Cao's name mainly introduces China silkworm pathologist Cao, the founder of silkworm disease prevention and control research in China. He pioneered the preparation of "anti-stiff powder" to prevent and treat stiff diseases, found that lime slurry had special effects on eliminating viruses and popularized it in sericulture production, and applied and studied "silkworm-killing fly" drugs to prevent and treat various silkworm maggots and flies, effectively controlling the occurrence and spread of silkworm diseases. His unique views on the environmental inducing mechanism of silkworm pyosis corrected the previous theory and developed the theory of silkworm disease. This entry also briefly introduces the situation of Cao, the second figure in Qing Dynasty.
Chinese name: Cao.
Nationality: China.
Place of Birth: Zhenze Town, Wujiang County, Jiangsu Province
Date of birth:1May 20, 905
Occupation: Silkworm pathologist
Representative works: bleaching powder, a disinfectant worthy of promotion. wait for
outline
Cao was born on May 20th, 1905, from Zhenze Town, Wujiang County, Jiangsu Province, the main sericulture producing area. Zhenze is surrounded by the "Qili Silk" producing area, and the silk industry is very developed. /kloc-Before the 8th century, China's traditional sericulture technology was adopted by major sericulture countries in the world. After the industrial revolution, France, Italy, Japan and other countries vigorously set up sericulture education and research institutions, and made great progress in genetic breeding, silkworm diseases, scientific sericulture and mechanical reeling. The Opium War broke through China's natural economy, and British, French, American, German and Japanese capitalists successively set up mechanical silk reeling factories in Shanghai. The quality of "Qili silk" produced by indigenous method is not as good as that of factory silk, which is unsalable and the price drops. The poor quality of silkworm eggs and the spread of silkworm diseases in rural areas directly affect the income of silkworm farmers. During the Meiji Restoration period in the middle of19th century, Japan once regarded developing sericulture and encouraging silk export as the national policy of Qiang Bing, a rich country, and attached importance to scientific sericulture and silk making. The export of raw silk has surpassed that of China, ranking first in the world. However, China ink stick's ruthlessness and backward technology have led to sluggish production and the silk industry is facing a crisis of decline. Cao, who was still in primary school at that time, was influenced by his relatives, friends and teachers, and sprouted the desire to learn advanced sericulture production technology and revitalize the silk industry in his hometown. /kloc-graduated from high school at the age of 0/6 and was admitted to the Second Agricultural School of Jiangsu Province (now Suzhou Agricultural School). 1925 After graduation, he was admitted to the National Kagoshima Higher Agriculture and Forestry School (now the predecessor of Kagoshima University) in Japan to study sericulture. During my study abroad, I often learned that silkworm farmers in my hometown failed to harvest because of the spread of silkworm diseases; I also read in Dr. Sun Yat-sen's 1894 book about Li Hongzhang that "I plan to travel to France this year, learn new sericulture methods and cure silkworm diseases from famous silkworm farmers in China, and plan to observe their farming all over the world", which inspired Cao's determination to study the prevention and treatment of silkworm diseases and serve the motherland. 1928 immediately after graduation, he went to Tokyo and was admitted to Tokyo Higher Silk School, where he studied silkworm pathology under teacher Li Yanheng. During this period, Mr. Tang of Huaiyin Agricultural School wrote many times, urging Cao to return to China as the head of the sericulture department of the school, with the aim of developing sericulture and cultivating talents. Cao returned to China to teach in Huaiyin in 1930. At that time, silkworm farmers in Huaiyin area planted wild mulberry and raised native silkworm, and the output of cocoon was low and the quality was poor. During his teaching period, Cao used his spare time and holidays to visit students' families, publicizing that developing sericulture production is a good thing for the country and the people, encouraging farmers to promote lake mulberry, persuading farmers to raise and improve silkworm eggs, and personally imparting scientific sericulture technology and disease prevention knowledge, so as to make great efforts to develop local sericulture production in Huaiyin. Nowadays, the sericulture production in Huaiyin is booming, and the technical seeds sown by Cao in the 1930s have played a leading role.
Formulate sericulture laws and regulations to control the spread of microparticle disease
193 1 year, Cao was transferred to the position of director of the original seed division (Yangzhou) of Jiangsu Silk Experimental Field, and witnessed the chaos of silkworm egg production at that time, which led to the spread of diseases such as microparticle disease and seriously endangered silk production. As far as microparticle disease is concerned, the French microbiologist Pasteur discovered as early as 1870 that the infection route was transmitted from the mother moth with microparticle protozoa to the next generation through the embryo, thus inventing the seed collection method of marsupial moth, examining the mother moth with microscope and strictly eliminating the silkworm eggs produced by infected mother moth, which achieved remarkable results in preventing microparticle disease. In order to improve the quality of silkworm eggs production and control the spread of epidemic diseases as soon as possible, Cao proposed to use the method invented by Pasteur to extract moth boxes of silkworm eggs from various silkworm egg factories, focusing on the inspection of microparticle disease rate. At the same time, he set out to draft the regulations on silkworm egg manufacturing and banning. The regulations stipulate that in addition to focusing on the rate of microparticle disease, it is also necessary to check whether the silkworm egg farm has the conditions for seed production; According to the capacity of sericulture equipment, the maximum number of ants sericulture in the first stage was approved; Check the characters and health status of silkworms; Review cocoon quality. Issue seed production licenses that meet the specifications. The drafting of this regulation laid a foundation for the supervision and management of silkworm egg production in Jiangsu Province. After constant supplement and revision. Silkworm egg production has been gradually brought into the track of quality management, and rural microparticle disease has been effectively controlled.
Initiate anti-stiff powder to prevent and treat stiff diseases
From 65438 to 0932, Cao was transferred to the Agricultural College of Zhejiang University as a lecturer in silkworm anatomy and pathology, and later transferred to Nanjing Central Agricultural Laboratory as a technical director, specializing in silkworm pathology research. In 1930s, epidemics were rampant in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces, and farmers suffered huge losses. At that time, the foreign control methods were followed, and the silkworm body was disinfected by spraying formalin solution or glacial acetic acid. Although it has achieved certain results, it has not been widely used, and the silkworm seat is wet, which hinders the health of the silkworm and cannot be used any more. Cao production is in urgent need, and he devoted himself to studying new prevention methods. After repeated experiments, solid powders such as salicylic acid and boric acid were used for the first time in 1933, and were diluted with clay to make a solid disinfectant-anti-stiff powder. Used for the prevention and disinfection of silkworm body, it not only has obvious anti-freezing effect, but also can be used for many times continuously, which is harmless to silkworm body physiology. After popularization and application, the stiff disease was finally effectively controlled. Today, although the ingredients of "anti-stiff powder" have been changed and improved many times, "anti-stiff powder" has become a special term used by silkworm farmers. After that, he deeply studied the application of bleaching powder in sericulture and the simple detection method of its components, which promoted the determination of available chlorine in rural sericulture and the rational application of bleaching powder, thus achieving the effect of disinfection and disease prevention.
From 65438 to 0937, Cao was transferred to the director of Jiangsu Silk Experimental Field, in charge of Wuxi Qianqiao Experimental Department, Yangzhou Seed Department and Silkworm Class Department, Zhenjiang and Jiangyin Sangyuan Nursery. When War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression broke out, he hoped to contribute to improving the quality management of silkworm eggs and popularizing the science and technology of seed production, sericulture, seedling raising and mulberry planting. Soon, Jiangsu and Zhejiang silkworm areas fell one after another. Cao came to the Shanghai Concession after several rounds and taught at Jiangsu Silk Institute for six years. 1945 After the victory of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, Cao was still the director of Jiangsu Silk Experimental Field and was ordered to take over sericulture institutions in Zhenjiang, Wuxi and Suzhou. During the Anti-Japanese War, Jiangsu silk industry was severely damaged, mulberry fields were deserted, silk factories were destroyed, and silkworm farms were in chaos. At that time, the sericulture improvement management Committee was composed of 20 famous people in the silk industry in the province, with the director of construction as the chairman and Cao as the deputy chairman. Although he is very interested in restoring the development of sericulture production in Jiangsu, due to political corruption, inflation and soaring prices, sericulture production in Jiangsu is still in recession.
Innovate disinfection technology to prevent infectious diseases.
After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), the people's government attached great importance to sericulture production and formulated the policy of "active recovery and vigorous development". In order to develop sericulture science, Wuxi experimental field was established in Jiangsu Province. Cao was hired as a technician in this field, specializing in the prevention and treatment of silkworm diseases. He often goes deep into the silkworm areas in southern Jiangsu, investigates and studies, understands the problems existing in silkworm production and silkworm disease prevention, and teaches disease prevention techniques. 195 1 year, Wuxi experimental site, sericulture department of Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences and Shanghai Cocoon and Silk Inspection Institute merged to form East China Institute of Sericulture (now Institute of Sericulture of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences) in Zhenjiang. Cao Ren is a researcher, head of silkworm disease group and director of pathology laboratory, engaged in silkworm pathology research. From then on, he had stable and superior working conditions and devoted himself to the scientific research of silkworm diseases.
Cao has always attached importance to applied technology and applied basic research. He often participates in experiments in person, collects first-hand information, patiently helps young and middle-aged comrades, and is strict with them, so that they gradually grow into a new generation of silkworm disease experts. Under his leadership, the comrades in the Silkworm Disease Research Office formed a very United group to tackle key problems. Firstly, the solubility and infection law of purulent polyhedron were studied, and the resistance of polyhedron to various physical and chemical stimuli was determined. It was found that mercuric chloride disinfection had no disinfection effect on polyhedrosis virus, so it was abandoned in sericulture disinfection. It is also found that lime slurry has a strong killing effect on polyhedrosis virus, and it is easy to obtain materials and cheap. He advocated using lime slurry to disinfect silkworm tools in silkworm houses, and created a lime slurry disinfection method, which played a great role in controlling silkworm virus diseases. And successfully developed a new method of disinfecting silkworm bodies with silkworm pupa powder and disinfecting silkworm houses with silkworm lime pulp and formalin lime pulp, which became the basic method of silkworm egg production and cocoon production in rural areas at that time and was extended to all silkworm areas in China. It was not until the production of silkworm powder was stopped that it was gradually disinfected with other chemicals. He successfully tested the method of disinfection of scattered eggs with bleaching powder solution, and solved the problem that scattered eggs were caked after being disinfected with formalin solution, which affected hatching. Bleaching powder solution disinfection of scattered eggs is thorough, eggs are smooth and the hatching rate is high, which is fully adopted by silkworm egg farms all over the country. Today, it is still the only disinfection method for scattered eggs of silkworm eggs. Cao was awarded as an advanced worker in Zhenjiang on 1956 for his remarkable achievements in improving cocoon production practice.
The main reason for the reduction or extinction of sericulture in rural areas is silkworm disease, especially pus disease. In the late 1950s, in order to find out the theory that high and low temperature shock and poor leaf quality caused pus disease, which was circulated in Japanese silkworm industry at that time, the environmental inducing mechanism of pus disease was studied. After many experiments, a new viewpoint of environment-induced silkworm pus disease was finally put forward. Experiments show that the essence of environment-induced suppurative disease is that the silkworm body is stimulated by bad conditions, which makes the normal physiological function disorder, which leads to the greatly reduced disease resistance of the silkworm body, infecting the micro-virus existing in the environment and producing suppurative disease. The conclusion is that thorough disinfection can prevent the occurrence of silkworm infectious diseases. According to the new theory of micro-virus infection, the technical regulations of joint prevention and control with eliminating pathogens and cutting off the infection route of pathogens as the core are formulated to guide the sericulture production in rural areas and pay close attention to disease prevention and disinfection, which can effectively prevent the occurrence of infectious silkworm diseases and control the harm of silkworm diseases in China. At present, the cocoon production per box of silkworm eggs in China has more than doubled compared with that in the early days of the People's Republic of China.
Successfully controlled silkworm myiasis.
For thousands of years, passive prevention methods such as covering silkworm plaques with gauze, driving with fans, and installing screen doors and screens have been used to prevent various silkworm maggots and flies. At the end of 1950s, the tussah-decorated belly fly spread in Liaoning, and the production of tussah faced extinction. The Central Ministry of Agriculture organized scientific research, teaching and production units to cooperate in tackling key problems, and obtained the method of controlling parasitic flies with chemical agents in 1963. On the basis of the pesticide control effect obtained by Liaoning Sericulture Research Institute, Cao was greatly encouraged and inspired, and soon applied it to the control of various silkworm maggots. He explored a set of practical techniques for controlling multiple silkworm maggots and flies by adding pesticides from a series of studies such as pesticide dilution concentration, feeding mode, feeding times and safe dosage, and personally went deep into rural areas to conduct large-scale experiments. The control effect of myiasis is over 99%. This method was widely used in production soon, which completely prevented the harm of silkworm larvae and flies in China and was a major breakthrough in silkworm disease control technology. Since then, it has also eliminated the hidden dangers of myiasis in outdoor sericulture and promoted the development of sericulture.
During the "Cultural Revolution", although Cao was treated unfairly, he persisted in learning new scientific knowledge and cared about sericulture production. He deeply felt that the sericulture production technology in China was still relatively backward, scientific research still needed to catch up, and disease prevention technology needed to be further popularized. Silkworm disease still has many unknowns to explore and many peaks to climb. After the downfall of the Gang of Four, Cao Sun, who was over 70 years old, was particularly happy. He has always been concerned about the work of the pathology laboratory and often spares no effort to come to the laboratory for guidance. He also actively contacted Japanese silkworm experts to carry out academic exchanges, and continued to cooperate with Professor Iwashita Hiroshi of Utsunomiya University in Japan to study the pathogenic characteristics and parasitic parts of bear malacia, further confirming that the pathogen of bear malacia is densovirus from the aspects of cytopathology and morphology, which contributed to the development of silkworm pathology.
Cao is knowledgeable, and he is also concerned about the technical reform of sericulture. In the early 1950s, high temperature, repeated feeding and sparse feeding were mainly used in rural areas and silkworm farms. Mulberries were fed as many as 12 times a day, which was labor-intensive and required labor and leaves. Cao first carried out the education of electric kang bed in the institute, reducing mulberry to 3-4 times a day, and then gradually popularized it in rural areas. He also often translated documents and introduced Japanese labor-saving sericulture technology, which played a positive role in guiding the research and promoting the reform of sericulture technology in China. He went to Xinjiang, Sichuan, Henan, Hebei, Guangdong, Guangxi, Liaoning, Heilongjiang and other provinces (regions) to give lectures and inspect, and frankly put forward useful suggestions on the development of local sericulture production, sericulture research direction and subject setting. Nearby Anhui, Shandong, Zhejiang and other provinces often invite him to help solve the silkworm disease problem in sericulture production. He always goes to the countryside tirelessly to conduct on-the-spot investigation and research, which is well received by sericulture. From 65438 to 0979, China established a postgraduate degree system, and Cao was very enthusiastic about training successors for silkworm disease research. Despite the sequelae caused by long-term hypertension, he undertook the recruitment and training of the first batch of graduate students majoring in silkworm disease prevention and control.
Cao has been engaged in sericulture research, education and management for more than 60 years. He devoted his whole life to sericulture in China, especially to the prevention and treatment of silkworm diseases and the study of silkworm pathology, which laid the foundation for scientific research on silkworm diseases and trained batches of high-level scientific research and teaching workers on silkworm diseases. His rigorous academic attitude, persuasiveness and pioneering spirit left a deep impression on the silkworm industry. He has published more than 20 academic papers and reports at home and abroad alone or in cooperation with others, which has great academic value in sericulture production, silkworm disease control technology and silkworm disease theory. Part-time consultant of China Agricultural Encyclopedia Sericulture Volume and editor-in-chief of Silkworm Disease. With a rigorous style of study, a scientific attitude and a serious and responsible spirit, he consulted materials many times and worked hard with the writer to complete Silkworm Disease.
Cao was elected as a member of the 5th CPPCC of Jiangsu Province because of his great contribution to sericulture research and production in China. The first and second executive directors of China Silkworm Society; The first and second vice presidents of Jiangsu Sericulture Society, and the third and fourth honorary directors; Consultant, Institute of Sericulture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences.
Mr. Cao, a modern sericulture scientist, a famous sericulture expert and a researcher at the Institute of Sericulture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, died in Zhenjiang at 3: 45 pm on September 2 1993 at the age of 89.
Chief administrative officer
Mr. Sun's honor
1905 was born in zhenze town, Wujiang county, Jiangsu province on may 20th.
1924 graduated from Jiangsu second agricultural school.
1928 graduated from the silkworm department of kagoshima higher agricultural and forestry school in Japan.
1928- 1929 studied silkworm pathology in Tokyo, Japan.
1929 to 1930, director of sericulture in Huaiyin Agricultural School.
1930 ——1931served as the director of the original seed department of Jiangsu silk experimental field.
1931-1932 Lecturer, College of Agriculture, Zhejiang University.
1932- 1937 served as the technical director of Nanjing central agricultural laboratory.
1937 ——1938 used to be the director of Jiangsu silk experimental field.
1939 ——1944 Professor of Jiangsu Silk Institute.
1946 ——1949 was the director of Jiangsu Silk Experimental Field.
1949 ——1951year, technician of Wuxi sericulture experimental field.
195 1— 1993? He has been a researcher of East China Sericulture Research Institute, director of Sericulture Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, head of silkworm pathology group, director of pathology room and consultant.
1993 September 2 1 died in Zhenjiang.
Mr. Cao's main works
1 Cao Sunyi. Bleaching powder, a disinfectant worth promoting. Agricultural News, 1934, 1 (29): 782-784.
2 Cao Sunhu. China silkworm egg particle virus. Agricultural news, 1934,1(10): 229-231.
3 Cao Sunyi. Disinfection of bleached silkworm bodies. Agricultural Journal,1935,2 (3): 438.
4 Cao Sunyi. Prevention of white stiff disease. Agricultural Journal,1935,2 (14): 478-480.
5 Cao Sunyi. Anti-stiff powder test. Agricultural Journal,1935,2 (3,4):1219—1220.
6. Cao Sunyi. Feasibility of sulfur fumigation of silkworm. Agricultural Journal,1935,2 (36):1314-1317.
7 Cao, Ma De and, et al. Frost resistance test of Heineken. Sericulture Science News,1956 (1):10-18.
8 Cao, Ma Dehe, Wang Kunrong, et al. Bactericidal effect of formalin on egg surface. Sericulture Science News, 1956 (2): 32-36.
9 Cao, money. Study on digestive tract purulent disease of silkworm. Bulletin of Sericulture Science,1957 (1):11-14.
10 Cao, Li Rongqi. Study on silkworm rot poisoning. Sericulture Science News, 1957 (2): 29-35.
1 1 Cao, Li Rongqi. Silkworms "666" and "223" were poisoned. Sericulture Science News,1958 (2):100-103.
12 Cao. Prevention and treatment of silkworm diseases in summer and autumn. Sericulture Science News,1959 (3):140-141.
Cao, Wang Kunrong, Qian. Study on the pathogen of short softening disease. Sericulture Science, 1963, 1 (1): 36-38.
14 Wang Kunrong, Qian, Cao. Study on softening latent infection of silkworm septicemia (I). The relationship between the occurrence of silkworm diseases caused by hypothermia shock in the fifth instar and the inoculation of blood-borne purulent virus in larval stage. Sericulture Science,1964,2 (4): 299-303.
15 Cao, Liu Xuefang. Study on disinfection method of silkworm tools in detoxification silkworm room. Sericulture Science,1965,3 (1):1-8.
Cao, Qian and Wang Kunrong. Study on the relationship between environmental induction and virus infection of silkworm suppurative softening disease (I). Relationship between silkworm disease and virus infection after hypothermia shock and formalin solution feeding at the age of five. Sericulture Science,1965,3 (2): 73-80.
17 Cao, Wu Youliang, Wang Kunrong, et al. The relationship between incubation period and infection rate of silkworm blood-borne pus disease and virus infection period and infection amount. Sericulture Science,1965,3 (3):174-179.
Cao, Wang Kunrong, Qian. Study on latent infection of silkworm septicemia and malacia (Ⅱ). The relationship between the occurrence of silkworm diseases caused by low temperature shock in the fifth instar and silkworm diseases raised at high temperature in the fifth instar and the infection of ant silkworm with gastrointestinal pus and short-lived softening virus. Sericulture Science,1965,3 (4): 250-254.
Second place in Qing dynasty
Cao, the word Cimou, is from Chaling County, Hunan Province. In the sixth year of Guangxu in Qing Dynasty (1880), he took the second place in the first division of palace examination. The following year, he was awarded the editor of the Hanlin Academy, and later he was appointed as the assistant editor of the National History Museum and the editor of Wu Yingtang. In the 15th year of Guangxu (1889), he was in charge of teaching Jishi Shu in imperial academy and making up politics in Shaanxi. In the seventeenth year of Guangxu, he served as the deputy examiner of Shanxi Provincial Examination, returned to China after the examination, and gave lectures at Jiang Academy.