and right diaphragm feet and the spine for the aorta and thoracic duct to pass through; The aortic hiatus is about 10 thoracic vertebra level in the left front, and there is esophageal hiatus for esophagus and vagus nerve to pass through; There is a vena cava hole in the upper right central tendon of esophageal hiatus, about at the level of the eighth thoracic vertebra, for the inferior vena cava to pass through. Vagus nerve is the tenth cranial nerve and belongs to mixed nerve. It can send out multiple branches in the abdomen, chest cavity and neck to support the sensory impulse of organs and good organs in the neck and chest cavity, control the activities of myocardium, smooth muscle and good glands, and regulate the three systems of respiratory circulation and digestion.
Function: the main respiratory muscle, when contracting, the diaphragm dome descends and the chest volume expands, which helps to inhale; When relaxing, the diaphragm vault rises and returns to its original position, and the chest volume decreases to help exhale. When the diaphragm and abdominal muscles contract at the same time, increase abdominal pressure to assist defecation, vomiting, coughing, sneezing and delivery.
quadratus lumborum
Starting point: iliac crest
Stop points: rib 12, lumbar transverse process 1-4.
Function: Lumbar curvature of spine (anterior branch of lumbar nerve T 12-L3)
transversus abdominis muscle
Starting point: medial to the 6th costal cartilage, lateral to thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest and inguinal ligament 1/3.
Stop point: abdominal white line, pubic comb
Function: Increase abdominal pressure, bend and rotate the spine forward, and depress the ribs to help exhale (5th-11intercostal nerve and subcostal nerve, iliohypogastric nerve, ilioinguinal nerve).
obliquus internus abdominis
Starting point: thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest, lateral inguinal ligament12.
Stop point: stop at the white line beside the aponeurosis, the lower 3 ribs and the pubic comb.
Function: Increase abdominal pressure, bend and rotate the spine forward, and depress the ribs to help exhale (5th-11intercostal nerve and subcostal nerve, iliohypogastric nerve, ilioinguinal nerve).
Rectus abdominis
Starting point: superior margin of pubic symphysis and pubic crest
Stop point: outside the 5-7 costal cartilage, before the xiphoid process.
Function: The spine bends forward, the chest lowers, and the abdominal pressure increases (5th-11intercostal nerve and subcostal nerve).
Pelvic floor muscles are not independent muscles in clinical anatomy, but a group of functional muscles. Including the superficial transverse perineal muscle, pubococcygeus muscle, iliococcyx muscle, puborectal muscle, ischiocavernous muscle, external anal sphincter, bulbocavernous muscle, etc. The particularity and importance of pelvic floor muscle function are sorted out in a separate chapter in pelvic floor rehabilitation palpation.
obliquus externus abdominis
Starting point: Outside the lower 8 ribs.
Stop point: the aponeurosis stops at the white line and the front of iliac crest, forming inguinal ligament.
Function: Increase abdominal pressure, bend and rotate the spine forward, and depress the ribs to help exhale (5th-11intercostal nerve and subcostal nerve, iliohypogastric nerve, ilioinguinal nerve).
The functions of internal oblique muscle, external oblique muscle and transverse abdominal muscle are the same. Increase abdominal pressure, the spine flexes and rotates, and the lower rib helps to exhale (5th-11intercostal nerve and subcostal nerve, iliohypogastric nerve, ilioinguinal nerve).
Erector spinae: It includes multifidus, the longest muscle in the chest and iliocostal muscle.
Polyschisis muscle
Starting point: back of sacrum, transverse process of lumbar and thoracic vertebrae, and articular processes of the 4th-7th cervical vertebrae.
Stop point: L5-c2 spinous process
Function: During bilateral contraction, the spine stretches backward, especially in the head and neck; Control the warping to the contraction side; Unilateral contraction is to rotate the vertebral body (posterior branch of spinal nerve) to the opposite side.
Longest pectoral muscle
Starting point: sacrum, iliac crest, lower thoracic vertebra, all lumbar spinous processes.
Stop point: between all thoracic transverse processes, costal angles and costal tubercles, and transverse processes of upper lumbar vertebrae.
Function: Bilateral contraction is to extend the spine backward, maintain the upright posture of the human body, play a stabilizing role in spinal flexion, and resist abdominal muscles and gravity; The role of; During unilateral contraction, the spine is bent/rotated on the same side to resist centrifugal force to maintain stability. (Posterior branch of spinal nerve)
Lumbo-iliocostal muscle
Starting point: sacrum, iliac crest, lower thoracic vertebra, all lumbar spinous processes.
Stop point: the lower edge of the lower 6 rib angles.
Function: Bilateral contraction is the function of backward extension of the spine to keep the human body upright; During unilateral contraction, the spine is bent/rotated on the same side to resist centrifugal force to maintain stability. (Posterior branch of spinal nerve)
Pleura is lined with serosa on the inner surface of chest wall and lung surface, and is divided into parietal layer and visceral layer-parietal pleura and visceral pleura.
Pleura can expand or contract with the movement of chest wall and diaphragm, which can provide space for lung root to move down or pulmonary vein to expand. A healthy pleura contributes to the healthy operation of the lungs. When adhesion occurs, the movement of the lungs is restricted, and the movement pattern page of adjacent muscles will be disturbed.
Peritoneum: the serosa with the largest area and the most complicated distribution in human body. It consists of a single layer of flat mesothelial cells and a small amount of connective tissue, which is thin, smooth and translucent. The peritoneum lining the inner surface of the abdominal and pelvic walls is called abdominal wall; The part covering the dirty surface of abdominal and pelvic organs is called abdominal visceral membrane.
Peritoneum has the functions of friction, absorption, defense and repair, and helps internal organs to carry out these motor functions. However, when the peritoneum adheres, the movement of internal organs will also be restricted, and the movement of muscles adjacent to or connected with it will also be blocked.
Pelvic diaphragm: Pelvic floor muscles and pelvis form a pelvic diaphragm, which is closed with pleura and peritoneum to form a complete whole.
Related bone markers: iliac crest, sacrum, ribs, spinous process of cervical transverse process, spinous process of thoracic transverse process, spinous process of lumbar transverse process, upper and lower edges of ribs, xiphoid process, pubic comb, pubic symphysis, pubic crest, abdominal white line and inguinal ligament.
Summary: Main functions-keep the trunk upright and stable, the spine bends forward, backward, sideways and rotates, the ribs are lifted down, the abdominal pressure is balanced, and defecation, vomiting, coughing, sneezing and delivery are assisted.
When these muscles are locally tense or overstretched, they will
1. Problems affecting trunk stability, pelvic relaxation, spinal problems such as "scoliosis, disc herniation or protrusion", lumbar muscle strain, cervical vertebra problems, rectus abdominis separation, visceral prolapse, dysmenorrhea, constipation, headache, breathing, etc. -The compensation mode of accelerating body errors-The derived problems are diverse: the interaction of hip, leg, ankle and trunk muscles.
Second, the posture:
1, big belly: flatulence, protruding lower abdomen (lower abdomen), large upper abdomen and large upper and lower abdomen.
2, rib eversion, rib arch collapse, splayed back
3, no body curve: barrel waist, pear shape, apple shape.
4. The pelvis leans forward, backward, sideways and rotates.
5, the sacrum contracts, and the ilium is short from the waist.
6. Butterflies with square hips? Shape the buttocks
Third, the impact of life: easy constipation, difficulty in coughing or leaking urine, easy to hurt the waist when lifting heavy objects, and difficulty in running and breathing.
Trunk muscles participate in a variety of exercise patterns in life, and because of the pressure changes in the "wall and membrane" of the chest and abdomen, it has great influence on breathing, vocalization, coughing, burping, defecation and delivery. Therefore, in daily exercise, we attach great importance to the effective training of trunk muscle core muscles.
Most of the pictures refer to 3Dbody, and a few come from the internet and books. The article is arranged for self-study notes. Errors are inevitable and are for reference only.