1 sustainable building industry and engineering construction
Construction activity is one of the most important production activities imposed by human beings on the natural ecological environment, and it is also one of the production activities that consume the most natural resources. The land and space occupied by buildings, the resources necessary for the production, processing, transportation and maintenance of building materials, and the treatment and discharge of wastes generated during the use of buildings have a great impact on the ecological environment. On the other hand, the construction industry is the pillar industry of the national economy. Its output value accounts for a large proportion of the total social output value, and the value it creates is also an important part of national income; Can promote the development of building materials, metallurgy, light industry, chemical industry, machinery, transportation and many other related departments; It plays an important role in social and economic development. Therefore, the future construction industry in China should not only develop vigorously to meet the needs of economic and social development, but also pay attention to environmental protection and resource conservation, and implement the strategy of sustainable development.
The implementation of sustainable development strategy in construction industry is reflected in the whole process of engineering construction. We usually attach importance to the application of sustainable technology in the investment decision-making and planning and design stage of construction projects, such as how to choose a site conducive to sustainable development; How to carry out site planning and design, building energy-saving design; How to use renewable energy, etc. These factors are closely related to sustainable development and can bring remarkable implementation effects.
To implement the strategy of sustainable development in the construction industry, the construction stage is also a stage that we should pay attention to. The project construction process will have a serious impact on the environment and resources. In many cases, the existing natural resources (wild plants and animals, natural drainage system and other natural features) were cleaned and disturbed by buildings and replaced by unnatural artificial systems. The waste generated by construction and demolition accounts for a large proportion of the total landfill waste. Dust, particles and air pollutants discharged during construction will cause health problems. In addition, although some recycled, reused and renovated materials are enough to meet the use requirements, most of the current construction projects still need to use new original materials. [ 1]
However, the construction method with the idea of sustainable development can significantly reduce the interference to the site environment, the amount of landfill garbage and the natural resources used in the construction process, and also minimize the adverse impact on indoor air quality after the building is completed. Moreover, this construction method also plays an important role in realizing the application effect of some sustainable technologies in investment decision-making and planning and design stages.
For example, the construction method of building maintenance structure directly affects its construction quality, and then affects the energy-saving effect of maintenance structure. Another example: According to the statistics of Beijing Municipal Health Supervision Institute, the occurrence of occupational diseases in Beijing tends to increase in acute poisoning and slow down in chronic poisoning. From 1994 to 10 in 2000, 66% to 70% of acute occupational poisoning in Beijing occurred in the construction industry.
The main cause of acute poisoning is not the building materials used in construction, but the improper operation and use in construction. For example, in order to reduce the cost, speed up the construction progress, violate the operation rules and simplify the operation process, inferior dilution solvent is mixed into the waterproof coating, and the mixed inferior dilution solvent contains toxic substances such as benzene. If it can't volatilize quickly and the concentration reaches a certain level, people will be poisoned soon [2].
Therefore, carrying out the idea of sustainable development in engineering construction is an important embodiment of the sustainable development of construction industry, which is of great significance to realize the sustainable development strategy.
2. The application of sustainable development concept in engineering construction-green construction
The construction method or technology with the idea of sustainable development is called green construction technology or sustainable construction technology. It is not a brand-new technology independent of traditional building technology, but a re-examination of traditional building technology from the perspective of "sustainability", which is a building technology in line with the sustainable development strategy.
Green construction technology is not a very new idea for engineering construction. Reducing construction noise, reducing construction disturbance and reducing material loss will attract attention in most construction sites. The key to the application of the idea of sustainable development in engineering construction is to apply the "Green Way" as a whole to engineering construction and implement green construction, so as to minimize the impact on the environment and resources in the construction process.
Green construction is the main embodiment of the application of sustainable development thought in engineering construction and the comprehensive application of green construction technology. Green construction not only refers to closed construction in engineering construction, no dust and noise disturbing people, planting flowers and grass around the construction site, and sprinkling water regularly. , and many other contents. Like green design, it involves all aspects of sustainable development, such as ecological environment protection, resource and energy utilization and social and economic development.
3 the principle of green construction
3. 1 Reduce site interference and respect the base environment.
The construction process will seriously disturb the site environment, which is especially serious for new projects in undeveloped areas. Site leveling, earthwork excavation, construction precipitation, construction of permanent and temporary facilities, site garbage disposal, etc. will affect the existing animal and plant resources, topography and groundwater level of the site. It will also destroy the existing cultural relics and local characteristic resources in the venue and affect the inheritance and development of local context. Therefore, it is of great significance to reduce site interference and respect the base environment in the construction process for protecting the ecological environment and maintaining the local context.
The owner, design unit and contractor shall identify the existing natural, cultural and structural features in the site and protect these features through reasonable design, construction and management. Sustainable site design plays an important role in reducing this interference. As far as engineering construction is concerned, the contractor should combine the requirements of the owner and design unit for the contractor to use the site, and formulate a site use plan that meets these requirements and can minimize site interference. The plan should be clear:
(1) Which areas and plants on the site will be protected, and the protection methods shall be specified.
(2) On the premise of meeting the requirements of construction, design and economy, how to minimize the area of cleaning and disturbance, temporary facilities and construction pipelines.
(3) Which areas in the site will be used for storage and temporary facilities construction, and how to reasonably arrange the use of the construction site by contractors, subcontractors and various types of work to reduce the movement of materials and equipment.
(4) The requirements of each type of work for site access for transportation, installation and other purposes.
(5) How to deal with and eliminate waste? If any waste is backfilled or buried, its impact on the site ecology and environment should be analyzed.
(6) How to isolate the site from the public.
3.2 Combination of architecture and climate
The contractor shall select the construction method, construction machinery, arrange the construction sequence and arrange the construction site according to the climatic characteristics. This can reduce the increase of construction measures, resources and energy consumption caused by climate reasons, and effectively reduce the construction cost; Can reduce the interference of extra measures to the construction site and environment; It is beneficial to improve the environmental quality and engineering quality of the construction site.
In order to combine the construction with the climate, the contractor must first understand the meteorological data and characteristics of the area where the site is located, mainly including: rainfall and snowfall data, such as annual rainfall, snowfall, rainy season start and end dates, daily maximum rainfall, etc. Temperature data, such as annual average temperature, maximum and minimum temperature and duration, etc. ; Wind information, such as wind speed, direction and frequency. The combined climate of buildings mainly includes:
(1) The contractor shall arrange the construction sequence as reasonably as possible so that the construction process affected by adverse weather can be temporarily completed in adverse weather. For example, before the rainy season comes, the construction of earthwork and foundation works should be completed, so as to reduce the influence of the rise of groundwater level on the construction and reduce other additional rainy season construction safeguard measures.
(2) Arrange drainage and flood control for the whole site to reduce the impact on the site and the surrounding environment.
(3) The layout of the construction site should be combined with the climate and meet the requirements of labor protection, safety and fire prevention. Processing plants that produce harmful gases and pollute the environment (such as asphalt boiling and lime curing) and flammable facilities (such as carpentry sheds and inflammable goods warehouses) should be arranged in the downwind direction so as not to endanger local residents; The layout of lifting facilities should consider the influence of wind and lightning.
(4) During construction in winter, rainy season, windy season and hot summer, appropriate seasonal construction methods or effective measures should be selected according to the engineering characteristics, especially concrete engineering, earthwork, deep foundation engineering, underwater engineering and aerial work.
3.3 Save resources (energy)
Construction projects usually use a lot of materials, energy and water resources. Reducing resource consumption, saving energy, improving efficiency and protecting water resources are the basic viewpoints of sustainable development. Resource (energy) saving in buildings mainly includes the following aspects:
(1) Save and utilize water resources. By monitoring the use of water resources, installing small-flow equipment and appliances, and reusing rainwater or construction wastewater where possible, the water consumption in the construction process can be reduced and the water cost can be reduced.
(2) Save electric energy. By monitoring the utilization rate, installing energy-saving lamps and equipment, using acousto-optic sensors to control lighting, adopting energy-saving construction machinery, and reasonably arranging construction time, the electricity consumption is reduced and energy is saved.
(3) Reduce the loss of materials. Through more careful purchasing, reasonable on-site storage, reducing the number of materials handling, reducing packaging, improving operation technology and increasing the turnover times of amortized materials, the consumption of materials in use can be reduced and the use efficiency of materials can be improved.
(4) Utilization of recyclable resources. The utilization of recyclable resources is the main means to save resources, and it is also the direction that should be strengthened at present. Mainly reflected in two aspects, one is the use of renewable or renewable products and materials, which helps to separate recyclable parts from waste, while reducing the use of raw materials, that is, reducing the consumption of natural resources; The second is to increase the recovery and reuse of resources and materials. For example, establishing a waste recovery system at the construction site to recover or reuse the materials obtained during demolition can reduce the material consumption in the construction process or increase the income of enterprises through sales, and also reduce the cost of transportation or landfill.
3.4 Reduce environmental pollution and improve environmental quality.
A large number of dust, noise, toxic and harmful gases and wastes generated in engineering construction will have a serious impact on environmental quality, and will also do harm to the health of on-site staff, users and the public. Therefore, reducing environmental pollution and improving environmental quality are also the basic principles of green construction.
Improving indoor and outdoor air quality related to buildings is the main content of this principle. During the construction process, dust generated by disturbing building materials and systems, volatile organic compounds or particles emitted from materials, products, construction equipment or during the construction process will all cause indoor and outdoor air quality problems. Many of these volatile organic compounds or particles will pose potential threats and damage to health and need special safety protection. Some of these threats and injuries are long-term and even fatal. In addition, during the construction process, these air pollutants may also penetrate into adjacent buildings and remain in the buildings after the construction. This kind of influence needs more attention, especially those renovation projects that need to be carried out in the presence of housing users. Common green construction technical measures to improve the air quality on the construction site may include:
(1) Formulate the construction management plan for indoor and outdoor air quality.
(2) Use materials or products with low volatility.
(3) Install local temporary exhaust or local purification and filtration equipment.
(4) Make necessary greening, and often spray water for cleaning, so as to prevent construction waste from accumulating in the building and store materials that may cause pollution.
(5) Using safer and healthier construction machinery or production methods, such as using commercial concrete instead of on-site concrete mixing, can greatly eliminate dust pollution.
(6) Arrange the construction sequence reasonably to minimize the absorption of pollutants by some building materials, such as carpets and ceiling finishes.
(7) For buildings still in use during construction, toxic operations should be arranged in non-working hours, combined with ventilation measures, and outdoor fresh air should be used to ventilate the site during toxic operations and after operations.
(8) For buildings still in use during construction, maintaining negative pressure in the construction area or increasing the air pressure in the use area will help prevent air pollutants from polluting the use area.
Noise control is also an aspect of preventing environmental pollution and improving environmental quality. At present, China has issued some corresponding laws and regulations to limit construction noise. Green construction also emphasizes controlling construction noise and preventing construction from disturbing people. Reasonable arrangement of construction time, closed construction, modern isolation and protection equipment and static vibration equipment are effective means to control construction noise.
3.5 Implement scientific management to ensure the construction quality.
At present, the implementation of green construction in China is limited, and it has not reached the level of system integration, and the role of green construction is not obvious. In addition to the lack of understanding, the low level of enterprise management and the poor economic effect of green construction are the main reasons. Therefore, to implement green construction, we must implement scientific management, improve the management level of enterprises, make enterprises change from passive adaptation to active response, and make enterprises implement green construction institutionalized and standardized. This will give full play to the role of green construction in promoting sustainable development, increase the economic effect of green construction and improve the enthusiasm of contractors to adopt green construction. Passing ISO 1400 1 certification is an effective way to improve the management level of enterprises and implement scientific management.
To implement green construction, we advocate reducing site interference as much as possible, improving the utilization efficiency of resources and materials, and increasing the recycling of materials, but the premise of taking these measures is to ensure the engineering quality. Good project quality can prolong the project life, reduce the daily operation cost of the project, be beneficial to the health and safety of users and promote social and economic development, which itself is the embodiment of sustainable development.
4 conclusion
Implementing green construction is the application of the idea of sustainable development in the engineering construction stage, which is of great significance to promote the sustainable development of the construction industry. Green construction is a comprehensive application of green construction technology, involving ecological environment protection, resource and energy utilization and social and economic development closely related to sustainable development. The implementation of green construction should follow certain principles, such as reducing site interference, respecting the base environment, combining construction with climate, saving resources (energy), reducing environmental pollution, implementing scientific management and ensuring construction quality. Under the guidance of these principles, various green construction technologies are produced and perfected in scientific practice. With the further implementation of the sustainable development strategy, the implementation of green buildings will surely become an inevitable choice for society.
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