19 18 Zheng Pijiang was invited by history to take over as the principal of Jiangsu Women's Sericulture School. The school site is Hushuguan, Wuxian County, Jiangsu Province, referred to as "Female Silkworm". In 1903, Shi founded a private women's sericulture school in Shanghai. In 19 1 2, he moved to Xushuguan, Wuxian County, Jiangsu Province, and was renamed Jiangsu Women's Sericulture School. The first headmaster Zhang Kongzhao 19 17 resigned; Hou Hongkeng, the second principal, served for half a year; Zheng Pijiang is the third headmaster. When he took office, there were two graduates in the school, but few women were employed at that time, and many school graduates failed to enter the silk industry. However, the silk industry in China is dominated by rural women, who are engaged in mulberry planting, sericulture, silk reeling and silk weaving. In order to facilitate sericulture farmers to contact and guide the popularization of advanced technology, it is necessary to train a group of female scientific and technological talents. This is also the reason why the "female silkworm" was founded that year. To this end, Huang Yanpei and Shi Zeng sent a message to Zheng Pijiang: "I hope that' female silkworm' graduates can serve the silk industry."
In view of this, he believes that "only by automatically opening the feudal situation can the original intention of education be realized". He clearly pointed out that the purpose of "female silkworm" is to cultivate technical talents in the silk industry, so as to improve the silk industry in China. He personally formulated four educational policies for "female silkworms": "1. Enlighten students' professional ideas; 2. Establish the fashion of technological innovation; 3. Self-reliance, economic benefits, enriching practice equipment and improving the quality of education; 4. Resolutely enter the silk industry to improve the way so that students can use it. " He asked the "female silkworm" colleagues to follow these four rules, "Let students automatically devote themselves to the silk front, and the silk industry can be promoted. "The more students invest in the silk industry, the faster the silk industry will improve."
In order to cultivate scientific and technological talents and serve the silk industry, the educational policy (1918-1937) implemented by Zheng Pijiang in Female Silkworm is rich in content and distinctive in characteristics. The traditional sericulture in China adopts the self-reproduction of native species. Soil species are not prepared by scientific methods, and many of them are inbreeding, with mixed varieties and no strict disinfection. Therefore, silkworm eggs are degraded, silkworm diseases are frequent, cocoon reeling is broken, and the silk yield is low, which affects the quality of silk. Since the establishment of 1897 Hangzhou Silkworm Egg Science Museum, some people have advocated improving silkworm eggs. However, either because the improvement only stayed in words, or only a few experts experimented on a small scale, and it was not combined with the vast number of sericulture farmers. Although there were achievements, it failed to popularize. Zheng Pijiang thinks that the reform of silk industry should start with the reform of silkworm eggs and must be combined with sericulture farmers of thousands of families, so he calls it "local revolution".
Zheng Pijiang encouraged graduates to run a new silkworm egg industry, and the earliest silkworm egg farms such as Tiger Leaping Platform and Qixi were established. His brothers and sisters also founded Renxuguan Silkworm Breeding Farm. 192 1 year, "Female Silkworm" set up the Original Silkworm Seed Department to produce the original eggs and the original mother seeds according to the needs of the new silkworm seed industry. Zheng Pijiang also sent his sister Zheng to Japan to study sericulture, and after returning to China, she engaged in the teaching and practice of silkworm egg improvement in Female Silkworm.
1925, Zheng Pijiang hired Japanese teacher Bai Ze to come to China to help improve silkworm eggs. Firstly, a cold storage box was established to refrigerate and artificially hatch silkworm eggs. Then the experiment of a generation of hybrid silkworm eggs in spring and autumn was carried out, which was tried and popularized in rural areas and achieved excellent results. By 1927, 3,547 hybrid spring seeds and 5,023 autumn silkworm eggs were officially produced and sold, which were welcomed by sericulture farmers and silk mills. At that time, it was changed from native species to cross species (Zhu Gui× Singapore dollar), and the silk yield increased from 5.5% to 8.3%, an increase of 2.8 percentage points; After that, 500-600 kilograms of fresh cocoons can be saved by using Sino-Japanese hybridization (penny× red heat) and reeling 1 cotton silk, and the economic effect is very remarkable. From purebred to hybrid, from rearing only spring silkworms to rearing autumn silkworms, it is a major reform in sericulture production in China.
Since then, seed farms have sprung up all over the country, especially in Huguan and Zhenjiang. By 1930, a total of1400,000 silkworm eggs were produced in spring and autumn in Jiangsu Province.
In order to protect the rise of new silkworm egg industry and ensure the healthy development of silk industry, Zheng Pijiang believes that the government should make laws and regulations. At the beginning of 1930, he invited the Agriculture and Mining Department of Jiangsu Provincial Government, and with the consent, organized technical personnel to draft and promulgate the Regulations on Sericulture in Jiangsu Province. From then on, silkworm eggs were inspected and inspected according to law, so that silkworm egg production was carried out under the guidance of laws and regulations. By 1936, the output of silkworm eggs in Jiangsu in spring and autumn reached 2.86 million, and the native species were basically eliminated. For a long time, sericulture management in China has been a small-scale peasant economy with backward technology and conservative thinking. Zheng Pijiang advocated popularizing sericulture technology, guiding sericulture farmers to organize themselves, taking the road of cooperatives and applying new technology.
1923, "Female Silkworm" established the sericulture promotion department, with early graduate Hu Yongxu, Fei as the director and deputy director, and many teachers and students participated in this work. He warned the instructor of the promotion department that "only with an open mind and practicality can we make steady progress". He also drafted Five Notes of Instructors: "1. The guidance aims at realizing the automation of silkworm farmers; 2. It does not involve local disputes and does not increase the burden on silkworm farmers; 3. Pay attention to the economic ability and local customs of silkworm farmers; 4. Reform must first be proved by practice and cannot be forced to accept; 5. Respect the original technical advantages of silkworm farmers. "
Before the publicity and guidance began, Zheng Pijiang led the instructors to carry out publicity activities in the rural areas of Wujiang County, where the silk industry was developed. Hire two big ships, full of sericulture, cocoon, silkworm eggs, silkworm houses, silkworm tools, silk carts and other objects, models, specimens, charts and brief comments. Wherever he went, he personally preached scientific sericulture knowledge, instructed personnel to introduce exhibits, and silkworm farmers listened carefully; The improved silk car was put on board for practical operation, and the audience on both sides of the strait applauded to learn new technologies. The publicity campaign lasted for two weeks and expanded its influence.
In the future, a sericulture guidance office will be set up in Kaixiangong Village, Wujiang County to guide the surrounding people to organize sericulture cooperatives and promote new sericulture technologies. The sericulture guidance centers have gradually expanded to most areas of Wujiang, Wuxian and Wuxi, and in some areas such as Wujin, Jiangyin and Yixing, the innovation and development of sericulture in these areas have been promoted, making these areas the advanced bases of sericulture in China.
Sericulture guidance centers around the country are composed of several instructors. They went to the countryside and mingled with sericulture farmers. Through sericulture cooperatives, they guided their members to select improved varieties, carry out disinfection, rejuvenation and rearing, and engage in new sericulture, which achieved remarkable results and won the trust of sericulture farmers. Every spring and autumn, the instructors go through all kinds of hardships from rearing silkworms to listing new cocoons day by day. Every time they pick cocoons, they enjoy a bumper harvest with silkworm farmers. Their spirit of serving silkworm farmers wholeheartedly has been sincerely admired by silkworm farmers and the public.
After the establishment of sericulture cooperatives, the output and quality of cocoons have been improved, but cocoon sales have not been organized. Silkworm farmers are still exploited in the process of cocoon management; Moreover, the cocoon is sold sporadically, which makes the quality of cocoon mixed, which increases the difficulty of reeling. Therefore, Zheng Pijiang advocates * * * to sell cocoons together, and generally implements * * * to sell fresh cocoons, and some areas also develop and sell dried cocoons * * *. 1930, Wuxian Guangfu Sericulture Cooperative introduced by the "Female Silkworm" Promotion Department signed a contract with Wuxi Yongtai and Ganju silk factories to buy and sell fresh cocoons, and sold them first. After the recovery, he set up a dried cocoon distribution cooperative to help silkworm farmers build cocoon drying stoves and guide cocoon drying technology. Dried cocoons are sold directly to silk factories in Wuxi and Shanghai. * * * Selling cocoons at the same time reduces intermediate exploitation, and implements high quality and good price, which benefits sericulture farmers more, promotes the improvement of cocoon quality, and is also of great benefit to the improvement of raw silk quality, so it is welcomed by silk factories.
The biggest difficulty for farmers to raise silkworms is lack of funds, so they have to borrow usury and endure usury. Zheng Pijiang is anxious for sericulture farmers and often runs around. With his "female silkworm" and his own technical credit guarantee, he won a low-interest loan from the bank for silkworm farmers. After the silkworm farmers sell their cocoons, they repay the principal and interest of the bank in full, and there is no breach of contract. Silkworm farmers and banks are very satisfied.
In order to improve the cultural and technical quality of sericulture farmers, Zheng Pijiang asked the promotion department of "Female Silkworm" to hold work-study programs and sericulture technical training courses for women during the slack season. Four kinds of textbooks have been published successively: Literacy Textbook, Essentials of Silkworm Breeding, Cluster Notes, and Disinfection Law, which are popular science books for sericulture farmers and have been widely disseminated.
The promotion and guidance of sericulture advocated by Zheng Pishu was the forerunner of developing rural cooperative movement and introducing science and technology to promote agriculture in China. On the basis of promoting and guiding sericulture, Zheng Pishu devoted himself to the improvement of silk-making technology. Since 192 1, he has sent fees to Japan to learn new silk-making techniques. From 65438 to 0925, he began to pay attention to the silk-making industry. First of all, he renamed the sericulture promotion department of "female silkworm" as the silk promotion department, and was also in charge of the improvement of new silkworm and silk technology.
Silkworm farmers in Nanxun and Zhenze are used to homemade native silk, and choose the best silk to make "Li Ji dry warp" and sell it abroad (the high-quality silk produced in Nanxun, Xing Wu, Zhejiang and Zhenze, Wujiang, Jiangsu is called "Li Ji dry warp"). He instructed the extension department to pay attention to the manufacturing technology of the soil yarn, maintain its advantages, promote improvement and improve its quality. 1925 made the first attempt to improve the soil silk in Zhenze and Kaixiangong villages. 1927 set up the soil silk improvement workshop in Tashi Temple in Zhenze town, and set up 92 improved silk carts, which improved the quality of the soil silk.
1929, the raw silk refining and distribution cooperative was established in Gongcun, Kaixian County, which was a pioneering work for China farmers to run mechanical silk reeling in rural areas. The equipment of this institution was originally presented by Dr. Sun Yat-sen to Ms. Otan Wei Ran, a Guangdong businessman. She never used it and gave it to the "mother silkworm". In addition to the funds raised by the members themselves, loans were agreed by the Promotion Department, President Guo Xianxian and Wang Zhixin of Jiangsu Rural Commercial Bank. Because the mechanism adopted a small Japanese compound shaker, it was better than the European shaker used by the general silk factory at that time; At the same time, the mechanism also uses reeling separation to improve the cocoon cooking process, so the quality of raw silk produced by the mechanism is relatively good. Although the price of silk plummeted in 1930, the production of silk produced by this cooperative is still booming because of its low cost and good quality.
1930 "Female Silkworm" has added a silk-making department and a silk-making practice factory. Zheng Pijiang pointed out: "Silkworm silkworm excrement, silkworm excrement, silkworm excrement, silkworm excrement, silkworm excrement, silkworm excrement, silkworm excrement, silkworm excrement, silkworm excrement, silkworm excrement, silkworm excrement, silkworm excrement, silkworm excrement, silkworm excrement, silkworm excrement, silkworm excrement, silkworm excrement, silkworm excrement, silkworm excrement, silkworm excrement, silkworm excrement. Mainly due to outdated equipment and backward management, the domestic raw silk market is shrinking day by day and many silk factories are closed down. Therefore, Zheng Pijiang organized technicians to study hard and improve equipment. At that time, Japanese reeling technology had changed from sitting reeling to vertical reeling, but it was forbidden to export vertical reeling cars. He commissioned and paid for the imitation of the Japanese vertical reeling car (Zhang and Fei had seen the Japanese vertical reeling car when studying in Japan), and the "Female Silkworm" vertical reeling car was successfully trial-produced by Wuxi Iron Works and Shanghai Iron Works. First, it was tried in the "female silkworm" silk-making practice factory and the open-string bow silk-making cooperative, and the effect was good. It will be popularized and applied in other silk factories in the future. At the same time, the cocoon drying machine, cocoon peeling machine, cocoon cooking machine, re-rocking car and raw silk inspection equipment have been developed and improved, and a series of reforms have been carried out on silk-making machinery and technology. Thus, the quality of raw silk in China has been improved, the market has been expanded, the price of cocoon has gradually picked up, sericulture production has been stabilized, and the difficulty of silk price plunging in the international market has been overcome. This is a victory in improving silk-making technology and equipment.
In addition to the innovation of production technology, Zheng Pishu also promoted the management reform of silk factory owners. At that time, the factory owners only knew how to make money and exploit workers, and the managers were all large and small (commonly known as Namovin). During the period of 1932, the "female silkworm" graduates of Wuxi Dry Silk Factory were pushed out by conservative forces. Wu Shenbo, the boss of Ruilun Silk Factory, is young and promising and needs reform. Therefore, Zheng Pijiang sent Fei and others to carry out a comprehensive transformation of the factory, changing the Ruilun silk factory into a silk factory, and making innovations in plant building, process equipment, production technology, management organization and management methods. Although it also encountered a lot of resistance, it finally received good results.
Wujiang County, following the Kaixian Gongsheng Silk Refining Cooperative, reformed Zhenfeng Silk Factory with the guidance and help of the "Female Silkworm" Promotion Department, and established Wangping Silk Factory and Zhenze Silk Factory on 1935. These two silk mills are engaged in silk drying and reeling business entrusted by sericulture cooperatives. Zheng Pijiang pointed out at that time: "This mode of operation is based on the rural labor force, which is not only beneficial to the agricultural economy, but also to the national economy and local economy. It is one of the ways to revitalize the silk industry. "
With the reform and development of the silk industry, there is an urgent need for senior technical personnel. 1935, Zheng pishu established the silk-making institute to recruit male and female students, which was the beginning of silk-making higher education in China. 1937 sericulture college was added and renamed silk college.
From 19 18 to 1937 and 19, Zheng Pijiang has made outstanding contributions to the innovation of silk education and silk industry, which is also the stage when his educational thought and practice have been fully developed.