Generally speaking, the central nervous system of newborns develops fastest, so this period is very important. In order to make the brain development of newborns reach the best state, it is necessary to provide them with balanced nutrition. In addition, the smaller the newborn, the faster it develops, and more protein is needed at this time; For newborns with small stomach capacity and unsound digestive system, it is best to take protein which is easily absorbed. Because whey protein is easily digested, it is more appropriate to take it in the newborn period.
Newborns need a certain amount of nutrition every day to ensure good development. The daily nutrition needs include:
1. protein
For full-term newborns, the intake of protein is very important. Like amino acids, it is an essential nutrition every day. According to the child's weight, you need to take protein every day. For example, if a newborn weighs 3kg at birth, they need about 9g of protein, that is, about 3g of protein per kilogram of weight. It is best to use high-quality protein.
2. sugar
The average sugar intake of full-term infants 1 day is about 25g/100 calories. In breast milk, all the sugar contained is lactose, while only 50% of the sugar contained in milk is lactose.
3. Amino acids
Lysine, arginine, leucine, isoleucine, tyrosine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, these nine essential amino acids are necessary for newborns to get enough daily intake.
4. Heat energy
When a full-term baby is born, under normal circumstances, the weight of each kilogram of newborn needs about 300 kilojoules/day; As the number of days increases, the required heat energy will also increase. In the second week, the heat energy required per kilogram of body weight will increase to about 400 kilojoules; By the time you are born 15 days and above, you need about 450 kilojoules of heat per kilogram of body weight.
5. Fat
For newborns, the total fat intake of 1 day is 12g/ 100 calories. Generally speaking, breast milk is superior to milk. Because breast milk contains about 5 1% unsaturated fatty acids, and newborns can absorb 75% of them, but milk only contains about 34% unsaturated fatty acids. If the newborn lacks essential fatty acids such as flaxseed acid and arachidonic acid, a series of problems will also occur, such as rash and growth retardation caused by flaxseed acid deficiency and prostaglandin synthesis when arachidonic acid is insufficient.
6. Vitamins
If the mother is healthy during pregnancy, then the newborn is relatively healthy, rarely lacking vitamins, and there is no need to supplement nutrition through health care products. However, if the mother does not take enough vitamins during pregnancy, it may lead to premature delivery of the fetus, thus making the child lack various vitamins, such as vitamin C, vitamin D, vitamin E and folic acid.
(1) Vitamin K: If vitamin K is lacking, babies are prone to hemorrhagic diseases, and relatively speaking, newborns who are exclusively breastfed are more prone to hemorrhagic diseases. Generally speaking, premature infants have an imperfect internal system and are prone to vitamin K deficiency because of poor liver function. In this case, parents should supplement their children with vitamin K 3mg every day, divided into three times, each time 1mg.
(2) Vitamin D: For newborns, because they can't get enough sunlight and food absorption, even if there is a certain amount of vitamin D at birth, it may cause tetany and rickets in childhood due to vitamin D deficiency. Therefore, children need to supplement 400 units of VD every day when they are about one month old.
(3) Vitamin E: Premature infants need to be supplemented with 30mg daily.
(4) Vitamin A: When choosing vitamin AD to supplement vitamin D for your baby, you may take too much vitamin A at the same time, so your baby will be poisoned.
7. Minerals, macroelements and trace elements
(1) Calcium: For the intestinal absorption function of newborns, calcium in breast milk is more easily absorbed than that in milk. About 60% of calcium in breast milk can be absorbed, while the absorption rate of milk is relatively low, only about 20%. Breast-fed newborns contain enough calcium, while breast-fed newborns are prone to calcium deficiency.
(2) Iron: For newborns, it is easy to lack iron and difficult to supplement it, because breast milk and milk contain less iron, and the iron in milk is more difficult to absorb. Full-term infants contain iron for 4 to 6 months, while premature infants contain even less iron, which can only last for about 8 weeks. If iron is not supplemented in time, it will easily lead to adverse reactions such as iron deficiency anemia.
(3) Sodium: Sodium chloride is provided by salt eaten in daily life. Too much or too little sodium is not good for the human body, so mothers can neither eat too much salt nor not eat salt at all when breastfeeding.
(4) Magnesium: The absorption of calcium has a certain relationship with magnesium, so if magnesium is insufficient in the body, it will indirectly affect the absorption of calcium.
(5) Potassium: As an essential nutrient for newborns, potassium exists in dairy products and can be effectively absorbed.
(6) Phosphorus: Under normal circumstances, the absorption rate of phosphorus is high, so for newborns, there is generally no shortage of phosphorus.
(7) Chlorine: When newborns absorb sodium and potassium, chlorine is also absorbed.
(8) Zinc: Zinc in newborns is not easy to lack, so in general, no additional nutrients are needed to supplement it. It should be noted that there is no necessary connection between hair zinc and blood zinc, and this cannot be confused.
Second, how to supplement nutrition for newborns
1. Stick to breastfeeding.
Compared with milk, breast milk is rich in nutrition, so the best way to supplement nutrition for newborns is for mothers to insist on breastfeeding, so as to ensure the necessary nutrients such as sugar, fat and vitamins for newborns.
2. Other drug supplements
In addition, VA can promote the formation and development of intraocular photosensitive pigment, and VD can effectively prevent rickets and tooth decay. These nutrients are less in breast milk and need external vitamin supplementation. Vitamin A and vitamin D can be supplemented with cod liver oil, and many related drugs are especially suitable for mothers. Mothers can read the ingredients carefully and choose the right medicine under the guidance of doctors.
3. Give your baby reasonable and appropriate nutrition.
In order to make the newborn grow up healthily, the mother should understand the nutrition that the baby lacks and needs, and scientifically choose appropriate supplements to supplement it, but at the same time, it should not be abused.
Third, the feeding methods of newborns
1, breastfeeding
Under normal circumstances, the baby will drink milk through the mother's nipple about 30 minutes after birth, but not more than two hours, because the sooner you suck, the milk will be "continuous"; For the newborn baby, it is not necessary to feed at a certain time every day, but to feed when the newborn needs it. However, if it is impossible to provide breast milk for newborns for some special reasons, you can take the second best and use formula milk. Formula milk needs to be fed every 4 hours, with an average of about 69 ~ 90ml each time. It is best to use breast milk if possible, or a little boiled water if necessary, but the feeding amount should be controlled and sugar water should be avoided as much as possible.
Step 2 choose the right milk powder
As we all know, babies can't grow without milk powder, so the choice of milk powder is particularly important. High-quality milk powder has comprehensive nutrition and balanced content, which is beneficial to the baby to absorb energy, promote growth and development, and is more beneficial to the baby. Milk powder containing probiotics can also enhance the baby's resistance, prevent bacteria from entering the intestine and enhance the baby's intestinal absorption function. There is a big difference between high-quality milk powder and general milk powder, and it is different from general milk powder in the early stage of milk powder blending. Mainly divided into the following aspects: the powder of high-quality milk powder is small and delicate, powdery and loose; Warm water high-quality milk powder at about 40℃ can be dissolved in water quickly and evenly; Hanging upside down after brewing, you will find that there is no sediment at the bottom of the bottle. In this way, the nutrition of milk powder can be completely absorbed with almost no loss.
Fourth, the newborn care matters needing attention
1. Feed in the right way.
The correct way for a mother to feed her baby is to hold the baby in one hand and let it lie in her arms, then hold the nipple gently with the index finger and middle finger respectively, and gently press down the breast with the thumb to prevent the baby's nose from being blocked and the baby's breathing is not smooth. At the same time, let the milk slowly flow into the baby's mouth to avoid choking. Pay attention to the order when feeding. It is best to wait until the baby has completely eaten one side of the milk before changing the other side, so as to ensure the next milk secretion. Mothers should make sure that their hands and nipples are cleaned before feeding. It is best to wash nipples with warm water, avoid using soap or alcohol, take a bath and change clothes frequently in daily life, and keep personal cleanliness as much as possible.
Eat regularly
Newborn babies really don't need to breastfeed on time, but it is necessary to breastfeed regularly when the baby is a little older. Some mothers feed their babies when they cry, which is not conducive to the baby's good biological clock, and will cause irregular operation of the digestive system, thus affecting the baby's growth and development. For the baby, it can be fed every three hours from 6: 30 in the morning, such as 6: 30 in the morning, 9: 30, 12: 30, 3: 30 in the afternoon, 6: 30 in the evening, 12: 30 and 3: 30 in the morning.
3. Adjust the proportion of milk powder.
If the milk powder is diluted due to improper proportion, the protein content in the milk powder will decrease. If this situation continues for a long time, it will cause malnutrition and even water poisoning. Similarly, if the milk powder is too thick, there will be too many nutrients in the milk powder, especially sodium salt. If there is too much sodium salt, the newborn may be unable to excrete sodium due to poor renal function, which may cause salt poisoning and even convulsions similar to water poisoning in severe cases. Therefore, the proportion of milk powder is very important for the baby.
Fifth, the misunderstanding of neonatal breastfeeding.
1. Wash breasts and their surroundings with soap frequently.
Some mothers use shower gel and shower gel several times a day to clean their breasts after feeding. In fact, this will destroy the defense system of the breast, and the nipple is easily infected by bacteria, which is not conducive to the daily protection of the breast. Therefore, in order to keep personal cleanliness during lactation and secrete enough milk to feed the baby, it is best for mothers to wash their nipples with warm water and avoid using soap.
2. lie down and eat at night.
Because the newborn cries and feeds frequently, lactating mothers are prone to drowsiness. If the baby cries at night and needs nursing, some mothers will choose to lie down and nurse the baby because of fatigue. In fact, it is very dangerous to do so. Because if the child lies down to feed, it is difficult for the mother to pay close attention to the child, which may lead to the child being blocked by the breast and having difficulty breathing. This is a bad habit, and it is recommended that mothers don't do it.
3. Breastfed babies don't need to drink water.
Many mothers insist on not feeding their babies a drop of water during lactation, but only breast milk. In fact, this view is wrong, and different feeding methods should be adopted according to different situations. The weather is hot in summer, or the baby has diarrhea, which may be that the baby is short of water; In winter, if the temperature in the air conditioner is too high and too dry, the baby is also prone to lack of water, resulting in chapped lips and ups and downs. In this case, it is recommended to feed the baby some warm water. In addition, the indoor temperature needs to be controlled well, about 23 degrees is the best, not too cold or too hot. If the weather is dry, in order to keep the indoor air moist, it is best to use an air humidifier if possible, or put a few pots of water indoors.
4. Avoid breastfeeding and prevent sagging breasts.
Some mothers try to avoid breast-feeding for professional or other reasons in order to avoid sagging breasts. In fact, as long as you care for your breasts in time after delivery, you can effectively prevent breast sagging. Mother's breasts swell during pregnancy. If you don't strengthen nursing, it's really easy to make your breasts slack and droop. Breast ptosis during lactation is closely related to breast condition during pregnancy, so mothers should pay attention to breast care during pregnancy. You can use a maternity bra, use a broadband bra, and insist on breast massage. These methods can effectively prevent breast sagging.
Put the baby on the bed immediately after feeding.
Because it is too tiring to hold the baby, many mothers put the baby on the bed immediately after feeding. In fact, the correct way is that every time after the mother feeds the milk, the mother should not put the baby down in a hurry, but hold the baby upright on her lap and pat the baby's back with one hand to let the air in the baby's stomach shoot out. This can effectively prevent the baby from burping and spilling the milk. If the mother is too tired after breastfeeding, she can also let her father pat the baby.