SCL-90 aims to evaluate individual mental health symptoms from the aspects of feeling, emotion, thinking, behavior, living habits, interpersonal relationships, diet and sleep.
The scale includes 90 items and 9 subscales, which are somatization, obsessive-compulsive symptoms, interpersonal sensitivity, depression, anxiety, hostility, terror, paranoia and psychosis.
I. Features and uses
1.SCL-90 has the characteristics of large capacity, rich symptoms and more accurate description of subjects' conscious symptoms. It contains a wide range of mental symptoms, from feeling, emotion, thinking and behavior to living habits, interpersonal relationships, eating and sleeping.
2. Each project adopts a five-level scoring system. Details are as follows:
No: I consciously have no such problems (symptoms);
Very light: I consciously have this problem, but it doesn't happen often and it's not serious;
Moderate: consciously have this symptom, and its severity is mild to moderate;
Key points: this symptom often occurs consciously, and its degree is moderate to severe;
Severe: Consciously, the frequency and intensity of this symptom are very serious.
As a self-rating scale, the specific meaning of "light, medium and heavy" here should be understood by the self-raters, and there is no need to make rigid provisions.
3. The scale can be used for the diagnosis of mental health status and also for psychiatric research. It can be used for other evaluations and self-evaluations.
Second, it is suitable for the object.
Junior high school students to adults
Third, the score interpretation
1, total symptom index:
Generally speaking, it refers to the level of self-symptom evaluation from "none" to "serious". The total symptom index score is between 0 and 0.5, which means that the subjects can't feel the symptoms listed in the scale; Between 0.5 ~ 1.5, it shows that the subject feels a little symptom, but it doesn't happen often; 1.5 ~ 2.5, indicating that the subjects feel symptoms, and the severity is mild to moderate; 2.5-3.5, indicating that the subjects feel symptoms, the degree is moderate to severe; Between 3.5 and 4, it means that the subjects feel that the frequency and intensity of symptoms are very serious.
2. Number of positive items
Refers to the number of items with a score of 1-4, indicating the number of items that the subjects feel "symptomatic".
3. Number of negative items
Refers to the number of items with a score of 0, indicating how many items of the subject are "asymptomatic".
4. Positive symptoms are equally divided
Refers to the level at which individuals feel bad about themselves. Its meaning is the same as that of the total symptom index.
5. Factor score
SCL-90 includes 9 factors, each factor reflects an individual's symptoms, and the distribution characteristics of symptoms can be understood through factor scores. When an individual's score on a certain factor is greater than 2, that is, beyond the normal average score, then the individual is likely to have mental health problems in this respect.
(1) Somatization
Mainly reflect physical discomfort, including cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, respiratory and other system discomfort, as well as headache, back pain, muscle aches, anxiety and other physical discomfort.
The score of this subscale is between 0 and 48. Scores above 24 indicate that individuals have obvious physical discomfort, often accompanied by symptoms such as headache and muscle aches. The score is below 12, and the physical symptoms are not obvious. Generally speaking, the higher the score, the stronger the physical discomfort; The lower the score, the less obvious the symptom experience.
(2) obsessive-compulsive symptoms
It mainly refers to those meaningless thoughts, impulses and behaviors that you know are unnecessary but can't get rid of, and some common behavioral signs of cognitive impairment are also reflected in this factor.
The score of this subscale is between 0 and 40. When the score is above 20, the symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder are obvious. The score is below 10, and the symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder are not obvious. Generally speaking, the higher the score, the more the individual can't get rid of some meaningless behaviors, thoughts and impulses, and may show some behavioral signs of cognitive impairment. The lower the score, the less obvious the individual is in this symptom and there is no compulsion.
(3). Sensitive interpersonal relationships
Mainly refers to some interpersonal discomfort and inferiority, especially when compared with others. Inferiority, anxiety and obvious discomfort in interpersonal communication, as well as bad self-suggestion and negative expectation in interpersonal communication, are the typical reasons for this symptom.
The score of this subscale is between 0 and 36. Scores above 18 indicate that individuals are sensitive to interpersonal relationships, have a strong sense of inferiority in interpersonal communication, and are accompanied by behavioral symptoms (such as fidgeting and shrinking). A score of 9 or less indicates that individuals are relatively normal in interpersonal relationships. Generally speaking, the higher the score, the more problems individuals have in interpersonal communication, the more self-abased, the more self-centered, and the more negative expectations they show. The lower the score, the more comfortable the individual is in interpersonal relationship, the more confident and confident he is in interpersonal communication, and he has positive expectations.
(4) Depression
Depressed emotions and moods are typical symptoms, and they also show a decline in interest in life, lack of motivation, and loss of vitality. It also shows disappointment, pessimism and cognitive and physical feelings related to depression. In addition, it also includes thoughts about death and suicidal thoughts.
The score of this subscale is between 0 and 52. A score of more than 26 indicates that the individual is depressed, lacks enough interest in life and lacks sports vitality. In extreme cases, they may have the idea of dying and commit suicide. The score is below 13, which shows that the individual is less depressed, optimistic, energetic and happy. Generally speaking, the higher the score, the more obvious the depression, and the lower the score, the less obvious the depression.
5. Anxiety
Generally refers to those fidgety, uneasy, nervous, nervous and the resulting physical signs, such as tremor.
The score of this subscale is between 0 and 40. Scores over 20 indicate that individuals are prone to anxiety, irritability, anxiety and nervousness, which may lead to panic attacks in extreme cases. The score is below 10, indicating that individuals are not easy to be anxious and easy to show a stable state. Generally speaking, the higher the score, the more obvious the anxiety performance. The lower the score, the less it will cause anxiety.
[6] hostility
Mainly from three aspects to reflect the performance of hostility: thoughts, feelings and behaviors. Its projects include boredom, falling objects, arguing to uncontrollable temper tantrums and so on.
The score of this subscale is between 0 and 24. Scores above 12 indicate that individuals are prone to show hostile thoughts, feelings and behaviors. A score below 6 indicates that individuals tend to show friendly thoughts, feelings and behaviors. Generally speaking, the higher the score, the easier it is for individuals to have hostile, argumentative and uncontrollable emotions. The lower the score, the gentler and friendlier the individual is, and he doesn't like to argue and has no destructive behavior.
(7) Terror
The objects of fear include travel, open space, crowds or public places and transportation. In addition, there is social terror.
The score of this subscale is between 0 and 28. Score above 14, indicating that personal terror symptoms are obvious, often showing social, square and crowd fear, and score below 7, indicating that personal terror symptoms are not obvious. Generally speaking, the higher the score, the easier it is for individuals to be afraid of certain places and objects, accompanied by obvious physical symptoms. The lower the score, the less likely individuals are to have terror, and the easier they are to have normal communication and activities.
stubbornly biased
Mainly refers to projective thinking, hostility, doubt, delusion, passive experience and exaggeration.
The score of this subscale is between 0 and 24. Scores above 12 indicate that personal paranoia symptoms are obvious, and it is easy to generate suspicion and hostility. Scores below 6 indicate that personal paranoia symptoms are not obvious. Generally speaking, the higher the score, the easier it is for individuals to be paranoid and show projective thinking and delusion. The lower the score, the less likely individuals are to go to extremes.
⑨。 psychotic
Reflect various acute symptoms and behaviors, that is, symptoms of a loosely defined psychiatric process.
The score of this subscale is between 0 and 40. A score above 20 indicates that the individual's psychotic symptoms are obvious, and a score below 10 indicates that the individual's psychotic symptoms are not obvious. Generally speaking, the higher the score, the more psychotic symptoms and behaviors. The lower the score, the less they show these symptoms and behaviors.
(10) Other projects
As an additional item or something else, it is treated as the 10 th factor, so that the sum of the scores of each factor is equal to the total score.
Fourth, refer to the specification.
Application of 1. reference standard
The foregoing provides a simple explanation of the test results, which should be said to be rough, mainly for subjects or students who are not familiar with psychometrics knowledge. In order to further understand the significance of the test results, we must compare the test scores with the norm to understand how different the scores of the subjects in each subscale are from the overall level. Only in this way can we accurately determine the significance of the scores in various subjects. For this scale, the grading principles of the scores of each sub-scale of the subjects are as follows: (1) Those who are within the average or the next standard deviation are "moderate symptoms"; ② The symptoms of higher or lower levels are within two standard deviations above or below the average; ③ High or low symptoms are symptoms with an average value exceeding two standard deviations or less. Therefore, it is not enough to look at the scores of the subjects on the surface, but also to look at their level in the same group to determine the true degree of their symptoms. For example, although the subjects scored higher on some subscales, if the average score of the subscales in the norm was also higher, it was found that the subjects' scores did not exceed a standard deviation after calculation, indicating that the subjects' symptoms in this respect were only at a moderate level, so don't worry too much!
Because the establishment of this norm is not perfect enough, it can not be called a standard national norm. Therefore, users mainly play a reference role when using it, and can't draw a very definite conclusion from it, so this specification is called "reference specification". In the future system upgrade, we will establish a more standard national standard.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) suggestion
SCL-90 contains a wide range of psychiatric symptoms, such as thinking, emotions, interpersonal relationships and living habits.
The scale examines the mental health level of individuals from nine aspects from the perspective of physical and mental symptoms. If you score higher on some symptoms, the frequency and intensity of some symptoms will be more serious, so you should pay attention to students' problems in this regard.
Since the self-rating scale measures the severity of symptoms that individuals feel over a period of time, we should be cautious in interpreting the scale scores. Does not necessarily mean that individuals have serious psychological problems. The high scores on some subscales may only be due to personal problems at that time, such as falling out of love, facing exams, getting sick and so on. Therefore, it is necessary to further understand the reasons for the high scores of students.
If individuals feel that these symptoms are serious in many dimensions, they should strengthen mental health education, and when they are serious, they should go to more authoritative psychological counseling and treatment institutions for further examination and diagnosis.