1, the origin and development of mankind
Modern apes are closely related to humans.
The main characteristics of human evolution: the origin of forest apes: walking with arms, walking semi-upright, walking upright and using tools; using natural tools instead of tools, making and using simple tools, making and using complex tools, and producing living habits and languages;
2. Human reproduction
1) concept: the process of producing germ cells and reproducing new individuals is also the process of racial continuation.
2) Structure and function of male reproductive system:
Testis: the genital organ in epididymis, which produces sperm and secretes androgen, and stores and transports sperm.
Vas deferens: transporting sperm, seminal vesicle and prostate; Secretion of mucus, external genitalia, scrotum; Protect testicles and penis; Excretion of sperm and urination.
3) Structure and function of female reproductive system:
Ovary: oviduct of the internal genitalia that produces eggs and secretes estrogen: the place where eggs are transported and fertilized.
Uterus: the place where embryos develop. Vagina: menstrual discharge. Fetal external genitalia: vulva.
4) Sperm, egg cells and fertilized sperm: small, tadpole-shaped, with a long tail, capable of swimming; Egg cell: spherical cell in human body, and yolk in cytoplasm provides nutrition for early embryo development; Fertilization: the process of combining sperm and egg cells to form fertilized eggs. Fertilization site: fallopian tube
5) Embryo development and nutrition:
Development: fertilized egg, embryo, fetus, baby.
Nutrition: the nutrition needed in the early stage of embryonic development comes from egg yolk; The nutrients needed for embryo development in uterus are obtained from the mother through the placenta.
3. adolescence
Puberty development:
Morphological characteristics: height and weight increase rapidly; Brain: functional characteristics, perfect heart structure and function;
Development of sexual organs: sexual development and sexual maturity are prominent features of adolescent development; Sexual development: mainly regulated by gonadotropins and sex hormones.
The development of secondary sexual characteristics: a unique symbol of men and women except sex organs, which is mainly regulated by sex hormones.
The remarkable feature of adolescent morphological development is the rapid growth of height and weight; The outstanding characteristics of adolescent development are sexual development and sexual maturity.
4. Adolescent health:
1) nocturnal emission: the phenomenon that semen is discharged from the urethra during sleep after men enter puberty.
Semen is composed of mucus secreted by sperm, seminal vesicle and prostate, and it is milky white.
2) Menstruation: once a month uterine bleeding after women enter puberty. Cause: Ovary is related to the periodic changes of endometrium.
Formation process: The estrogen secreted by the ovary makes the endometrium thicken and blood vessels proliferate, and the egg is discharged from the ovary when it matures. If estrogen is not fertilized, endometrial necrosis and shedding will be reduced.
Bleeding: Fallen endometrial fragments flow out of vagina with blood, forming menstruation.
5. Family planning
Late marriage: advocate marriage two to three years later than the legal age; Late childbirth: advocate delaying childbirth for 2 to 3 years after marriage;
Fewer births: a couple only have one child to stabilize the low fertility level; Eugenics: Pre-marital physical examination, regular examination for pregnant women. Scientific procreation and prohibition of consanguineous marriage
Second, human nutrition.
1, nutrients in food
1) protein: the basic substance that constitutes human cells and provides energy for human physiological activities;
Sugar: the most important energy-supplying substance in human body, and also a component of cells;
Fat: energy-supplying substance, which releases the most energy per unit mass; But in general, fat is stored in the body as a spare energy substance;
Vitamins: do not participate in the formation of human cells, do not provide energy, the content is very small, and play a regulatory role in human life activities.
Vitamin A: Promote the normal development of human body, enhance resistance and maintain normal vision. Lack, rough skin and night blindness.
Vitamin B 1: Maintain normal metabolism of human body and normal physiological function of nervous system. Deficiency, neuritis, beriberi
Vitamin C: Maintain normal metabolism, maintain normal physiological functions of bones, muscles and blood vessels, and enhance resistance.
When lacking, scurvy and resistance decrease.
Vitamin D: Promote calcium and phosphorus absorption and bone development. When lacking, rickets (such as chicken breast, X-shaped or O-shaped legs, etc. ) and osteoporosis
Water: about 60%~70% of body weight. It is the main component of cells, and all kinds of physiological activities of human body are inseparable from water.
Inorganic salts: Important substances in human tissues, such as calcium, phosphorus (for bones and teeth) and iron (for hemoglobin).
2. Digestion and absorption
1) Functions of digestive system: digesting food, absorbing nutrition, etc.
Composition of digestive system: digestive tract and digestive glands.
Digestive tract: oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and anus;
Digestive gland: (salivary gland, stomach gland, liver, pancreas, intestinal gland) secretes digestive juice. The liver is the digestive gland of human body, secreting bile and participating in fat digestion.
2) Structural characteristics of small intestine:
Function: The main place for digesting food and absorbing nutrition.
Small intestine is suitable for digestion and absorption: A is the longest; B there are folds and small intestinal villi on the inner surface (which greatly increases the area of digestion and absorption);
C there are capillaries and lymphatic capillaries in the villi of small intestine, and the walls of villi and capillaries and lymphatic capillaries are very thin, which are only composed of a layer of epithelial cells, which is beneficial to absorb nutrients; The small intestine contains various digestive juices.
3) Digestion of food: the process that food breaks down into absorbable components in the digestive tract.
Physical digestion: chewing teeth, stirring tongue and gastrointestinal peristalsis, grinding and stirring food and mixing it with digestive juice.
Chemical digestion: through the action of various digestive enzymes, various components in food are decomposed into absorbable nutrients.
Starch digestion (oral cavity and small intestine) involves enzymes: salivary amylase, and digestion process: starch, maltose and glucose.
Protein's Digestion (stomach and small intestine): Digestion process: protein, amino acids, participating enzymes (gastric juice, pancreatic juice, intestinal juice).
Digestion of fat (small intestine): Digestion process: fat, fat granules, glycerol+fatty acid bile (liver), participating enzymes (intestinal juice, pancreatic juice).
4) absorption of nutrients: the process of nutrients entering the circulatory system through the digestive tract wall.
Absorption of nutrients by various segments of digestive tract;
Stomach: a small amount of water and alcohol (non-nutritive)
Small intestine (main absorption site): glucose, amino acids, glycerol, fatty acids, most water, inorganic salts and vitamins.
Most of the fat components are absorbed from the lymphatic capillaries (lymphatic blood circulation) of intestinal villi; Others enter the blood circulation from the capillaries of intestinal villi.
Large intestine: a small amount of water, inorganic salts and some vitamins.
3. Pay attention to reasonable nutrition and food safety.
1) Eat on time with reasonable nutrition.
Not partial eclipse, not picky eaters, not overeating; Balanced intake of five types of food (balanced diet pagoda);
2) Food safety Vegetables and fruits must be cleaned.
Do not eat poisonous food (rotten food, sprouted potatoes); Purchase food that has passed quarantine inspection; Keep the kitchen and cooking utensils clean.
Third, the human body's breathing
1, respiratory air treatment
1), composition of respiratory tract: respiratory tract and lung.
Respiratory tract: nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea and bronchus; Lung: a place for gas exchange.
The passage of gas in and out of the lungs in the respiratory system cleans, moistens and warms the inhaled gas.
2), lungs
(1) location: in the chest cavity, one on the left and one on the right.
(2) Structure: The outer alveoli are surrounded by capillaries, and the walls of the alveoli and capillaries are very thin, only consisting of a layer of epithelial cells, which is suitable for gas exchange.
(3) Function: gas exchange
2. Gas exchange in the lungs
Respiratory movements include inhalation and exhalation.
Changes of external intercostal muscle, diaphragm, ribs, sternum, chest and lungs in patients with calm breathing;
Principle C: Breathing muscles contract and relax, chest cavity expands and contracts, and lungs passively expand and contract to form pressure difference.
2) gas exchange in the body:
Principle (1): The diffusion of gas flows in the direction of low concentration.
(2) gas exchange in alveoli: blood alveoli (3) gas exchange in tissues: blood tissue cells.
3. Air quality and health
1) Air quality affects human health. Pollutants in the atmosphere are extremely harmful to human health, and harmful substances can cause respiratory diseases.
2) Measuring dust particles in the air (five-point sampling method)
Four, the transport of substances in the human body
1, mobile tissue-blood
1) Blood composition and function
Plasma components: water, protein, glucose, inorganic salts, etc. Function: Carrying blood cells, transporting nutrients and wastes.
Blood cells: blood cells, white blood cells, platelets.
Hemoglobin: A red iron protein contained in red blood cells. Features: It combines with oxygen in places with high oxygen content and separates from oxygen in places with low oxygen content.
Functions of blood: transportation, defense and protection, and temperature regulation.
2, blood flow pipeline-blood vessels
1) How to judge the type, structure and function of blood vessels: arteries (centrifugal, fast-flowing, gradually branching and tapering); Veins (centripetal, branches gradually merge, thicken and flow slowly). Capillary (thin-walled, monolayer cell component, allowing only red blood cells to pass in a single line)
3. The pump that transports blood-the heart
1) Structure and function of the heart: Located in the middle of the chest, at the lower left, it is composed of myocardium. (Four cavities and eight "hearts"-blood vessels)
There are four cavities: left ventricular aorta; Superior and inferior vena cava of right atrium; Right ventricular pulmonary artery; Left atrial pulmonary vein
Valve: atrioventricular valve (located between atrium and ventricle, only facing ventricle); Ensure that blood flows in a certain direction;
Arterial valve (located between the ventricle and the artery, only open to the artery)
Function of the heart: the dynamic organ of blood circulation
Blood circulation:
(1) The concept and approach of blood circulation;
Concept: Blood circulates in the pipeline composed of the heart and all blood vessels.
Divided into systemic circulation and pulmonary circulation:
Systemic circulation: left ventricle, aorta, arteries at all levels, all parts of the body, veins at all levels, superior and inferior vena cava, right atrium to capillary to pulmonary circulation: left atrium, pulmonary vein, pulmonary capillary, right ventricle.
(2) Primary care of bleeding:
Capillary hemorrhage: blood is red, so stop bleeding naturally and disinfect it;
Arterial bleeding: bright red blood and fierce blood flow. Stop bleeding near the heart end of the injured artery;
Venous hemorrhage: the blood color is dark red and the blood flow is moderate. Stop bleeding at the distal end of the injured vein.
Blood transfusion and blood volume
1) Discovery of blood type: 1900, Landstein discovered ABO blood type; 2) Blood volume: 7-8% of body weight.
3) Blood transfusion: blood type: A, B, AB, O; Blood transfusion: based on the principle of the same blood transfusion.
Five, the discharge of waste in human body
1, urine formation and excretion
1) concept: the process of discharging wastes such as carbon dioxide, urea and excess water generated during the decomposition of substances in the body.
Pathway: 1) skin: excrete water, inorganic salts and urea in the form of sweat; 2) Respiratory system: carbon dioxide and water are discharged in the form of gas.
3) Urinary system: Water, inorganic salts and urea are discharged in the form of urine.
2) Composition of urinary system (kidney, ureter and bladder)
Kidney: the place where urine forms; Ureter, urethra: the passage of urination, bladder: it has the function of storing urine.
3) Structure and function of nephron
Glomerulus: dozens of capillaries branched from input arterioles are bent and coiled, and the other ends converge into output arterioles;
Renal capsule: the blind end of renal tubule is swollen, and the capsule wall is divided into two layers, the inner layer is close to glomerulus and the outer layer is connected with renal tubule.
Renal tubule: the cavity between the inner and outer layers of the renal capsule communicates with the renal tubule.
4) Formation of urine
(1) glomerular filtration rate:
Plasma components other than blood cells and macromolecular proteins can be filtered to form protourine.
(2) Renal tubular reabsorption: substances useful to human body, including most water, all glucose and some inorganic salts.
(3) Renal tubular secretion: Renal tubular epithelial cells secrete ammonia and other substances to form urine.
Try to distinguish liquid components: blood, plasma, urine and urine.
2. Disposal of human excrement
1) Value of human excrement: as farmyard manure. It has the characteristics of wide fertilizer source, complete nutrients, long-lasting fertilizer effect and soil improvement.
2) Harmless treatment methods of human excrement: building biogas digesters, high-temperature composting, and building ecological toilets.
Function: kill all kinds of germs and eggs, decompose organic matter and other harmful substances.
Six, the adjustment of human life activities
Perception of external environment of human pile
1, human vision and hearing
(1) structure and function of eyeball
Adventitia: Cornea: The front part of the adventitia, which is colorless and transparent and can transmit light.
Scleral: white, protecting the inside of eyeball.
Iris: The front of the medium is colored, and the center is the pupil, which is transparent.
Medium: ciliary body: The back of iris contains smooth muscle, which can contract and relax and adjust the curvature of lens.
Choroid: It occupies the posterior part of 2/3 of the media, with blood vessels (nourishing the eyeball) and pigment cells (shading, forming a "dark room" inside the eyeball).
Intima: retina with a large number of photoreceptor cells.
Content: lens: biconvex lens, connected with ciliary body through ligament, vitreous body, aqueous humor.
Accessory structures: eye muscles, eyelids, eyelashes, conjunctiva, lacrimal apparatus (lacrimal gland, lacrimal punctum, nasolacrimal duct)
(2) the formation of vision:
External light is reflected and imaged on the retina, resulting in nerve impulses, which are transmitted to the visual center (forming vision).
(3) eye care:
Myopia: Because the anterior and posterior diameter of eyeball is too long, or the curvature of lens is too large, the object image falls in front of retina. Correction: Wear concave lenses.
Hyperopia: Because the anterior-posterior diameter of eyeball is too short, or the curvature of lens is too small, the object image falls behind retina. Correction: wear a convex lens.
Trachoma: The inner conjunctiva of eyelid infected by Chlamydia trachomatis.
2. The structure and function of the ear:
External ear: the auricle collects and conducts sound waves, and the external auditory canal conducts sound waves.
Middle ear: tympanum: there is an eustachian tube communicating with the pharynx to maintain the air pressure balance inside and outside the tympanic membrane; Tympanic membrane: receives sound waves and produces vibration.
Auditory ossicles: three pieces, which transmit the vibration of tympanic membrane to the inner ear.
Inner ear: semicircular canal, vestibule, cochlea: there are auditory receptors inside, which can accept stimulation and produce nerve impulses.
(2) the formation of hearing
Sound waves, tympanic membrane vibration, nerve impulses from cochlea, and bone conduction related nerves in auditory pathway (forming hearing).
3, the composition of the nervous system
The composition of the nervous system.
Central nervous system: brain and spinal cord.
Peripheral nervous system: cranial nerve and spinal nerve.
2) Structure and function of neurons:
(1) structural cell and process
Axon: a long and few branches, dendrite: several short and tree-like branches,
Axons are assembled into bundles, covered by connective tissue membranes, with myelinated nerve fibers (the tiny branches at the end are nerve endings), and multiple nerve fibers form nerves.
(2) Function: Feel stimulation, generate excitement, and get excited (excitement is carried out in the form of nerve impulses)
4, the basic way of neural regulation
Concept of reflex: Animals (including people) respond regularly to various external or internal stimuli through the nervous system.
The concept of arc shooting: the nerve structure involved in reflex is composed of receptor, afferent nerve, nerve center and efferent nerve (book P8 1).
For example, the process of knee jerk reflex: hitting position: ligament phenomenon below the knee: the calf suddenly jumps up,
Receptors: sensory nerve endings in quadriceps femoris and tendons, and nerve center: located in the gray matter of spinal cord.
Effector: quadriceps femoris and its motor nerve endings.
3) Type of reflection
Simple reflex (unconditioned reflex, congenital, generally does not disappear, the reflex center is in the spinal cord)
Complex reflex (acquired by learning, can be established or disappeared, and the reflex center is in the brain)
Hormone regulation
1), the location and name of the main endocrine glands in human body: pituitary, thyroid, islet, adrenal gland, gonad and thymus.
2) Hormone: chemical substances secreted by endocrine gland cells that have special effects on the body.
3) Pituitary gland: secreting growth hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone and gonadotropin can regulate the activities of other endocrine glands.
4) Growth hormone, thyroid hormone and insulin:
5) Relationship between nerve regulation and hormone regulation: The regulation of human life activities is mainly regulated by the nervous system, but also by hormones.
Seven, the influence of human activity team biosphere
Example analysis of human activities destroying ecological environment
Human activities improve the ecological environment-"Three North" shelter forest, human activities destroy the ecological environment, and deforestation is serious.
Sandstorm is very harmful, and a large number of wild animals have been killed. When will Taihu Lake return to its original clear and beautiful appearance?
Environmental pollution: concept: refers to the impact of harmful substances discharged by people in production or life on the environment.
Effects of acid rain on organisms, types of air pollution, greenhouse effect and ozone destruction.
Water pollution: splashing in Taihu Lake.
Solid waste pollution: the impact of waste batteries on biology
Soil pollution: white garbage, industrial waste residue and noise pollution.