Lead: sfbt refers to a short-term psychotherapy technique with the core of finding solutions to problems. It was founded by Steve de Shazer, his wife Inn Berg Kim and a group of working group members with different training backgrounds, including psychology, social work, education, philosophy and medicine. ) In the early 1960s.
1 Focus on solving the basic ideas of short-term consultation.
Berg & Miller (1992) and Walter &; Peller (1992) pointed out that the basic idea of focus-solving short-term consultation is this [1]: (1) Visitors have the power and resources to solve their own problems. (2) Changes are inevitable and will continue to occur. (3) Small changes lead to big changes. A small successful experience will trigger a chain reaction and cause changes in the whole system. (4) Every problem has exceptions, which can be confirmed by both consultants and visitors, and these exceptions can be used to establish solutions. Encourage tourists to try different things, emphasizing taking action instead of gaining insight or emotional expression. (5) Visitors can cooperate. When the consultant understands the visitors' ideas and interacts with them according to their ideas, then cooperation can naturally occur. (6) Visitors are experts in their own problems, and consultants are experts in changing processes. Consultants accept and aim at the visitors' goals within the visitors' frame of reference, and help visitors find solutions to their own problems.
According to the above viewpoints, it shows that the short-term consultation of focus solving is a non-problem-oriented consultation orientation. People believe that visitors come to the consulting room not with questions for help, but with solutions, and only have the opportunity to express themselves. The point of view of focus-solving short-term consultation is completely different from the past consultation, so the intervention and treatment of visitors are also different [2].
1. 1 short-term consulting mode of focusing on solving (1) does not emphasize diagnosis, but focuses on solving; (2) future orientation; (3) regard the consultant as a catalyst, helper and mentor; (4) Building strength (past successful experience); (5) The time needed to solve the problem does not depend on the complexity of the problem; (6) Promote change through language reconstruction.
1.2 The traditional consultation mode (1) emphasizes diagnosis and pays attention to problems; (2) the orientation of the past; (3) treat the consultant as an expert; (4) developing new behaviors; (5) The time needed to solve the problem depends on the complexity of the problem; (6) The typical change method is to gain new experience again.
In the past, psychological counseling focused on the discussion of pathological factors, and paid little attention to the strength of the case itself (esrtngth) or the construction of the ability to resist pressure (Hodafay &; Mcpherson, 1997). Root (1987) pointed out? We need to know why and how to make a person live a life of self-esteem and self-efficacy. What makes a person give up hope? . Budmna and Gurman( 1988) have repeatedly stressed that finding solutions from frustration experience is still frustration experience. These arguments hit the nail on the head and revealed the blind spot of the consultation model based on pathology. So the purpose of psychological counseling is not to passively assist visitors? Elimination of symptoms? The main purpose of psychological counseling is to establish a healthy personal protection mechanism and improve self-efficacy.
2. Focus on solving the basic technology of short-term consultation.
Focus-solving short-term consulting technology is very rich, which was refined by De Shaze and his colleagues in consulting practice. The most striking feature of focus-solving short-term counseling technology lies in the counselor's questioning. This series of inquiry dialogues is mainly to help the case explore possible clues of change and change the perception, behavior, experience and judgment of the case. Now, we will sort out several main short-term consulting technologies that focus on solving problems as follows.
2. 1 hypothetical solution When it is difficult for visitors to look at the problem from a positive perspective, when it is difficult to think of a positive goal or no exceptions, consultants often use hypothetical solution questions to invite visitors to imagine what will be different when the problem no longer exists, and then create applicable solutions. This kind of problem strongly suggests that visitors' problems can be solved by their own efforts. Suppose solving problems includes crystal ball problem, miracle problem and personification problem. For example:? If you have a crystal ball, you can see your career in the next five years. What do you think you'll see? ? If one night, when you were asleep, a miracle happened, the problem was solved, and you woke up the next morning, how did you know that this miracle happened? Is there any difference?
2.2 Goal setting consultants form the goal of visitors' consultation through preset questions. But this goal is what the visitor wants, not what the consultant thinks of him? Should? Important goal. Its purpose is to help visitors define the goals of consultation and help visitors set goals that conform to good forms. The so-called good consulting goal means that the consulting goal is what the visitor wants, is an important goal of the visitor, and is based on? Forward? The language of description is practical, and the description is as clear and specific as possible, which is a goal that needs the efforts of visitors to complete. For example:? When your relationship with your father improves, what do you think is the first thing you will do? What is the change in life?
2.3 Exceptions When describing a problem or goal, visitors tend to focus on the occurrence of the problem or trouble. Consultants help visitors find out the anomalies and guide them to think that the problem does not exist or has been solved, so as to construct solutions. It suggests that the case itself has the ability to solve problems and improve self-efficacy. For example:? Just now you mentioned that sometimes you prefer your major and don't sleep in class. When was that? What happened then? Or what did you do to make you listen more carefully?
2.4 Scaling question scoring is to ask visitors to use the number 1 ~ 10 to evaluate the question or related content (such as the degree of determination to change). 1? Represents the worst case of the problem. 10? Represents the most anticipated goal of tourists. In the process of implementation, emphasize what visitors have done. The advantage of grading questions is to present the set goals and actions in a quantitative way, put the responsibility for change and the evaluation of progress on visitors, and enhance their sense of self-efficacy. For example:? If the score is 1 ~ 10, 1 means that there is no change at all, and 10 means that you have achieved your goal. How much change do you think you have now? How did you do that?
2.5 Traditional consultation on coping with problems only pays attention to the visitors themselves, not to the interaction between visitors and others. Focus-solving short-term counseling believes that everyone is in social content, and a person's behavior must be related to a certain situation (or person). Relationship inquiry refers to asking visitors about others' possible views on him, events or changes (de John &; Berg, 1998)[3]. When you are in a good mood, will others (or your good friends) notice what's different about you? Otherwise people will see what you are doing.
2.6 cheer ledaing When visitors take action to change and solve problems, consultants often use this technology to express support and encouragement to visitors with excited and joyful tone, action, expression or words, and invite visitors to describe the process of things, discover the meaning of change from a new angle, and strengthen the internal strength of visitors. For example:? Just now you mentioned changing your previous work habits. I'm sure you must have made a great determination. It is really not easy! How did you overcome these obstacles?
3. Focus on solving short-term group counseling.
Since 1990, scholars have tried to apply SFBC's revised model to group psychological counseling. More and more researchers point out that the characteristics of focus-solving group psychological counseling are very consistent with the focus of general group psychological counseling, such as encouraging members, establishing a supportive atmosphere within the group, including integrating internal resources of the group and transforming their understanding into specific action plans. De John (1995) once pointed out that [4] the basic assumptions of applying SFBC to group counseling are: keeping the group in a non-pathological state; In group interaction, focus on discussing the exceptions of the problem and remind members of their own abilities; Pay attention to the possibility and variability of solutions, help members to think specifically about how to set their own goals and deal with them less emotionally; Encourage members to gradually enter the solution stage in a gentle way, and help members understand that any new problem-solving strategy is like an experience, not a technology to ensure success; No matter what happens, it is part of the experience towards change. Judging from the assumptions put forward by Metacfi above, SFBC is suitable for group consultation. From the operation mode of counseling, it pays more attention to setting group goals as the solution orientation, and encourages members to change their motivation and develop new solutions by setting goals and looking for exceptional experiences. Compared with the individual counseling technology of focusing on short-term counseling, the atmosphere of support and encouragement within the group is more conducive to the change of members. Compared with other groups, those who focus on solving short-term consulting orientation pay more attention to potential, success and praise, and emphasize the change of members and the construction of solutions. Therefore, focus-solving short-term counseling-oriented group counseling has been applied in various consulting fields.
3. 1 Focus on solving the counseling characteristics of short-term counseling groups? Cornell believes that [5], the characteristics of focus-solving short-term counseling group counseling are: (l) emphasizing potential, success and praise, establishing a positive group atmosphere, and no criticism. (2) Members' achievements help to improve their self-esteem. (3) The group focuses on the future orientation, which can generate more energy than the problem-oriented group. (4) Group training that discovers exceptions and potentials can be a strong spiritual support for members. (5) concretizing the goals of individual members or the whole group can provide a focus, help monitor the progress of the group and avoid wasting time. (6) Paying attention to small changes can generate positive motivation in the group. (7) Encourage each member to be responsible for the group. The role of a leader is to ask questions most of the time, not to provide answers. (8) Actively participating in and assisting other members to find solutions can help members realize their own resources, and can also give other members some reference. (9) It is sometimes difficult to talk about your own problems in front of others, but members are more willing to talk about relevant solutions. (10) refused to label and diagnose the negative self-suggestion brought to students and became a group seeking solutions. From o? Ocnnell's discussion shows that the biggest difference between focus-solving group counseling and other directional group counseling is that it focuses not on the discussion of the causes of problems, but on finding solutions to problems. He values the situation when individual problems don't happen, and believes that every visitor has his own resources and ability to solve his own problems, but he hasn't found them yet. The function of a consultant is to help visitors develop their own resources and potential.
3.2 Meotalf( 1995)[6] divides the group counseling process of the focus-solving mode into several stages, such as setting goals, finding exceptions, exploring effective behaviors, doing different things, celebrating success, etc., and accordingly puts forward the basic direction of SFBC groups: (1) Set the group as the focus: members introduce themselves and explain their participation. (2) Goal setting: Encourage members to set specific goals by asking questions: Will you tell yourself or what we can do to help you? (3) Looking for exceptional experience beyond the problem: give praise and support to members when they try to solve the problem, and guide them to explore what it looks like when the problem doesn't bother them. And what I did to make this problem stop bothering me. (4) Encourage members to change: after listening and sharing, ask members what they think. Or suggest doing something different? (5) Make and encourage the completion of homework: members make goals, and leaders encourage members to work hard to implement them. If the goal is undecided, encourage members to observe when the future 1 w problem does not exist and what was done at that time. (6) Explore the changes of members: for members who show no progress, guide them to continue to explore what they have done differently. And encourage members to take the dilemma as a challenge and let everyone try to solve it together in the group. (7) End.
4 Focus-solving counseling theory and psychological intervention
4. 1 the significance of focused solution model to nursing mcallister pointed out that [2] modern nursing not only emphasizes the care of diseases, but also emphasizes the promotion of health and the prevention of diseases. However, the traditional problem-solving model makes nursing only deal with diseases passively and unilaterally, and its nursing behavior appears practical rather than preventive, while patients also appear too passive and obedient, lacking the ability and participation to fight diseases. The significance of focused solution mode to nursing lies in that nursing work is not only to solve problems, but more importantly, to cultivate creativity and imagination of oneself and patients and mobilize various resources to maintain health. This model regards problem-solving as a part of clinical nursing, but at the same time emphasizes problem-solving and cultivating ability, and emphasizes improving patients' resilience, strength and happiness. This requires nurses to rethink their own nursing concepts. Especially right? Question? Re-understanding, the problem should be regarded as a part of life and inevitable. The key of nursing is not to find the root of the problem, but to help patients find constructive solutions. And nursing itself should focus on those that affect health? Question? Transfer helps patients use their own resources to construct solutions and finally achieve the goal of restoring health [7]. The positive concept of focused solution model and its full respect and positive concern for patients meet the needs of contemporary people for health care [8].
4.2 Nursing Principles of Focused Solution Mode mcallister further put forward six principles of focused solution nursing: (1) People-centered, not problem-centered; (2) Problems and advantages coexist at any time. Therefore, seeking and developing internal potential and self-resources is the key to cultivate patients' coping ability and adaptability [9]. Paying attention to the positive side of patients at all times will help to enhance patients' hope, optimism and self-confidence and maximize their health ability; (3) Resilience and susceptibility of patients are equally important [10]; (4) The role of nurses should shift from caring for diseases to helping patients improve their adaptability and rehabilitation [11]; (5) Nursing should focus on the changes of patients, nurses and society. Nursing should go beyond individual nursing and pay attention to social nursing and nursing culture, but understanding is not enough. Nursing should stimulate patients' action, participation and commitment. (6) Nursing should emphasize active reaction rather than passive reaction.
Based on the above principles, the focused solution model emphasizes that nursing should include three stages: (1) deeply understanding the needs and available resources of patients, not just focusing on diagnosis; (2) Construct and give full play to the advantages of patients' resources, and stimulate the potential of patients, so as to facilitate their rehabilitation and adaptation; (3) Help patients to expand their acquired skills and resources and learn to use more social support [12].
To sum up, the value of the focused solution model lies in that it provides a more active and respectful intervention model on the basis of the traditional problem-solving model. Gingrich et al. [13] summarized nursing studies designed by at least four controlled studies, and confirmed that this model is superior to the traditional model, especially in the efficiency of intervention. At present, this model has also been concerned and applied in China. It can be expected that with the deepening of the research and practice of focused solution mode, this mode will be more mature in the nursing field, thus getting better clinical application. Of course, because the theory of this model is still in the stage of development and perfection, especially in the domestic nursing field, there is no report on its research and application, and further practice and discussion with domestic counterparts are needed.
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