1, development strategy
1September, 1992, the central government decided to carry out manned spaceflight project, and determined the "three-step" development strategy of China manned spaceflight;
The first step is to launch a manned spacecraft, build a preliminary supporting experimental manned spacecraft project and carry out space application experiments;
The second step is to break through the astronaut's extravehicular activity and spacecraft rendezvous and docking technology, launch a space laboratory, and solve the problem of manned space application with a certain scale in the short term;
The third step is to build a space station to solve the problem of large-scale long-term space application.
The successful launch of Shenzhou 5 and Shenzhou VI marked the first step of the project. The success of Shenzhou VII mission indicates that China has mastered the key technology of astronauts' extravehicular activities. The success of the rendezvous and docking mission between Tiangong-1 and Shenzhou-8 and Shenzhou-9 indicates that China has broken through and mastered the automatic and manual rendezvous and docking technology. Shenzhou 10 mission is the final battle of the second step and the first stage of the project.
On September 20 10, the central government approved the development and construction of the manned space station project, which marked that China's manned spaceflight project entered a new historical development period. The manned space station project in China started from the space laboratory and was implemented in two stages: the space laboratory and the space station. Before 20 16, two space laboratories were developed and launched to break through and master the key technologies of the space station, such as the mid-term stay of astronauts, and carry out space applications on a certain scale; Around 2020, the launch core module and experimental module will be developed and assembled into a 60-ton manned space station in orbit, and the construction and operation technology of near-earth space station assembly and long-term manned flight technology in near-earth space will be broken through and mastered, and large-scale space applications will be carried out.
2. Aerospace engineering
1September 2, 9921day, China decided to carry out manned spaceflight project and determined a three-step development strategy. After the successful launch of the first manned spacecraft, we broke through the rendezvous and docking technology between manned spacecraft and spacecraft, and used manned spacecraft technology to refit and launch the space laboratory, which solved the space application problem with a certain scale and short-term care. Build a manned space station to solve the problem of large-scale and long-term space application.
The project has completed seven missions in the first step and the first stage of the second step, and is concentrating on breaking through the rendezvous and docking technology of manned spacecraft and spacecraft to prepare for the implementation of the third strategic task.
The objectives of China's manned space station project include: comprehensively breaking through and mastering the long-term manned flight and service technology in near-earth space; Break through and master the construction and operation technology of near-earth space assembly; Carry out large-scale and high-level space science applications; Lay the foundation for the future development of manned landing on the moon.
Step 3 study history
Manned space flight refers to all kinds of round-trip flight activities in which human beings drive and ride manned spacecraft to explore, experiment, research, military and production in space. The purpose of manned space flight is to break through the barrier of the earth's atmosphere, overcome the gravity of the earth, expand the range of human activities from land, ocean and atmosphere to space, understand the earth and its surrounding environment more extensively and deeply, and better understand the whole universe; Make full use of the special environment of space and manned spacecraft, engage in various experiments and research activities, and develop space and its rich resources. Manned spacecraft is implemented by manned space system, which consists of manned spacecraft, carrier, spacecraft launch site and return facilities, space measurement and control network, and sometimes other ground support systems, such as ground simulation equipment and astronaut training facilities.
Manned spacecraft can be divided into three categories according to different flight and working modes: manned spacecraft, spacecraft and space shuttle. Manned spacecraft can be divided into single-person spacecraft and multi-person spacecraft according to the number of people on board. According to the operating range, it can be divided into satellite manned spacecraft and space station for manned space activities, and it is also a reusable carrier.
In the early 1970s, after China's first artificial earth satellite, Dongfanghong-1, it began to develop several communication satellites, such as Dongfanghong-2, Dongfanghong-2 A and Dongfanghong-3.
Since 1980s, China has made great progress in space technology, and has the ability to develop and launch various application satellites, such as recoverable satellites, meteorological satellites, resource satellites and communication satellites. Especially in 1975, China successfully launched and recovered the first recoverable satellite, making China the third country in the world to master satellite recovery technology after the United States and the former Soviet Union, laying a solid foundation for China to carry out manned space technology research.
1992 1 In June, the government of China approved the launch of the manned spaceflight project, which was named "92 1 project". In the seven systems of "92 1 Project", manned spacecraft is the core, which is mainly developed by China Academy of Space Technology. When the "92 1 Project" was officially launched, the central government put forward the goal of "striving for eight guarantees and nine guarantees", that is, 1998 should have a technological breakthrough and 1999 should have a spaceship. China Tangjialing Space City ensures the material conditions for China's manned spaceflight project to complete its manned space mission. 1999165438+1On October 20th, China's first unmanned spacecraft, Shenzhou-1, took off in Jiuquan, and landed in the recycling yard in central Inner Mongolia 2/kloc-0 hours later, successfully completing the "virgin journey". The success of this flight laid a very solid foundation for China's manned spacecraft to go to heaven. China successfully launched Shenzhou II spacecraft from Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center on1October 65438 and1October 65438. On March 25th, 2002, China successfully launched the Shenzhou III spacecraft from Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center. On June 30th, 2002, China successfully launched the Shenzhou IV unmanned spacecraft from Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center.
At 9: 00 on June 5438+1October 5, 2003, the Shenzhou 5 manned spacecraft independently developed by China was launched from Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center. At 9: 09: 50, Shenzhou 5 entered the scheduled orbit accurately. This is China's first manned space flight. The 38-year-old astronaut carrying out the mission on the manned spacecraft in Shenzhou 5 is Yang Liwei. He is the first generation of astronauts trained in China. He circled the earth in space 14 times. After a safe flight of 2 1 hour, 23 minutes and 600,000 kilometers, it successfully landed at the main landing site in Inner Mongolia at 6: 23 on 16. & gt& gt
From June 65438+1October 12 to June 17, 2005, China successfully carried out the second manned space flight, which was the first time that two astronauts, Fei Longjun and Nie Haisheng, were sent into space at the same time.
On September 25th, 2008, China's third manned spacecraft Shenzhou VII was successfully launched, and three astronauts Zhai Zhigang, Liu Boming and Jing Haipeng were successfully launched. On 27th, Zhai Zhigang was dressed in the "Tian Fei" extravehicular spacesuit developed by China, and with the help of Liu Boming dressed in the Russian "Seahawk" extravehicular spacesuit, he carried out an extravehicular activity of 19 minutes and 35 seconds. China has become the third country in the world to master the technology of extravehicular activities. On the evening of September 28th, 2008, Shenzhou VII spacecraft successfully landed in Gulang Grassland, A Mu, Central Inner Mongolia after successfully completing extravehicular activities and a series of space science experiments.
On June 12 and 16, China's fourth manned spacecraft was successfully launched at 18: 37: 24, and three astronauts, Jing Haipeng, Liu Yang and Liu Wang, were successfully launched and began to dock with Tiangong-1.
June 1 1 1, 2065438, the fifth spaceship carrying astronauts in China. The spacecraft flew into space on June/KOOC-0//KOOC-0/day/KOOC-0/738, and will fly in orbit for/KOOC-0/5 days, which will be the first time for China astronauts to teach in space. The flight crew consists of male astronaut Nie Haisheng, Zhang and female astronaut Wang Yaping, with Nie Haisheng as the commander. After the launch, the spacecraft will dock with the target aircraft Tiangong-1. The task will be to "pick up the missing pieces" for the manned rendezvous and docking technology of Shenzhou-9.
4. Memorabilia
Folding comments
China's first target aircraft Tiangong-1 will be launched today. It is understood that after the successful launch of Tiangong-1, China will also launch Shenzhou-8, Shenzhou-9 and Shenzhou-10 spacecraft to complete the rendezvous and docking with Tiangong-1 respectively, thus establishing China's first own space station.
Since the launch of 1992 manned spaceflight project, China has made continuous breakthroughs in spaceflight, becoming the third country in the world to independently master manned spaceflight technology, conduct space experiments and carry out extravehicular activities.
Folding Shenzhou-1
Achieve a breakthrough in heaven and earth.
1999165438+1In the early morning of October 20th, the first unmanned experimental spacecraft launched by China's manned spaceflight project was successfully launched from Jiuquan Satellite Launch Base and returned to the ground after a flight of 2 1 hour.
Little known is that the "pioneer officer" of the manned spaceflight project was temporarily modified from the electrical performance test spacecraft used for ground tests. As another milestone in China's space history, the successful launch and recovery of the Shenzhou-1 experimental spacecraft marks a new major breakthrough in China's manned space technology.
Folding shenzhou ii
China's first unmanned spacecraft prototype.
At 200111619: 22, China's second unmanned spacecraft, Shenzhou II, landed successfully in central Inner Mongolia. At this point, the spacecraft flew in space for 7 days as scheduled. Around TT&C and recycling of spacecraft, TT&C personnel in China fought a decisive battle in space and started intense work.
Shenzhou II is the first prototype unmanned spacecraft, which consists of three parts: orbital module, return module and propulsion module. Its technical state is basically the same as that of manned spacecraft. Its launch is completely carried out according to the environment and conditions of manned spacecraft, and all the equipment related to astronauts' life support are basically genuine.
Folding shenzhou iii
Safety improvement of manned space flight
On March 25th, 2002, Shenzhou III was launched and returned to the ground at 4 1.
Shenzhou III spacecraft is equipped with human metabolism simulator, anthropomorphic physiological signal equipment and human dummy, which can quantitatively simulate astronauts' important physiological activity parameters such as breathing and blood circulation. The spacecraft worked normally, all the scheduled test targets were achieved, and the test was a complete success.
Compared with the first unmanned spacecraft "Shenzhou II", the launch of "Shenzhou III" spacecraft adopted many new advanced technologies in the launch vehicle, spacecraft and launch measurement and control system, which further improved the safety and reliability of manned space flight.
Folding shenzhou iv
Breaking the historical record of low temperature launch in China.
From June 5438 to February 2002, "Shenzhou IV" was successfully launched at 0: 30 on the 30th, breaking the historical record of low-temperature launch in China. On June 5, 2003, the spacecraft returned safely and completed all the scheduled test contents.
Shenzhou IV spacecraft was developed on the basis of the successful flight tests of Shenzhou I, Shenzhou II and Shenzhou III, and its configuration, function and technical status are basically the same as those of manned spacecraft. Shenzhou IV spacecraft is the fourth unmanned spacecraft, which consists of propulsion module, return module, orbital module and additional module. During the flight, the spacecraft has completed the tasks of earth observation, material science, life science experiment, space astronomy and space environment detection.
Folding Shenzhou 5
China's first astronaut went into space.
On June 5438+1October 65438+May 2003, China's first manned spacecraft "Shenzhou 5" was successfully launched. Yang Liwei, the first astronaut in China, became the first China tourist in the vast space.
Shenzhou 5's 2 1 hour 23-minute space trip marks that China has become the third country in the world to independently carry out manned space activities after Russia and the United States.
Folding Shenzhou VI
Realize the mission of "many people and many days"
June 65438+1October 65438+February 2005, China's second manned spacecraft "Shenzhou VI" was successfully launched, and the astronaut fee and Nie Haisheng were successfully sent into space. /kloc-in the early morning of 0/7, after a space flight of 1 15 hours and 32 minutes, the spacecraft's return capsule landed smoothly.
"Shenzhou VI" is the second spaceship carrying astronauts in China and the first manned spaceship carrying out the mission of "multi-person and multi-day" in China. This is also the 243rd space flight of mankind in the world. The spacecraft carried out the first multi-person and multi-day flight test of China's manned spaceflight project, and completed the space science experiment in which China really participated.
Folding Shenzhou VII
The astronauts left the cabin and walked in space.
On September 25th, 2008, China's third manned spaceship "Shenzhou VII" was successfully launched, and three astronauts, Zhai Zhigang, Liu Boming and Jing Haipeng, were successfully launched.
Shenzhou VII spacecraft carries three astronauts, namely Zhai Zhigang (commander), Liu Boming and Jing Haipeng. The astronauts of the alternate echelon of Shenzhou VII spacecraft are Chen Quan (commander), Fei and Nie Haisheng. The main task is to carry out the first extravehicular activity of China astronauts, and at the same time carry out space science and technology experiments such as satellite accompanying flight and satellite data relay.
On the 27th, Zhai Zhigang wore the "Tian Fei" extravehicular spacesuit developed by China.
Folding Shenzhou VIII
Will dock with "Tiangong No.1"
With the successful launch of Tiangong-1, China will launch Shenzhou-8, Shenzhou-9 and Shenzhou-10 spacecraft in turn.
A spokesman for China's manned spaceflight project announced that the Shenzhou-8 spacecraft will be launched in the second half of 20 1 1 to carry out the first unmanned rendezvous and docking flight test in China.
"Shenzhou VIII" spacecraft is the eighth spacecraft in China Shenzhou series. Li Yili, researcher of China Academy of Space Technology and chief designer of shenzhou spaceship, revealed that Shenzhou-8 is unmanned and has made great improvement, but it has not been announced yet.
According to the mission planning of the rendezvous and docking phase of the project, whether "Shenzhou 9" is manned or not can only be decided after the mission is fully evaluated after "Shenzhou 8". "Shenzhou 10" plan is manned flight. It is also revealed that female astronauts are expected to appear in the docking of Tiangong-1 and Shenzhou-9 and Shenzhou-10 spacecraft. Two female astronauts from China are already doing relevant training.
Folding shenzhou 9
The Shenzhou-9 spacecraft was successfully launched at 18: 37 on June 20th, and China astronauts Jing Haipeng, Liu Wang and Liu Yang will stay in the "Tiangong" for the first time. Liu Yang, 33, also became the first woman in China to fly into space.
The Long March II F-9 rocket carrying the Shenzhou-9 spacecraft took off from Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center. This is the165th launch of the Long March rocket and the fourth manned flight of shenzhou spaceship.
Folding Shenzhou-10
On June 20th 1738, Beijing time, the China Long March II F carrier rocket ignited and took off at the manned space launch site of Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center to launch the Shenzhou-10 manned spacecraft. Chinese astronauts Nie Haisheng, Zhang and Wang Yaping took the Shenzhou-10 spacecraft into space.
Compared with shenzhou spaceship in the past, Shenzhou-10 is the first application flight of China manned space transportation system. After the spacecraft was put into orbit, an automatic rendezvous and docking with Tiangong-1 and a manual rendezvous and docking with astronauts were carried out in accordance with the scheduled procedures. During the flight of the assembly, astronauts stationed in Tiangong-1 to carry out space medical experiments, technical experiments and space teaching activities.
5. Great significance
Manned space flight is one of the most complicated systems engineering in human history, and its development depends on the development of the whole scientific and technological level. At the same time, it also affects the development of the whole field of modern science and technology, and puts forward new development requirements for all fields of modern science and technology, thus promoting and promoting the development of the whole science and technology. The development of a country's manned space technology can reflect the country's overall scientific and technological and high-tech industrial level, such as system engineering, automatic control technology, computer system, propulsion capability, environmental control and life support technology, communication, remote sensing and testing technology. It can also reflect the development level of modern mechanics, astronomy, earth science and space science in this country. Without the research and development of aerospace medical engineering, it is impossible to send people into space and live and work safely, healthily and effectively. The famous "Apollo" program in the United States was implemented from 196 1 to 1972, and it cost 24 billion dollars to complete six missions to the moon, sending 12 people to the moon and returning to the ground safely. It not only achieved the political goal of the United States to catch up with the Soviet Union, but also promoted the development of American science and technology, especially propulsion, guidance, structural materials, electronics and management science. Today, with China's comprehensive national strength increasing, the development of manned space flight can greatly realize the leap-forward development of China's scientific and technological strength.
The development of manned space flight is the direct embodiment of the comprehensive national strength of all countries today. All developed countries regard enhancing comprehensive national strength as the primary goal of their development strategy, and its core is to develop high technology, with manned space technology as one of its main contents. If a country can send astronauts into space, it will not only reflect its national strength, but also greatly enhance people's pride, national spirit and cohesion towards Zhai Zhigang. In particular, once the "shenzhou spaceship" project is successful, it will attract the attention of the whole world like the "two bombs and one satellite" project in 1960s, and enhance China's international status.
There is no doubt that the development and utilization of space resources will become more and more important in the future when the earth's resources are exhausted. Manned space technology obviously plays an important role in it. As we all know, the vast space is a huge treasure house with rich resources, and manned space flight is the bridge to this treasure house. The "space factory" can be said to be like magic. Under the conditions of microgravity, vacuum and no convection, alloy materials and other related products that are difficult to form on the earth are produced. It is conceivable that if the first three industrial revolutions have brought great wealth to mankind, then the "new industrial revolution" triggered by space technology will eventually change the existing model of the whole human society, and the word "aerospace manufacturing" will flood every corner of the whole market. If China wants to occupy a place in the future market, it cannot do without manned space technology, which is the basis of developing space resources.
The aerospace industry is an internationally competitive undertaking. The development level of space technology represents a country's comprehensive national strength and scientific and technological level. As the earliest developed space powers, it is well known that the United States and the former Soviet Union/Russia monopolize and block space technology. China's space industry got off to a difficult start, when the West blocked it and the former Soviet Union refused to support it. From the very beginning, China was determined to develop its space industry independently. It is under the guidance of this correct principle that, after the hard struggle of several generations of Jing Haipeng astronauts, China began to own its own liquid rocket and gradually owned its own satellite, until today it successfully launched its own manned spacecraft. If we didn't have the technical strength and experience to develop and successfully launch a self-returning satellite, maybe we wouldn't have our own shenzhou spaceship today.