Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), formerly known as Bureau of Indian Affairs (IA), was established in 1824, and its service and jurisdiction include1900,000 Indians and Alaska natives. At present, there are 566 Indians and Alaska natives recognized by the United States. The Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) is mainly responsible for the Indian affairs of 55,700,000 acres (225,000 square kilometers) Indian reservation/trust, including Indian tribes and Alaskan Indians. The Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) has four offices, namely (BIA, 20 13):
1. Indian service office: mainly responsible for general affairs, disaster relief, child welfare, tribal government, indigenous autonomy and Indian road reservation projects.
2. Office of Judicial Service (OJS): 208 institutions, tribal courts and federal tribal land and judicial service offices that implement relevant laws or subsidies according to law, including 43 offices operated by the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) and 65,438+065 institutions that have signed up for operation or cooperated with the Office of Judicial Service.
3. Trust Service Office: Cooperate with tribes or individuals to manage trust land, assets or resources.
4. Field Operation Office: responsible for the operation of 12 regional offices and 83 indigenous-related institutions under the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA).
In the past, the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) was also responsible for the health services of indigenous people. 1954, its health services were transferred to the US Department of Health and Human Services to promote health services in India.
The Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) cooperates with the Bureau of Indian Education (BIE) to provide educational services for about 48,000 Indian students. The Education Bureau of India was established on August 29th, 2006. Responsible for Indian education affairs, including policy formulation and implementation, supervising the implementation and activities of various plans, approving funds, and liaising and coordinating. At present, the legislation on indigenous education system or policy in the United States is mainly based on the following three items (Indian Education Bureau, 20 13):
1.1Indian Reorganization Act passed in 934: This Act stipulates that Indian schools under the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) should teach the history and culture of indigenous people and Indians. After the bill is passed, the federal government will establish a boarding school education system, and incorporate the teaching of the history and culture of indigenous and Indian people into an important policy.
2. 1975 Indian Self-determination and Education Assistance Act (1975): This Act authorizes federally recognized tribes to sign contracts with the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) to operate schools subsidized by the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) and decide on curriculum plans.
3.1978 (Education Amendment1978, page 95-56 1) and further technical amendments (page 98-5 1 1, page 99-99 and page/kloc). And divide the powers and responsibilities of the education director and assistant "No Child Left Behind Act" (200 1 No Child Left Behind Act, P.L. 107- 107).
The mission of the Bureau of Indian Education (BIE) is (BIE, 20 13): to provide high-quality educational opportunities, and to maintain the wide diversity of cultural and political systems of Indian tribes and Alaska indigenous villages according to the needs of tribes for cultural and economic well-being, including from childhood to life. In addition, it is necessary to emphasize the spiritual, psychological, physical and cultural integration of individuals in families, tribes or villages.
The indigenous school system employs thousands of teachers, support staff and many others who serve in tribal schools. At present, 65,438+083 schools funded by BIE are located in 64 protected areas in 23 states, of which 58 schools are sponsored by BIE and 65,438+025 schools are managed by tribes through contracts and subsidies.
The Bureau of Indian Education (BIE) also serves students receiving higher education, providing scholarships and subsidizing tribal universities. At present, there are 28 tribal universities, two of which are directly managed by the Bureau of Indian Education (BIE): haskell Indian University for Nationalities (Hinu, located in Lawrence, Kansas). And the Southwest Indian Institute of Technology (SIPI, Albuquerque, New Mexico).
Author: Zhang Jialin, Education Office of the United States Representative Office.
References:
Bureau of Indian Affairs. (20 13). The official website of the Bureau of Indian Affairs. )