Environmental pollution and harm caused by construction site. The waste residue of construction site polluted by "three wastes" mainly comes from demolition waste and a large amount of construction waste generated during construction.
The wastewater in the construction process comes from the mixing, washing and maintenance of components and building materials, the wetting of walls and the domestic sewage of employees. In particular, the leakage of temporary water supply pipes and long running water are the sources of on-site sewage overflow. In addition, mud discharged from pile foundation construction, groundwater extracted from construction precipitation and cement slurry produced by terrazzo are also sources of on-site wastewater.
The generation of waste gas is generally the hot-melt processing of chemical building materials, and the most important thing is the pollution caused by the fire used by the on-site construction personnel for cooking and heating. The tail gas pollution produced by construction machinery and transport vehicles using diesel as fuel is also the main component of exhaust gas.
Noise and light pollution almost run through the whole construction process, such as piling in foundation construction. The noise generated by construction machinery such as tower cranes, chainsaws, mixers, vibrating handles, electric welding machines and drilling machines in the main construction mostly exceeds the standard by several times and dozens of times. Take the concrete mixer and vibrating rod as examples, which are 65,438+0.5kdb and 3 KDB respectively. According to statistics, construction noise accounts for more than 8% of urban comprehensive noise sources. In recent years, light pollution is mainly caused by high-intensity flash produced by steel components processing and welding, which is more likely to cause personal injury. In order to ensure the construction period and speed, many construction sites have strong lighting all day, causing environmental pollution.
White pollution in chemical building materials and construction process, additives, plastics, polyurethane, adhesives, etc. Used for cleaning solvents such as rust, acid, alkali, salt and alcohol; Some radioactive substances, such as natural marble and granite; Gasoline, waterproof ointment, paint, coil, paint thinner, etc. ; Long-term pollution is volatile and harmful substances such as plastic products, high molecular polymers, gypsum boards, rubber and plastic materials; Many building materials, fittings and equipment are packed in plastic films, woven bags, plastic buckets, boxes and benzene boards. In the construction process, plastic films used for heat preservation, maintenance and rain protection are often not recycled in time, resulting in obvious white pollution on the construction site.
Domestic pollution and dust pollution Because building construction is a labor-intensive industry, dozens or even hundreds of people often work in a construction site, which will produce a lot of domestic garbage in the normal life process, such as waste, excrement, defecation and so on. Building materials such as cement, lime, fly ash, sand, loess, glass fiber, perlite, etc. Most of them are powdery, flaky and granular substances, which are easy to fly. The frequent activities of transport vehicles and personnel and the influence of open-air operation cause dust pollution.
Affect the living environment and personal safety of residents. A large number of construction waste and domestic waste pollute and destroy the surrounding environment, affecting the beauty of the city. Vehicles carrying soil and construction vehicles loaded with granular and fluid materials are easy to pollute municipal roads. The overflow of construction sewage and excrement affects the appearance of the city and brings inconvenience to the lives of surrounding residents. In particular, construction noise and night construction will affect residents' rest and interfere with the quiet living environment of citizens. Casualties caused by construction waste and construction mud are common, especially the incidents of throwing garbage outside the building to hurt pedestrians and destroy houses occur from time to time.
(1) Construction environmental protection measures. Civilized construction and management measures at the site have enhanced environmental awareness. Construction personnel should have a strong sense of environmental protection, seriously study national laws and regulations on environmental protection, and improve environmental quality. (2) Carry out civilized construction and create a civilized construction site. The key contents of civilized construction include on-site enclosure, closed management, construction site sanitation, material stacking, on-site accommodation, on-site fire prevention, comprehensive management of public security, construction signs, and management of living facilities. (3) Strengthen on-site management. The formation of various pollution sources is directly related to the management of the construction site. If quality management can't keep up, it will cause rework and produce a lot of rework waste. Material management is chaotic, which will cause sand and gravel to pile up in disorder and cement, lime and dust to fly. Poor labor management may even lead to chaos at the scene, and waste and excrement cannot be controlled. We should attach great importance to it and make great efforts to grasp it. Environmental protection depends on management, and management produces benefits.
(1) Measures to prevent "three wastes" pollution and air pollution. The garbage on the construction site should be removed in time and sprinkled with water. High-rise or multi-storey building garbage must be set up with closed temporary special garbage lanes or lifted by containers, and it is strictly forbidden to throw it into the air at will. (2) Fine materials such as cement should be stored in the warehouse as far as possible. If stored in the open air, it should be covered tightly, and effective measures should be taken when unloading. (3) The construction road should be arranged on the construction site in combination with the permanent road in the design, and the subgrade practice should be implemented according to the design requirements. Reef slag, fine stone asphalt or concrete can be used as the surface layer to reduce road dust, and the pavement damaged by construction should be repaired at any time to prevent floating soil. (4) The transport vehicles shall not be overloaded, and the earthwork, construction dregs or other bulk materials of the transport project shall not exceed the upper edge of the trough. Before the transport vehicle enters the field, the grooves and wheels of the vehicle should be washed clean to prevent the transport vehicle with soil from driving out of the field and leaving muck on the way. (5) The mixing equipment on the construction site must be equipped with a closed fence and a spray dust removal device. (6) The construction site shall establish a system of sprinkling water to suppress dust, equipped with sprinkling equipment, and designated persons shall be responsible for sprinkling water on site to suppress dust, and clean up the eluvial soil in time. (7) When demolishing old buildings, water should be sprayed.
(1) Where concrete, mortar and other mixing operations are needed for water pollution prevention, sedimentation tanks must be set up. The discharged wastewater must be precipitated twice in the sedimentation tank before it can be discharged into the municipal sewage pipeline or recycled for sprinkling water to reduce dust. Untreated mud water is strictly forbidden to be directly discharged into urban drainage facilities and rivers. (2) Where the existing terrazzo operation produces sewage, the flow direction of sewage must be controlled to prevent diffusion, and a sedimentation tank should be set at a reasonable position, and the sewage pipe can be discharged only after sedimentation. Construction sewage is strictly prohibited from flowing out of the construction site. (3) To control the sewage discharge of the temporary canteen on the construction site, it is necessary to set up a simple and effective grease trap, and the generated sewage passes through the grease trap through the sewer pipe, so as to strengthen management and regularly discharge oil. (4) A special paint and oil depot shall be set up on the construction site, and the ground and walls of the oil depot shall be specially treated to prevent leakage, and a special person shall be responsible for the use and storage to prevent oil from running, leaking, dripping and leaking, and polluting the water body. (5) It is forbidden to use toxic and harmful wastes as earthwork backfill to prevent groundwater and environment pollution.
(1) In order to prevent noise pollution on the construction site, corresponding noise reduction systems and measures are formulated according to the Noise Limits at Construction Sites -90. (2) When noise operations are carried out in densely populated areas, the operation time must be strictly controlled, and construction measures that do not disturb people should be formulated. If continuous operation is required under special circumstances, the night construction permit shall be handled as required. (3) The processing of finished and semi-finished products with strong noise should be completed in factories and workshops, reducing the construction site; Noise produced by ~( 13)n-r manufacturing. (4) The machinery with strong noise on the construction site, such as mixers, chainsaws, planers and grinders, should be provided with closed mechanical sheds to reduce the spread of strong noise. (5) Strengthen the management of the construction site, especially put an end to knocking, screaming, rough handling noise and other phenomena, and minimize noise nuisance.
Scientific and technological environmental protection measures. Promoting new technology in the construction industry not only plays a huge role in improving the scientific and technological level and economic benefits of enterprises, but also is an essential technical measure for environmental protection and civilized construction.
Application technology of ready-mixed concrete and centralized mixing station: when pumped to the working face, it can greatly reduce the site sand and gravel, cement land and mixing machinery, eliminate dust and noise pollution and reduce construction water.
New reinforcement engineering technology: double reinforcement, cold-rolled twisted reinforcement, cold-rolled ribbed reinforcement and large-diameter reinforcement connection technology, in which mechanical connection fundamentally eliminates the light pollution caused by welding. (3) New formwork and scaffold application technology: The amount of formwork and scaffold materials used on site is greatly reduced, which shortens the construction period and alleviates the confusion caused by on-site stacking. (4) High-strength concrete, high-performance concrete and prestressed concrete technology: it can reduce the pouring amount of building concrete and help reduce the amount of steel bars on site. (5) Building energy-saving technology: adopting new energy-saving wall, changing wet operation into dry operation, reducing water consumption and naturally reducing on-site water pollution. (6) New technology of building waterproof engineering: new waterproof materials other than petroleum asphalt felt and new construction methods are adopted to lay waterproof layer, and hot operation is changed into cold operation. (7) Modern management technology: use modern management science and means to improve the management level and project quality of construction enterprises, speed up the construction progress and generate environmental protection benefits.
Compared with other industries, the implementation of new technologies and equipment in the construction industry still belongs to industries with relatively backward technologies, processes and equipment. In view of construction pollution, some new technologies, new equipment and new equipment should be selected, green building materials should be used in design, and pollution-free new equipment and new technologies should be implemented in construction.
(1) Strictly restrict or prohibit the use of high-noise air hammer for piling, and implement new low-noise technologies such as concrete cast-in-place piles and static pressure piles. (2) Dry hanging granite and marble is adopted, which overcomes the shortcomings of cement bonding. (3) The effective ways to avoid night construction are to increase effective operation shifts, arrange construction sequence reasonably, coordinate installation and civil construction, eliminate noise and waste pollution caused by chiseling, protect finished products and recycle waste in time. (4) Building a toilet helps to prevent fecal pollution. (5) Construction machinery with improved and innovative noise. (6) Implement the construction method of centralized processing in the factory and on-site assembly to minimize the land and personnel on site, which can effectively reduce all kinds of pollution.
(1) Strengthen recycling to classify construction waste. Sand and gravel can be used as aggregate of concrete, broken bricks can be used as concrete or backfill, ground ash and sundries can be used as mortar aggregate after being crushed, and plastic buckets, boxes, boxes and woven bags can be sent to garbage collection stations for treatment. (2) Production of crushed stone used as concrete aggregate, construction of roads, squares, airstrips and railway ballast, etc. (3) producing cement. Most metallurgical slag, such as blast furnace slag, steel slag, part of ferroalloy slag, calcium carbide slag, etc. All belong to alkaline slag, and the content of calcium oxide is% ~ 50%. All kinds of cement can be produced after water quenching. (4) producing silicate building products. Using waste residue to produce cinder brick, slag brick, coal gangue brick, fly ash brick, cement ash brick, fly ash block, etc. It provides rich raw materials for the production of bricks, tiles and blocks, saves cultivated land and is beneficial to supporting agriculture. (5) Build water storage tanks and water collection wells in concrete mixers and places where scouring is concentrated, and recover wastewater in time, and use it for engineering or scouring after precipitation treatment. (6) In large-scale construction sites with many people, biogas digesters can be built near toilets to treat garbage and feces, and the generated biogas can be used for boiling water, cooking and lighting, which not only reduces pollution, but also saves construction costs. (7) Waste engine oil is recycled as isolation agent or preservative for formwork engineering. (8) Metals, wood, fibers and other wastes should be reused as much as possible. (9) Recycling of plastic waste residue: ① Heating and pressurizing the waste residue to form recycled plastic; ② Waste plastic residue is crushed, dissolved by microwave, decomposed by heating, and cooled to extract petroleum fuel.
Conclusion: Protect the environment of the construction site, realize civilized and safe construction, save valuable construction resources, make the awareness of environmental protection deeply rooted in people's hearts, reduce building energy consumption, reduce construction cost and provide a good environment.
In improving construction environmental protection, the most fundamental thing is that from the individual to the country, environmental protection must be deepened into a kind of consciousness and a kind of responsibility, and implemented into concrete actions. Good environmental awareness is an important embodiment of every builder in modern times. The development of society is more and more people-oriented, which requires us to protect the environment. Any development at the expense of destroying the environment is not desirable. It is believed that with the deep-rooted awareness of environmental protection and the extensive participation of the general public, we will certainly be able to embark on a road of scientific development that pays equal attention to social progress and environmental protection.
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