& gt basic knowledge of forestry terminology
1. Forest resources: Forest resources include forests, trees and woodlands, as well as wild animals, plants and microorganisms that depend on forests, trees and woodlands for survival.
2. Forests: including arbor forests and bamboo forests.
3. Forests: including trees and bamboo.
4. Forest land: including sparse forest land, sparse forest land, shrub land, uncultivated afforestation land, nursery land, undeveloped forest land, barren hills and wasteland suitable for forest and auxiliary production forest land.
5. Woodland: including arbor woodland and bamboo woodland.
6. Arbor forest land: Arbor refers to the obvious upright trunk, usually more than 3 meters high, which can be divided into big trees, medium trees and small trees according to different heights. A patch forest or forest belt with a canopy density greater than 0.2 (including 0.2) and a continuous area greater than 1 mu is called arbor forest land.
7. Bamboo forest land: It is composed of bamboo plants with DBH over 2 cm and canopy density over 0.2.
8. Sparse woodland: woodland composed of tree species, with canopy density of 0. 10 ~ 0. 19, and reasonable number of trees of 4 1% ~ 79% after artificial afforestation for 3 years and aerial seeding afforestation for 5 years; Or the forest land of natural origin that is lower than the standard number of trees in forest land division, but reaches more than 40% of the standard number of trees.
9. Shrub land: Shrub means that there is no trunk, most branches are separated from the ground, or although there is a trunk, the height is not more than 3 meters. Shrub land consists of shrub species (including economic shrub species) or tree species dwarfed by harsh habitats and small bamboo shrubs with DBH less than 2 cm. Shrub land is divided into shrub land specially stipulated by the state and other shrub land; National special shrub land refers to shrub land above the growth line of trees, shrub land with economic forest species and shrub land with serious rocky desertification or red desertification, which is designed for protection; Other shrub land refers to the shrub land outside the special provisions of the state.
Unforested land: including artificial afforestation land (within 3 years) and closing hillsides for afforestation (within 5 years).
10. Nursery land: fixed land for trees, flowers and seedlings.
1 1. Woodless land: including deforested land, burned land and other woodless land.
12. Suitable forest land: land that has been planned as forest land by people at or above the county level. Including barren hills and wasteland suitable for forest, wasteland suitable for forest sand and other suitable forest land.
13. Auxiliary production forest land: land for engineering facilities and supporting facilities directly serving forestry production.
14. Trees: Tree species that grow in the forest and reach the canopy. The trunk of a tree is straighter and taller than an isolated tree, and it can produce logs with better roundness. It is the main body of forest output and the main object of forest management and utilization.
15. Forest classification: Forests are divided into the following five categories:
(1) Shelterbelt: forests, trees and shrubs with the main purpose of protection, including water conservation forests, soil and water conservation forests, windbreak and sand fixation forests, farmland and pasture protection forests, bank protection forests and road protection forests;
(2) Timber forests: forests and trees whose main purpose is to produce wood, including bamboo forests whose main purpose is to produce bamboo;
(3) Economic forests: trees whose main purpose is to produce fruits, edible oils, beverages, condiments, industrial raw materials and medicinal materials;
(4) Fuelwood forests: forests whose main purpose is to produce fuel;
(5) Special-purpose forests: forests and trees whose main purposes are national defense, environmental protection and scientific experiments. , including national defense forest, experimental forest, mother forest, environmental protection forest, scenic forest, trees in historical sites and revolutionary memorial sites, and forests in nature reserves.
16, forest origin: also known as forest origin or forest genesis. Refers to the way of forest formation, that is, the way of forest reproduction. Specifically, it can be divided into two situations: ① the origin of the stand when it was first formed. Because it originated from natural propagation or artificial cultivation, there are natural forests and artificial forests. (2) The formation of trees, due to the different modes of reproduction, the origin of forests can be divided into seedling forests and asexual reproduction forests.
17. Plantation: a forest formed by artificial sowing, planting or cutting.
18. Natural forest: a forest formed by natural sowing or germination.
Primitive forest: a natural forest that has not been cut down and cultivated artificially.
19. Secondary forest: refers to a kind of forest in which the original forest or plantation was destroyed by human or natural factors, but it was restored by natural forces without reasonable human management.
20. Vegetation: All kinds of plants grow in groups, species gather and communities are intertwined, like a green embroidered quilt tightly wrapping the earth. This vibrant and ever-changing plant is called vegetation.
2 1. Plant community: Vegetation is not randomly patched together, but a regular combination of certain plant species under certain natural environmental conditions. Each such combined unit is called a plant community.
22. Biodiversity: Biodiversity refers to the species and quantity of different animal and plant communities and their relationships. Forest is the most diverse and abundant ecosystem on land, and it is a natural synthesis of animals, plants and microorganisms, so protecting forest means protecting biodiversity directly and indirectly.
23. Ecological environment: Ecological environment refers to the quantity and quality of water resources, land resources, biological resources and climate resources that affect human survival and development. Ecological environment can also be called environment for short.
24. Eco-environmental construction: Eco-environmental construction refers to the application of ecosystem principles to simulate and design the optimal artificial ecosystem according to different levels, levels and scales of ecological construction tasks, and to produce according to the model in order to achieve the expected best ecological and economic benefits.
25. Construction of forestry ecological environment: It refers to the construction of major shelter forest systems, nature reserves and wildlife protection projects in one region or across regions, and the management and protection of existing forest resources in order to maintain and rebuild a benign ecological environment and maintain biodiversity and representative natural landscapes, starting from the overall situation of land consolidation and the needs of national sustainable development.
26. Stand: Forests with the same internal characteristics, but obviously different from neighboring areas. The forest in a forest area can be divided into different stands according to different tree species composition, forest origin, forest phase, forest age, density, status class and other factors.
27. Standing tree: it has two meanings: ① the sum of trees that constitute the main part of the forest; (2) Living trees that have not been cut down in the forest.
Tree species composition: refers to which trees in the forest are composed.
28. Dominant tree species: the tree species with the largest number (generally referring to the largest volume ratio) in the stand.
29. Pioneer tree species: the first tree species that can naturally grow into forests in places with poor site conditions such as barren hills and wasteland. Such as Pinus massoniana, Pinus tabulaeformis, Liquidambar formosana, Hippophae rhamnoides, etc.
30. Pure forest: A stand composed of the same tree species is called a pure forest.
3 1. Mixed forest: A forest consisting of two or more tree species is called a mixed forest.
32. Forest phase: There are two meanings: ① The shape of forest refers to the height of canopy, which is divided into single-layer forest and multi-layer forest. ② Forest quality and health status. Trees with high value and vigorous growth are called excellent forest conditions, and vice versa.
33. Canopy: The degree to which the crown of a forest is interconnected and covers the ground. Using the ten-point method, the degree of completely covering the ground is 1, which is divided into ten grades, namely 1.00.90.8 ... and 0. 1 in turn.
34. Forest age: refers to the age structure of stands and trees, which can be divided into forests of the same age and forests of different ages. All the trees in the stand are exactly the same age, and this stand is called the same age forest. If the age difference between trees in a stand does not exceed one age class, it is called a relative age forest. Forests whose ages differ by more than one age class are called heterogeneous forests.
35. Age class: the age class of a stand designated to simplify the statistics of stand age. Generally, 20 years is the age class of slow-growing trees, 10 years is fast-growing trees and medium-growing trees, and 5 years is fast-growing trees.
36. Age group: the age group during the growth and development of trees. There are young forests, middle-aged forests, near-mature forests, mature forests and over-mature forests.
Young forest: refers to the period before the stand is completely closed.
37. Middle-aged forest: the period from canopy closure to stand maturity.
38. Mature forest: The trees have matured biologically and technically, and their diameter growth has been very slow or basically stopped.
39. Over-mature forest: Natural thinning basically ended, trees stopped growing, heart rot began, pests and diseases infected, some standing trees withered and decayed due to physiological decline, and the economic value and benefits of the forest began to decline.
40. Volume: refers to the total volume of trees growing in a certain area of forest (including young forest, middle-aged forest, near-mature forest, mature forest, over-mature forest and dead forest) (expressed in cubic meters). Mainly refers to the volume of the trunk.
4 1. Timber output and timber output rate: Timber output refers to the number of logs, logs, small-sized timber and fuelwood produced in actual cutting stands. Branches, bark, roots, etc. Not included. Timber output refers to the ratio of timber accumulation to logging. It is an important index reflecting the utilization of forest resources, and its high wood output indicates that forest resources have been well utilized. On the contrary, it means poor utilization rate.
42. Total growth: refers to the total growth of trees during the whole time from the beginning of growth to the time of investigation.
43. Forest coverage: refers to the percentage of forest area in the whole country or a region to the land area. Equal to: (forest area+shrubbery area specified by the state) ÷ Forest coverage rate obtained from total land area × 100%.
44. Tree greening rate: Tree greening rate refers to (woodland area+shrub land area+surrounding trees area) ÷ total land area × 100%.
45. Artificial afforestation: the work of planting saplings and sowing seeds artificially to create forests.
46. Surrounding greening refers to planting trees in houses, villages, roadsides and watersides.
47. Site conditions: refers to the combination of topography, climate, soil and other environmental factors. Forest plants acting on afforestation areas.
48. Adapting trees to the site is to adapt the biological characteristics of afforestation tree species to the conditions of afforestation site, so as to give full play to their production potential and make an afforestation area reach a better production level under the existing technical and economic conditions.
49. Comprehensive soil preparation: comprehensive cultivation and afforestation, and thorough removal of weeds and shrubs.
50. Ditch preparation: also known as ditch or furrow preparation. It is a method of soil preparation by digging ditches from bottom to top along the contour line and piling the core soil on the downhill slope to form soil stalks.