What knowledge points should I recite when I go to the chemistry lab?

Summary of each chapter (section) of the textbook (10) (1) Chapter 1 Let's learn chemistry 1. 1 social life and chemistry 1.2 trip to the chemical laboratory 1.3 changes of substances/kloc-0. When chemical changes (reactions) occur in properties such as density, the chemical phenomena of flammability, stability, redox and other properties are exothermic, luminous, discoloration, and the difference between chemical and physical changes of gas generation and precipitation: whether new substances are generated or not is studied. There must be physical changes in the process of chemical changes (chemical reactions). Chemical changes do not necessarily occur in the process of physical changes. The essence of chemical change: reactant molecules → atoms → product molecules (new substances) are directly heated: test tubes, evaporating dishes, burning spoons and crucible reactors are indirectly heated: beakers, flasks and conical bottles. Solids: tweezers (blocks), keys (powder) and tray scales (quantitative) Common liquids: droppers (drops), test tubes (inverted) and measuring cylinders. Iron ring), crucible pliers research is basically other: alcohol lamp (heating), funnel (filtering), long-necked funnel (liquid separation), operation method asbestos mesh (heating evenly), glass rod (stirring), water tank (water storage) instrument washing: no water droplets gather on the inner wall, no chemical basic drugs flow down: no (touch, smell, taste, discard. Test tube (principle of1/3,45, preheating before heating) Exploration steps: (2) Chapter 2 Understanding air protection 2. 1 air composition 2.2 Protecting particles of air cleanliness and freshness 2.3 Experimental studies made by Swedish chemist Scheler, British chemist Priest and French chemist lavoisier (n 2 and O2) in their early years showed that a large amount of white smoke was produced in the gas container. The water in the beaker is poured into the gas container to demonstrate the experiment, and it rises to about 1/5. The local equation is 2p+5o2 = = = 2p2o5. Properties: Nitrogen (N2), a colorless, odorless and water-insoluble gas component, is 78% chemically inactive. Application: Preparation of nitrogen fertilizer. Oxygen (O2)-265,438+0% Volume Properties: Colorless, odorless, insoluble in water, gas fraction -0.94% Rare gas is very inert. Uses: shielding gas, laser, low temperature anesthesia, carbon dioxide (CO2)-0.03% air, other gases and impurities -0.03% (H2O, SO2, CO, etc. ) Sulfur-containing gases: nitrogen-containing industrial gases such as SO2 and H2S: pollution sources such as NO2; chlorine-containing traffic pollutants: domestic particles such as freon: soot, dust, lead oxide, etc. are harmful to human health and ground facilities, which leads to pollution that causes the imbalance of the earth's ecological balance and harms acid rain-→ Sulfur dioxide (SO2) ozone hole to prevent three major environmental problems-→ Greenhouse effects such as Freon-→ Reducing carbon dioxide (CO2) and developing new energy (solar energy) by using fossil fuels. ) prevention and control of harmful gas emissions, waste gas recovery, purification, reuse, etc. Chopping mixtures (air, solution, alloy) is strictly prohibited. Classification of metals (KGaNaMgAlZnFeSnPbCuHgAgPtAu) Simple nonmetal (HBCNOFSiPSCl) Rare gas (HeNeArKrXeRn) Pure oxide (H2OCOCO2CuO2Fe2O3) Inorganic acid (HClHNO3H2SO4) Complex alkali (NaOHKOHCa(OH)2) salt (NaClNa2CO3(NH). 2HPO4) concept of organic matter (CH4CH3OHC2H5OHCH3COOH): The smallest particles that keep the chemical properties of a substance are small in molecular weight, small in volume and constantly moving, and the chemical properties of the same molecule are the same (molecules determine the chemical properties of a substance). Concept: The smallest particles in chemical changes are small in molecular weight, small in volume and constantly moving. There is a gap between them. The same molecule has the same chemical properties. Proton structure nuclear neutron nuclear charge number = proton number = extranuclear electron number. Will draw the composition of atoms: structure diagram, the relative atomic mass of extranuclear electron configuration = = gain ≈ proton number+neutron number loss and molecular difference: molecules can be divided in chemical changes, The relationship between atoms cannot be separated from electricity: molecules are sub-concepts composed of atoms: charged atoms or ion clusters: positively charged ions form new material anions: negatively charged ions (III) Chapter III Life-sustaining gas-oxygen 3. 1 Understanding oxygen 3.2 Making oxygen 3.3 Combustion conditions and fire extinguishing principles 3.4 Elements that distinguish substances are colorless and odorless gases, which are not easily soluble in water. The physical properties of liquid oxygen and solid oxygen with slightly higher density than air are light blue C+O2 → Co2S+O2 → SO2 chemical properties: relatively active P+O2 → P2O5 oxidation reaction (combustion), Chemical reaction Al+O2-→ Al _ 2O _ 3 Fe+O2-→ Fe3O4 oxygen-enriched membrane separation oxygen industrial separation physical changes of liquid oxygen H2O2-→ H2O+O2 reaction KMNO _ 4-→ K2MnO _ 4+MnO _ 2+O2 decomposition reaction to prepare KCl _ 3-→ KCl+O2 (1) solid-liquid reaction, gas-making device without laboratory collection: drainage method and upward exhaust method. Steps: check, install, order, check, collect, leave and destroy (the teahouse will order interest) for full inspection: put the wooden strips with Mars in the bottle mouth for purity inspection: put the wooden strips with Mars in the bottle for chemical reaction: A+B+… = = C (change one) decomposition reaction: A = = = B+C+… (change one) Confined space-→ explosion-→ slow oxidation-→ natural definition: the general classification of a kind of atoms with the same nuclear charge number (i.e. the number of protons in the nucleus): the definition of metallic elements and nonmetallic elements: the specific symbols used to represent elements: the principle of "one big and two small" refers to an element, one atom represents the element, and some can also represent a substance molecule. The Relationship between Elements and Matter, Micro-world and Macro-world (IV) Chapter IV Source of Life-Water 4. 1 Our Water Resources 4.2 Drinking Water 4.3 Exploring the Composition of Water 4.4 Chemical Formula Representing the Composition of Matter 4.5 Chemical Equation on the Earth: 97% seawater, 2% glaciers, 1% freshwater storage: some plants and animals are as high as 90%. Adsorption: Alum adsorbs impurities, and activated carbon adsorbs pigments and odors. Principle: Water-insoluble solids and liquids are separated and purified. Filtering instruments: iron frame, funnel, filter paper, glass rod, beaker (2 pieces). Remarks: Let it stand before filtration, with the filter paper funnel angle unchanged. One stick, two lows and three distillations: water removal. Soft water containing more calcium ions (Ca2+) and magnesium ions (Mg2+) hard water soft water: harmless. Identification method of calcium ion (Ca2+) and magnesium ion (Mg2+) is less (or not): soapy water (hard water without bubbles after stirring, soft water with bubbles): hard water becomes soft water (softening of water): boiling or distillation phenomenon: bubbles are generated in two stages (oxygen positive hydrogen negative), V negative: V positive = 2: 65438. Molecule → atom → new molecule → new substance Conclusion (Composition of water): Elements of hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O): Each water molecule consists of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. Physical chemistry: charged decomposition of H2O → H2 ↑+O2 ↑ Physics: colorless and odorless liquid, with freezing point of 0℃ and boiling point of 0℃. The symbol of elements is defined by density 1g∕cm3: abbreviation (see Chapter 3): the formula for expressing the composition of matter with the symbol of elements. Metal: FeAlCuZn, etc. Displays the X type (directly represented by the element symbol). Non-metal (solid): CSP, simple substance, rare gas: HeNeAr, etc. Write Xn (element symbol plus corner mark): H2O2, 2C, L2, O3, etc. Compound: Gold is written in sequence. The number sequence cannot be disordered: it represents the constituent meaning of a substance and an element. Microscopically, it represents the relative molecular mass of a molecule of a substance and an atom in a molecule. Calculate the mass ratio of elements in a substance. The mass fraction of elements is expressed as: mass of matter × mass fraction of elements = mass of elements. Definition: Chemical formula is used to represent chemical reaction (change). Matter: the total mass of reactants in a chemical reaction. Theoretical basis: the law of conservation of mass is equal to the sum of the masses of all products. Reason: Before and after the reaction, the "quantity" of atoms has not changed; It represents the chemical meaning of the quality relationship between substances; It represents the equations of reactants, products and reaction conditions. Writing principle: based on objective facts, abide by the law of conservation of quality; Definition: In the chemical equation, fill in the appropriate metering number before the chemical formula of each substance to make the reactant balance and the number of each atom of the product equal. Methods: Least common multiple method; Odd spouse method; Observation method; Set (set unknown); Write (write equations); Quantity (number of relationships found); Calculate the proportion (column proportion formula); Find (the result of the ball); Answer (short answer); Concept: when different elements form compounds, a number ratio is a constant value, which shows some characteristics (laws) of elements: the valence of elements in simple substance is zero; The positive and negative valence algebras in the compound are zero; Abbreviation of valence: monovalent hydrogen chloride, sodium, potassium and silver, bivalent calcium oxide, barium, magnesium and zinc, aluminum, silicon, nitrogen, phosphorus, iron, carbon and sulfur are all complete, and copper and mercury are the most common bivalents; Application: seeking valence; Judge the right or wrong of chemical formula; Write chemical formula; Calculation of the relationship between atomic structure (outermost electron number), valence and chemical formula Relative molecular mass Atomic structure valence chemical formula Element mass ratio (outermost electron number) Element mass fraction Chemical reaction process, "five unchanged" and "two certain changes", summarizing that "one possible change" the total mass of reactants and products remains unchanged. The macro element type remains unchanged. The five atoms remain the same. The number of micro-atoms remains the same. Macro of chemical reaction: the quality of matter must be changed. Microscopy: the particles that make up a substance must change (become the particles that make up the product). One possible change: the total number of molecules may change. (v) Chapter 5 Fuel 5. 1 Clean Fuel-Hydrogen 5.2 Composition. Element -C5.3 Paleontological Heritage —— The cleanest fuel among fossil fuels —— Hydrogen (H2) fuel is the main element of fuel —— Carbon (paleontological heritage —— The impact of fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas) fuel combustion on the environment (CO2, SO2) is extremely insoluble in water. Stability: chemically pure hydrogen with stable properties quietly burns hydrogen with impure activity (flammability) and explodes. Hydrogen equation: 2h2+O2 = = = 2h2o Laboratory preparation: Zn+H2SO4 = = ZnSO4+H2 ↑ or Zn+2HCl = = ZnCl2+H2 ↑ Collection: downward exhaust method (. Purity (volume of hydrogen mixed in air) 4.0-74.2 Verification: Cover a dry and cold beaker above the flame, and there are water drops on the wall of the beaker. Uses: Inflatable ball (physical properties), clean high-energy fuel (flammability: chemical properties) Composition: mixture, mainly containing carbon, with a small amount of coal, coke oven gas such as nitrogen and sulfur. Comprehensive utilization of petroleum gas, gasoline, kerosene and other fossil fuels containing a small amount of nitrogen and sulfur: —→ Diesel oil, lubricating oil (distillation) (physical change) Physical properties of heavy oil, paraffin wax and asphalt: colorless and odorless, extremely insoluble in water. Gas is less dense than air. Chemical properties of natural gas: combustible CH4+2 O2 = = = = CO2+2H2O (methane). Unstable carbon (carbon black, charcoal, activated carbon, coke) Carbon physics: different (for example, diamond is the hardest substance, and activated carbon has adsorption) Single property at room temperature: stable mass chemistry C+O2 (sufficient) ======CO2 ignites 2C+O2 (insufficient) ======2CO Uses: drill bit, glass cutting. The density is slightly less than that of air. Flammability: 2co+O2 = = = = = 2co 2co Chemical reducibility: Co+CuO = = = = Cu+CO2 Carbon toxicity: bound hemoglobin. Uses: fuel and metal smelting: colorless and odorless gas, soluble in water, but denser than air. Usually can't burn, don't support burning, don't supply breathing carbon. H2CO3=H2O+CO2↑ Chemical limewater: Ca(OH)2+CO2==CaCO↓ (white) +H2O oxygen carbon: C+CO2 = = = 2co compound CO2 principle: CaCO3+2HCl==CaCl2+CO2↑+H2O device: solid-liquid reaction, laboratory method collection; gas-making device is not heated: upward exhaust method. Full inspection: put burning wood strips at the bottle mouth for inspection: lime water becomes turbid (white), Ca(OH)2) The impact of fuel combustion on the environment, greenhouse effect (CO2 emission), carbon monoxide and other gas and dust emissions (VI) Chapter VI Metal 6. 1 Wonderful metal properties 6.2 Metal minerals and smelting 6.3 Similarity of cherishing and protecting metal resources: metal luster, carbon monoxide and other gases. Thermal conductivity and other physical thermal conductivity: silver > copper > gold > aluminum > zinc > iron > lead differential density: gold > lead > silver > copper > zinc > aluminum melting point: tungsten > iron > copper > gold > silver > aluminum > tin hardness: chromium > iron > silver > copper > gold > aluminum > aluminum > aluminum. +acid-→ metal compound+hydrogen 2al+6HCl = = = 2al3+3H2 = Fe+2hcl = = = FeCl 2+H2 = displacement reaction Zn+H2SO4 (dilution) = = = ZnSO4+H2 = Chemical +→+Fe+CuSO4 = 3+3cumg+FeSO4 = = = Fe+MgSO4 Substitution reaction: A+BC = = = B+AC (first order for first order) Activity: KCanamgalznfesnpb (h) Cuhgagpatau (potassium) Melting point: low (lower than the melting point of each component). Characteristic strength: high (higher than the strength of each component). Pig iron: carbon content 2-4.3- iron alloy steel: carbon content 0.03-2. Malachite (Cu(OH)2CO3), chalcopyrite (Cu2O), galena (PbS) and bauxite (Al2O3) are thermally reduced by CO2: metal oxide +H2-→ metal element +H2O CO2 electrolysis: metal oxide-→ metal element+oxygen direct heating: metal oxide-→ metal element +CO2. C+CO2 = = = 2co iron-making Fe2O3+3co = = = 2fe+3co2 (main reaction) Metal iron-making raw materials: iron ore (hematite) coke limestone air (thermal reduction method) steelmaking: oxygen is added, and excess carbon and impurities in pig iron are removed to form: iron+oxygen+water-→ rust (reddish brown) rust (rust) main components. Electroplating (zinc); Oxide film; Resource protection: rational development in a planned way; Look for alternatives; Recovery and reuse