Breathing and health

Normal adults breathe 16-20 times/minute when they are quiet, and the amount of gas inhaled and exhaled each time is about 500 ml, which is called tidal volume. When people inhale hard until they can't breathe any more; Then exhale hard until you can't breathe any more. At this time, the amount of exhaled gas is called vital capacity. Normal adult male lung capacity is about 3500-4000 ml, and female lung capacity is about 2500-3500 ml. Vital capacity represents a person's potential breathing ability, which can reflect a person's breathing ability and health status to some extent. It is one of the commonly used methods to measure respiratory ability. The respiratory system consists of the snorkel in the nasal cavity and throat, two lungs and a long trachea connecting the throat and lungs. The bottom of the trachea is divided into two bronchi, each of which is connected to a lung. The bronchi are subdivided into smaller trachea, first bronchioles and then terminal bronchioles. At the end of the terminal bronchiole, there are tiny air-filled bags called alveoli.

Aerobic respiration: C6h12o6+6H2O+6o2-→ 6co2+12h2o+energy (most organisms).

Anaerobic respiration: c6h12o6 —→ 2c2h5oh+2co2+energy (the anaerobic respiration mode of most higher plants, yeasts, etc. ).

Or: c6h 12o 6→2c3h6o 3+ energy (animals, lactic acid bacteria, potato tuber, beet tuber, corn embryo, etc. ).

This word is used to describe some phenomena that are closely related to each other but have somewhat different meanings. Such as: (1) two breathing movements. (2) The phenomenon that animals breathe in molecular oxygen from the outside and release carbon dioxide to the outside for gas exchange is called exhalation. (3) The phenomenon that cells absorb oxygen and release carbon dioxide is called cell respiration. In many animals, oxygen inhaled through external respiration is transported to cells and tissues in the body for consumption, so this corresponds to external respiration and is called internal respiration. (4) Biochemical changes as the basis of cellular respiration, namely respiratory metabolism. From narrow sense to broad sense, it can be divided into several stages: (a) In the narrowest sense, organic matter is completely decomposed into inorganic substances such as carbon dioxide, water and ammonia with the participation of molecular oxygen, and energy is supplied, so that organisms can use formal energy (mainly ATP). (2) Including the aforementioned (1), the most commonly used definition is that cells absorb molecular oxygen and produce all oxidation processes. In this sense, the respiratory intensity is expressed by the volume of oxygen absorbed by a certain amount of substances per unit time, usually expressed by QO2. When organic matter is used as respiratory substrate (respiratory substance); The volume ratio of carbon dioxide emission to oxygen absorption is called respiratory quotient (RQ). (c) The definition in (b) above is further expanded to include the process of replacing oxygen with nitrate and sulfate as final electron acceptors to obtain energy under anaerobic conditions. These processes are called nitric acid respiration and sulfuric acid respiration respectively. (d) The broadest definition refers to the dark reaction of chemistry, and any process of obtaining energy through oxidation and reduction is called breathing. At this time, oxygen becomes the final electron acceptor. The above process of B is specially called aerobic inhalation or aerobic respiration, and others are called anaerobic respiration or anaerobic respiration. Alcohol fermentation and glycolysis also belong to anaerobic respiration in this sense. Fermentation is a redox reaction between compounds produced in the substrate, which can be called intramolecular respiration. It is generally believed that the respiratory mechanism is the change of organic matter and the process of electron transfer in dehydrogenation reaction.

Normal breathing: the ratio of breathing to pulse is 1:4. Abdominal breathing is dominant in boys and girls, while chest breathing is dominant in women.