However, before 1959, Tibet was in a feudal serfdom society with the integration of politics and religion and the dictatorship of monks and nobles for a long time. Serfs and slaves, who account for more than 95% of Tibet's total population, have no personal freedom and are deprived of their basic rights. From 65438 to 0959, Tibet carried out democratic reforms, ending the history of feudal serfdom in which politics and religion were integrated, and millions of serfs and slaves, accounting for more than 95% of the population, gained the right to be human beings. Tibet has thus entered a new era of social development and human rights progress.
1In September 1992, the Press Office of the State Council, People's Republic of China (PRC) published a white paper entitled "Tibet's Sovereignty and Human Rights", which comprehensively introduced and expounded the history of the relationship between Tibet and the motherland and the development and progress of human rights in modern Tibet with a large number of facts.
In recent years, with the attention and support of the central government, with the strong support of all parts of the country, and through the efforts of the people of all ethnic groups in Tibet, Tibet's economic and social development has obviously accelerated, further promoting the development of human rights. The development of human rights in Xizang Autonomous Region is an important part of the new progress of human rights in China.
Understanding and judging the human rights situation in Tibet depends on facts. This is a fact that Xizang Autonomous Region has made new progress in human rights since 1992.
First, the system of regional ethnic autonomy and people's political rights.
Tibetans live in Tibet, accounting for 95% of the total population of 2.44 million in the whole autonomous region, and Han and other ethnic groups account for 5%. According to the Constitution of China, the state implements the system of regional ethnic autonomy in Tibet, establishes the Xizang Autonomous Region, and guarantees the political rights of people of all ethnic groups in Tibet to participate in the management of state and local affairs on an equal footing according to law, especially people in Xizang's autonomy to independently manage local and ethnic affairs. Regional ethnic autonomy in areas where ethnic minorities live in concentrated communities is an important political system in China, and it is also the basic policy of the China government to solve ethnic problems.
1956 in April, according to the decision of the central government, preparatory committee for the tibet autonomous region was established. 19, Xizang Autonomous Region was formally established, with Ngapoi Ngawangjigme as the first chairman of the autonomous region. The Xizang Autonomous Region Municipal People's Congress and the Xizang Autonomous Region Municipal People's Government, as organs of self-government, exercise autonomy according to law. According to the Constitution of China and the Law on Regional Ethnic Autonomy, regional ethnic autonomous areas enjoy extensive autonomy, involving legislation, the use of ethnic languages, personnel management, economic management, financial management, education management, cultural management, management and development of natural resources and many other aspects.
As the local organs of state power in Tibet, Xizang Autonomous Region People's Congress and its Standing Committee fully exercise the autonomy conferred by the Constitution and laws, and actively formulate laws and regulations suitable for the characteristics of ethnic areas. Following 1965 to 1992 promulgating more than 60 local laws and regulations, such as the Rules of Procedure of the People's Congress of Xizang Autonomous Region and Several Provisions on the Study, Use and Development of Tibetan Language in Xizang Autonomous Region (for Trial Implementation), in recent years, 23 local laws and regulations have been formulated, 2 1 piece of legal decisions have been made, and 23 laws and regulations have been cleaned up and revised. Including "Regulations on Environmental Protection in Xizang Autonomous Region", "Regulations on the Work of Township People's Congresses in Xizang Autonomous Region" and "Several Provisions on Strengthening the Inspection and Supervision of the Implementation of Laws and Regulations", we have formulated 14 measures for the implementation of ethnic laws and regulations that are suitable for Tibet. On the basis of the implementation of national statutory holidays, Xizang Autonomous Region's legislative and administrative organs have also listed Tibetan traditional festivals such as the Tibetan New Year and the Sutton Festival as holidays in the autonomous region. According to the special natural and geographical factors in Tibet, the autonomous region stipulates that the working hours of employees are 35 hours per week, which is 5 hours less than the legal working hours stipulated by the state. According to statistics, since 1992, the number of legislations formulated by Xizang Autonomous Region People's Congress and its Standing Committee to safeguard people in Xizang's interests according to the actual situation in Tibet has exceeded the sum of the previous 12 years.
The chairman of the Standing Committee of the People's Congress of Xizang Autonomous Region and the chairman of the autonomous region are all Tibetan citizens. The Constitution of China and the Law on Regional National Autonomy stipulate that the standing committees of people's congresses in ethnic autonomous areas shall have citizens of ethnic groups exercising regional autonomy as directors or deputy directors; The chairman of an autonomous region, the governor of an autonomous prefecture and the head of an autonomous county shall be a citizen of the ethnic group exercising regional autonomy. Since the founding of Xizang Autonomous Region, four directors of the Standing Committee of the People's Congress of the autonomous region and five chairmen of the autonomous region have all been Tibetan citizens. According to statistics, at present, Tibetans and other ethnic minorities account for 7 1.4% of the directors and deputy directors of the Standing Committee of the People's Congress of the autonomous region, and 80% of the members of the Standing Committee of the People's Congress of the autonomous region; Chairman Xizang Autonomous Region, Vice Chairman 77%? 8%。 1993 After the general election of townships (towns), counties, prefectures (cities) and autonomous regions, Tibetans and other ethnic minorities accounted for 93.2% of the members of the four-level state power organs, accounting for 99.8% and 98.8% of the elected township heads and county heads respectively. 6%, accounting for 96% and 89% of the presidents of people's courts at the autonomous region, prefecture (city) and county levels and the chief procurators of people's procuratorates respectively. Since 1992, the training and selection of Tibetan and other ethnic minority cadres in Tibet has been further developed. According to the statistics of 1996, the ratio of cadres of Tibetans and other ethnic minorities in Tibet has increased by 1 8? 22%, accounting for 73.88% of the total number of cadres, 4.48 percentage points higher than 1992.
Ensuring the study and use of Tibetan language is an important aspect of guaranteeing people in Xizang's right to autonomy and exercising its right to participate in the management of state and local affairs. According to the Constitution of China, all ethnic groups have the freedom to use and develop their own spoken and written languages. China's Law on Regional National Autonomy stipulates that the organs of self-government of ethnic autonomous areas shall perform their duties in one or more languages commonly used in the local areas in accordance with the regulations on autonomy of ethnic autonomous areas. The Provisions on Learning, Using and Developing Tibetan Language (Trial) adopted by Xizang Autonomous Region National People's Congress clearly stipulates that Tibetan language is equally important in Xizang Autonomous Region, and Tibetan language is the main language. Tibetan is the common language of Tibet. Resolutions, regulations and decrees adopted by people's congresses at all levels, and official documents and announcements issued by governments at all levels are written in both Tibetan and Chinese. In judicial proceedings, Tibetan litigants try cases and legal documents in Tibetan language. Newspapers, radio and television in Tibet are written in both Tibetan and Chinese, and organs, streets, road signs and public facilities are marked in both Tibetan and Chinese. Academic, cultural and artistic workers in Tibet have the right to create and publish academic achievements and artistic works in their own spoken and written languages.
The implementation of the system of regional ethnic autonomy has further guaranteed people in Xizang's political rights, making the political rights enjoyed by people in Xizang today very different from those enjoyed in old Tibet.
1959 Before the democratic reform, Tibet was a feudal serfdom society darker than medieval Europe. Serfs and slaves, who account for 95% of Tibet's total population, have been completely deprived of their personal freedom and political rights. Serf owners regard serfs and slaves as private property, which can be bought, sold, transferred, donated, paid off and exchanged. The Thirteen Codes and Sixteen Codes, which prevailed in old Tibet for hundreds of years until 1959, were abolished, which clearly divided people into three classes and nine classes and stipulated the inequality of people's legal status. The code stipulates that a superior person, such as a prince, has a life price of gold and is as heavy as his body; There are inferior people, such as women, butchers, hunters, craftsmen and so on. Their lives are worth a straw rope. Serfdom owners maintained feudal serfdom with cruel punishment, and often inflicted appalling torture on serfs and slaves, such as gouging out eyes, cutting off ears, chopping hands, chopping feet and splashing water.
The democratic reform abolished the feudal serfdom, and people in Xizang, like the people of all ethnic groups in China, became the masters of the country and society and gained all the civil and political rights stipulated by the Constitution and laws.
In Tibet, citizens aged 18 have the right to vote and stand for election, regardless of nationality, race, sex, occupation, family background, religious belief, education level, property status and length of residence. They elect their own representatives and exercise the power to manage state and local affairs through the elected people's congresses at all levels. According to statistics, in 1993, there were131085 voters in Tibet, accounting for 98.6% of citizens over 18 years old. China's Constitution and Electoral Law clearly stipulate that all ethnic minorities should have an appropriate number of representatives in the National People's Congress, the highest organ of state power. The electoral law also gives special consideration to the election of representatives of ethnic minorities. For example, if the total population of the same ethnic minority in the inhabited territory accounts for more than 30% of the total population in the territory, the population represented by each representative shall be equivalent to the population represented by each representative of the local people's congress; If it is less than 15%, the population represented by each representative may be appropriately less than that represented by each representative of the local people's congress. Ethnic minorities, who account for 8% of the country's total population, currently account for more than 14% of the total number of NPC deputies. There are currently 20 deputies to the Ninth National People's Congress in Tibet, of which 80% are from Tibetans and other ethnic minorities. Although the ethnic minorities in Tibet, such as Menba and Barrow, have a small population, they also have their own representatives in the National People's Congress and people's congresses at all levels in Tibet. Pagbalha Geleg Namgyai Living Buddha is currently the vice chairman of the 8th the National People's Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC).
People from all walks of life in Tibet also participate in and discuss state affairs and exercise their democratic rights by attending political consultative conferences at all levels. At present, some Tibetan ethnic and religious figures are members and standing Committee members of the China People's Political Consultative Conference, and Ngapoi Ngawangjigme is vice chairman of the China People's Political Consultative Conference. Since the establishment of 1959, the Tibet Committee of the China People's Political Consultative Conference has extensively recruited Tibetans and people from other ethnic groups and religious circles to participate. At present, hundreds of people from various ethnic groups and religious circles are members, including Lalu Tsvandorje, Tangmai & middot Gongjue Baima and other nobles in the old Tibetan government period, all of whom have served as vice-chairmen of the CPPCC in the autonomous region. The old Tibetan code stipulated that "women should not be given the right to discuss state affairs", but this situation no longer exists in new Tibet. From 65,438 to 0,996, women deputies to the People's Congress of Xizang Autonomous Region account for 20% of the total number of deputies. At present, there are 573 female cadres at or above the county level in Tibet, and for the first time in history, Tibetan women judges, prosecutors, policemen and lawyers have appeared.
In Xizang Autonomous Region, a judicial team dominated by Tibetans and other ethnic minorities has been formed. In strict accordance with the Constitution and laws, the judicial departments of Xizang Autonomous Region protect the basic rights and freedoms and other legitimate rights and interests of citizens of all ethnic groups in Xizang Autonomous Region, protect public property and legitimate property owned by citizens, punish criminals who endanger society according to law and maintain social order. Xizang Autonomous Region's crime rate and imprisonment rate are lower than the national average. The legitimate rights of criminals are protected by law; Criminals of ethnic minorities and religious beliefs are not discriminated against and are taken care of in many aspects such as living habits. The material conditions such as food, clothing, housing and use for prisoners during their prison term are guaranteed by the government. According to the prisoners' national life and eating habits, the prison has a special stove, which supplies Sabah, butter tea and sweet tea every month. All prisons in Tibet have medical and health institutions, and the number of doctors owned by criminals is higher than the national average of prisons. Criminals enjoy rest days, holidays and national traditional festivals uniformly prescribed by the state. During the period of serving a sentence, criminals can meet their relatives every month according to law, and they can get commutation or parole and various rewards according to law.
Second, economic development and people's right to subsistence and development.
Accelerating Tibet's economic construction, constantly improving people's living standards, and enabling the broad masses of Tibetan people to fully enjoy their rights to subsistence and development are the primary goals of the central government's work in Tibet and the primary tasks of governments at all levels in Xizang Autonomous Region. The central government and local governments at all levels in Tibet have made great efforts and made remarkable achievements.
Since 1992, Tibet's economy has grown rapidly. From 65438 to 0997, Tibet's GDP was about 73? 500 million yuan, calculated at comparable prices, 96% higher than 199 1? 6%, with an average annual growth rate of 1 1? 9%。 Since 19 87, Tibet has had a bumper harvest for ten consecutive years, with a total grain output of 820,000 tons, up 0.4% from 580,000 tons in 0+0. The total output of meat reached 1 1? 90,000 tons, 25.5% higher than 199 1. At present, Xizang Autonomous Region is making active efforts to achieve the goal of lifting the whole region out of poverty by 2000 and enabling most people to live a well-off life.
Since 1992, Tibet has accelerated the construction of infrastructure closely related to people's daily production and life, such as transportation, energy and communication, and developed architecture, building materials, textiles, food and ethnic handicrafts. Lhasa Gongga Airport was expanded and Qamdo Bangda Airport was rebuilt. Now, Tibet has several flights to other cities in China every day, and there are international flights every week. Tibet has basically built a transportation network consisting of aviation and highways. 1996 Tibet's total road freight volume ratio 1965 increased 14? 6 times, passenger traffic increased by 27.9 times, and the average annual air passenger traffic reached 654.38+million, which greatly changed the situation that old Tibet relied entirely on people to carry livestock and traffic jams. Seven satellite communication stations and program-controlled telephone exchanges have been built and opened in 5/kloc-0 counties in Tibet, and 98% counties have realized program-controlled satellite transmission and telephone calls, and have entered the automatic telephone exchange network at home and abroad. Major towns in Tibet, such as Lhasa, Shigatse, Naqu, Qamdo, Zedang and Shiquanhe, have accelerated their municipal construction. Since the 1980s, more than 300,000 square meters of old houses have been rebuilt in Lhasa alone, and 5,226 households have moved into new houses. These developments have improved the living environment and quality of life of urban and rural residents.
Tibet's economic development started on a very primitive and backward basis. Due to the average altitude of more than 4000 meters, cold and lack of oxygen, the natural conditions for Tibet's economic development are also very bad. Coupled with the feudal serfdom in old Tibet, Tibet's economy is very backward and people's living standards are low. In view of this situation, the central government has always attached great importance to the development of Tibet, given strong support in terms of manpower, material resources, financial resources and technology, and implemented special preferential policies according to the situation in Tibet. From 1980 to now, farmers and herdsmen in Tibet are free to buy, and all their income belongs to them. In recent years, the central government has given Tibet an annual financial subsidy of more than 65.438+0.2 billion yuan, and has also taken special measures such as reducing burdens, preferential investment, intellectual investment, and lump-sum poverty alleviation. From the early 1950s to 1997, the central government invested more than 40 billion yuan in Tibet. From 1959 to 1996, 6.74 million tons of materials entered Tibet, including commercial materials11000000 tons, grain1300000 tons and oil1480000 tons.
According to the key points and special needs of Tibet's economic and social development in different periods, the state has also given large-scale centralized aid construction. Following 1984, when the central government mobilized nine provinces and cities to build 43 projects in Tibet, 1994, the central government decided that the central government and other provinces and cities in China would build 62 projects in Tibet free of charge within three or four years, including agricultural water conservancy, energy, transportation and communication, industry, social undertakings, municipal engineering, etc. At present, most of these projects have been completed and put into use, with a total investment of 23? 800 million yuan increased to 3.6? 600 million yuan. Since 199 1 the comprehensive development project of "one river and two rivers" (Yarlung Zangbo River, Lhasa River and Nianchu River) invested by the central government was implemented, the grain output and the per capita net income of farmers and herdsmen in the development zone have been greatly improved. The Yangzhuoyong Lake Pumped Storage Power Station with a national investment of 2 billion/kloc-0.40 billion yuan was completed in/kloc-0.997. In recent years, 14 provinces and cities across the country have also assisted Tibet 1 5 1 other construction projects with a total investment of 490 million yuan. The completion of these projects will bring Tibet's economic development level and the living standards of urban and rural residents to a new level.
Economic development has significantly improved the lives of urban and rural residents in Tibet. 1996, the per capita income of urban residents in Tibet was 5030 yuan, which was 4 times higher than 199 1 year, with an average annual growth of 19%. The per capita net income of farmers and herdsmen was 975 yuan, an increase of 48.3% compared with 199 1, with an average annual increase of 8.2%. From 65438 to 0997, the per capita living expenses income of urban residents in Tibet reached 5 130 yuan, and the per capita net income of farmers and herdsmen reached 1040 yuan. The balance of savings deposits of urban and rural residents in Tibet increased from 654,38+0,997 to 565,438+0,996,5438+0,000,000 yuan to 654,38+0,997 to 30 million yuan. 4.5 billion yuan. 1996, the per capita grain possession in Tibet was 372kg, an increase of 28% compared with 199 1. Although the population has increased by about one and a half times, the per capita grain possession is still twice as high as that in the early 1950s. 1996, the per capita meat consumption in Tibet was 48.6 kg, which was 199 1 growth 172%. Compared with 1996+099 1, the per capita vegetable consumption of urban residents increased by 26%, and the edible oil consumption increased by 14? 5%, the consumption of eggs increased 1? 1 time, the consumption of sweets and cakes increased by 3.2 times. With the development of economy, the family property of urban and rural residents is increasing day by day. Most families of farmers and herdsmen have considerable means of production, and the average value of productive fixed assets owned by each family of farmers and herdsmen is more than 8,000 yuan. Every 100 households have 9 cars, 6 tractors, 3 motorized threshers and 0/2 carriages. In urban families, durable consumer goods such as household appliances are increasing year by year. 1996, every 100 urban households had 88 color TV sets, 6 black-and-white TV sets, 42 washing machines, 50 refrigerators, 46 cameras, 9 motorcycles and 222 bicycles, all of which were significantly higher than 19 1 year. According to the statistics of the local government in old Tibet, 1950, about 90% of the population in Tibet did not have their own houses. Now, except for a few pastoral areas, other families have fixed housing. From 1990 to 1995, the housing area of rural and urban residents in Tibet increased from 18.9 m2 and10/m2 to 20 m2 and 14 m2 respectively. According to a typical survey, in the central valley of "one river and two rivers", some peasant families have enough surplus grain to eat for one to three years, and in some towns, 90% peasant families have built new houses.
In some remote areas of Xizang Autonomous Region, the life of some people is still relatively difficult. According to the instructions and requirements of the central authorities, governments at all levels in the autonomous region are implementing poverty alleviation plans and actively helping local people to develop production in order to get rid of poverty and embark on the road of prosperity. Only 1996, the autonomous region invested1.1.400 million yuan in poverty alleviation funds. 1Since September 1997, some parts of Tibet, especially northern Tibet, have suffered from rare snowstorms, which have brought great difficulties to the production and life of local farmers and herdsmen. The State Council specializes in disaster relief work in Tibet. By June 1998+ 10, the central government had allocated 42 million yuan in relief funds to the disaster-stricken areas in Tibet and dispatched a large number of relief materials. The State Council also sent a condolence group to the disaster area to express condolences to the victims, inspect the disaster situation and help solve practical difficulties. Governments at all levels in Xizang Autonomous Region have invested a lot of manpower, material resources and financial resources in this disaster relief work. This has played an important role in alleviating the difficulties brought by this catastrophic snowstorm to the production and life of farmers and herdsmen.
In order to protect the living environment of people of all ethnic groups and improve their quality of life, Xizang Autonomous Region strictly enforces the national laws and regulations on environmental protection. Since 1992, more than 20 local laws and administrative regulations on ecological environmental protection have been formulated and promulgated, such as "Regulations on Environmental Protection in Xizang Autonomous Region". After 1990 built the first modern environmental monitoring station in Tibet in Lhasa, 1993 built another environmental monitoring station in Shigatse. Other environmental monitoring stations are under construction to gradually form a regional environmental monitoring network. Environmental monitoring shows that Tibet's industrial "three wastes" emissions are very small. The smoke and dust removal rate of industrial waste gas reaches 88%; The effective treatment rate of industrial wastewater is above 50%. The water quality of major rivers has reached the national first-class standard of surface water environmental quality. Most lakes are still in the original state, and the water quality is still within the scope of national standards. The quality of groundwater is generally good. So far, there has been no environmental pollution incident, no acid rain and no man-made radioactive pollution in Tibet. The monitoring results of environmental protection departments for many years confirm that the natural radioactivity level of Tibet's environment is within the scope of national radiation protection standards.
People in Xizang's full enjoyment of the right to subsistence and development is in sharp contrast to the miserable situation of poverty and backwardness in old Tibet, where the right to subsistence is not guaranteed. In old Tibet, the feudal serfdom of the unity of politics and religion seriously hampered the development of social productive forces, and Tibet's economy was in an extremely primitive and backward state for a long time. Agricultural production is basically plowing land with wooden plows and threshing with yaks. Some places still maintain the mode of "slash and burn". 1952, the average grain output per mu (15 mu or 1 hectare) in Tibet was only 80 kg, and the per capita grain was only 125 kg. There was hardly any modern industry in old Tibet. 1950, there was only one crude mint in Tibet, and only one 125 kW hydropower station generated electricity intermittently. The total number of workers in Tibet is only about 120. Even in this backward economic situation, more than 95% of social wealth is concentrated in the hands of the three lords who account for less than 5% of the population, namely, officials, nobles and upper-class monks, while 95% of the population is in extreme poverty. At that time, there was a proverb in Tibet: "(serfs) can only take away their own shadows and leave only their own footprints." The vast number of serfs and slaves not only have no personal freedom, but also their right to life cannot be guaranteed. 1959 before the democratic reform, there were only 20,000 people in Lhasa, the capital of Tibet, and there were nearly 1,000 poor people and beggars. It is often seen that homeless people die of cold and hunger in the streets, and the situation is very bad. This scene is now gone forever.
Three. People's right to education, culture and health protection
Since the 1990s, education, culture and health in Tibet have been further developed, which has promoted people's right to education, culture and health protection.
In order to develop education, the state has implemented many special preferential policies in Tibet, such as boarding schools in rural and pastoral areas and policies of food, clothing, housing and transportation for some Tibetan primary and secondary school students. Gradually implement the bursary system and scholarship system in middle schools and primary schools above the township level; Schools of all levels and types implement the principle of "giving priority to local ethnic groups" in enrolling students in Tibet, and implement more relaxed enrollment methods such as "appropriately lowering the admission scores and selecting the best candidates" for Tibetan and other ethnic minority candidates.
At present, Xizang Autonomous Region has formed a relatively complete modern education system, and the degree of education popularization has been continuously improved. During the period of 1997, there were 425 complete primary schools and village-run primary schools in Tibet, with 300,453 students, and the enrollment rate of school-age children reached 78.2%, an increase of 32.6 percentage points over 19 1. There are 90 middle schools in Tibet, with an increase of 199 1555 students over the previous year. There are also four institutions of higher learning and 16 secondary specialized technical schools in Xizang Autonomous Region. The illiteracy rate among young and middle-aged people in Tibet has decreased by 4 1 percentage point compared with that before the peaceful liberation of Tibet.
From 199 1 to 1997, there are 27 newly-built middle schools, 278 completely rural primary schools, and village-run primary schools 1359, with 580,000 square meters of newly-built school buildings and more than 300,000 square meters of old ones. In recent years, the government's investment in education has increased year by year, reaching 1.997, and the investment in education accounts for 1.8% of the total budget expenditure and budgeted infrastructure investment in the autonomous region. All this is in sharp contrast to the situation in old Tibet where only a few children of monks and nobles enjoyed the right to education, the enrollment rate of children was less than 2%, and the vast number of serfs and slaves were deprived of the right to education.
Since the mid-1980s, the central government has also allocated special funds to open Tibetan junior middle schools in some provinces and cities in the mainland, and to build one Tibetan middle school in Beijing, Tianjin and Chengdu for some Tibetan middle school students to study in the mainland. The recurrent expenses of transportation, accommodation, clothing and medical care for Tibetan students studying in the mainland shall be borne by the state. For classes (schools) held in Tibet on the mainland, the central government has arranged a total of 73 million yuan of capital construction funds, and the financial matching funds of relevant provinces and cities are more than 654.38 billion yuan; The central government allocates 6 million yuan every year, and the relevant provincial and municipal finances list special funds for Tibetan students to study and live in the mainland. From 198 5 to 1997, Tibetan students18,000 were enrolled in Tibetan classes (schools) at all levels in the mainland, and more than 5,000 college graduates returned to Tibet to participate in local construction. At present, there are 13000 Tibetan students studying in more than 100 schools in 26 provinces and cities in the mainland.
Excellent traditional Tibetan culture is an integral part of China culture. The state attaches great importance to the protection and development of Tibet's excellent traditional culture and the development and prosperity of Tibet's cultural undertakings.
Tibetan studies, which have strong national characteristics and play an important role in the inheritance and development of Tibet's excellent traditional culture, have been valued and supported by the state. At present, there are more than 50 institutions engaged in Tibetan studies in China, and more than 2,000 people are engaged in professional research and its auxiliary work. Among them, the state has a China Tibetology Research Center in the capital Beijing; There are more than 10 Tibetan research institutions in Tibet, and more than 100 have undertaken and completed major scientific research projects. In recent years, Tibetan studies institutions all over the country have held more than 60 academic seminars on Tibetan history, language, religion, nationality, philosophy, literature, art, education, astronomy and calendar, Tibetan medicine and other disciplines, completed more than 300 important topics, and published and edited more than 400 Tibetan books. The general history of Tibet and the mirror of Tibetan history written by Tibetan scholars are widely praised at home and abroad.
The state attaches great importance to the study, use and development of the Tibetan language in Xizang Autonomous Region, and effectively guarantees the freedom of people in Xizang to use and develop its own spoken and written languages. Tibetan language is the main course for students of all kinds of schools in Tibet, and so are Tibetan language schools or classes in the mainland. Students are required to be proficient in reading and writing Tibetan when they graduate from middle school. Tibet has completed the compilation of 500 kinds of textbooks for primary and secondary schools in compulsory education in Tibetan, and has compiled and published a catalogue of Tibetan scientific and technological materials and collected them. In order to promote the standardization of Tibetan language and the modernization of information processing, with the strong support and help of relevant state departments, Tibet began to formulate the international standard "Tibetan Coding Character Set for Information Technology" from 1994, and it was adopted at the international standard validation meeting of multilingual coding held in Copenhagen, Denmark from 1996. This has laid a good foundation for Tibetan language to enter the field of modern information media and realize information processing and exchange on network media. From 65438 to 0995, Tibet established the Committee for the Unification and Standardization of Tibetan Terminology, and started the unification and standardization of Tibetan and social terms.
Fourth, the right to freedom of religious belief.
The Government of China respects and protects citizens' right to freedom of religious belief in accordance with the law. According to the Constitution of China, freedom of religious belief is a basic right of citizens. China's Law on Regional National Autonomy, Criminal Law, General Principles of Civil Law, Education Law, Labor Law, Election Law of People's Congress and other laws have specific provisions to protect citizens' right to freedom of religious belief. These legal provisions have been seriously implemented in Tibet. In Tibet, there are currently various places for religious activities of Tibetan Buddhism 1787, with 46,380 monks and nuns living in monasteries. There are Buddhist associations in Xizang Autonomous Region and seven cities under its jurisdiction, and the Buddhist associations in the autonomous region have Buddhist publications and Tibetan-printed scriptures.
Since the peaceful liberation of Tibet, the China government has always respected and protected people in Xizang's right to freedom of religious belief. 195 1 year, the Seventeen-Article Agreement on the Peaceful Liberation of Tibet signed by the central government and the local government of Tibet headed by the Dalai Lama clearly stipulated that the policy of "freedom of religious belief" should be implemented in Tibet, the religious beliefs and customs of people in Xizang should be respected, and the Lama Temple should be protected. The income of temples will not change because of the central government. "From 65438 to 0959, Tibet carried out democratic reforms. While abolishing the feudal privileges of the three lords, including the upper-class monks, abolishing the system of exploitation, and separating church from state, the central government once again reiterated that it should "respect people in Xizang's freedom of religious belief and folk customs" and let religious believers manage temples independently according to democratic principles. The central government and the government of Xizang Autonomous Region have successively listed Potala Palace, Jokhang Temple, Tashilhunpo Temple, drepung monastery, Sakya Temple and Sera Temple as key cultural relics protection units in China or autonomous regions. Since the 1980s, the state has allocated special funds and gold and silver for the maintenance, restoration and protection of temples every year. The state has invested more than 300 million yuan for this purpose.
So far, the famous temples funded and maintained by the state and the autonomous region include Jokhang Temple, Baiju Temple, Zelayongzhong Temple, Zhu Min Temple, Sanye Temple, Tashilhunpo Temple, four famous temples of Gelug Sect of Tibetan Buddhism, drepung monastery, Sera Temple, Gandan Temple, Qamdo Qiangbalin Temple, Rezhen Temple, Sakya Temple of Sakya Sect and Chubu Temple of Kagyu Sect. In order to maintain the Potala Palace, the state allocated more than 55 million yuan, which lasted more than five years, and the maintenance area reached 33,900 square meters. The state funded a special fund of 6.7 million yuan, gold 1 1 kg, more than 2,000 kilograms of silver, and a large number of jewels, which restored the Panchen Lama from the fifth to the ninth. In order to build the 10th Panchen Memorial Hall, the state allocated a special fund of 66.2 million yuan and 650 kilograms of gold. 1994, the state allocated another 20 million yuan to continue the restoration of Gandan Temple.
Tibet has continuously strengthened the collection, collation, publication and research of religious classics. Since the 1990s, Tibetan-Chinese-Tibetan Tripitaka (Comparative Edition), Tibetan-Chinese-Tibetan Tripitaka General Catalogue, 7 monographs on Ming and Chinese Interpretation of Solemnity, 5 monographs on cishi, Quantitative Interpretation of Solemnity in Snowland and Complete Works of Mani have been published one after another. More than 490 copies of Ganjul Tibetan Scriptures/KLOC-0 were printed, and a large number of Tibetan Buddhist classics were printed for temples, such as rituals, biographies and treatises, to meet the learning needs of monks and nuns and religious believers. Relevant Buddhist monographs by religious research institutions, eminent monks and scholars, such as Arrangement and Research of Bayeux Sutra, Arrangement of Existing Sanskrit Bayeux Sutra in Lhasa, Tibet, Study on the Origin and Sect of Tibetan Religion, Reincarnation System of Living Buddha, History of Gozha Buddhism, Records of Bonism Monastery in Tibet, China Tibetan Buddhist Monastery, Mural Art of Tibetan Buddhist Monastery, etc.
There are 3,270 Buddhist monks studying religious classics in temples in Tibet. In recent years, various sects have recommended and selected more than 50 living Buddhists, Gexi members and temple democratic management organizations to go to the Advanced Buddhist College of the Chinese Tibetan Department in Beijing for further study, and more than 20 monks have graduated.
The state respects the reincarnation of the living Buddha, a belief feature and inheritance mode of Tibetan Buddhism, and respects the religious rituals and historical customization of Tibetan Buddhism. 1992 according to religious rituals, the the State Council bureau of religious affairs approved the tenth? /ca & gt；