Analysis:
Study on the Protection and Sustainable Development of Drinking Water Resources in China
Liu Yongmao Su Hua
The problem of water ecological carrying capacity is the core theoretical problem behind the amazing phenomenon of water resources shortage, intensified pollution and waste in China. Water ecological carrying capacity usually includes "support" and "pressure". Water ecological carrying capacity is based on the sustainable carrying capacity of water ecosystem and takes the sustainable development of human society as the carrying goal; The sustainable development of human society must be established within the safety threshold allowed by the water ecological carrying capacity.
Keywords:: study on sustainable development of drinking water resources protection
"Drinking water" is the highest level in the function of water resources utilization, the highest level in the coordinate system of water resources value, and the "top priority" of water resources utilization, which is directly related to the health and life safety of drinkers, social stability and the enhancement of comprehensive national strength.
First, the grim situation of drinking water resources in China: crisis
The main surface water and groundwater in China are multifunctional water bodies, and the drinking function of water is contained in them. Therefore, the study of drinking water is the study of surface water and groundwater with drinking function.
1. Surface water resources status
(1) Seen from the river basin
The total water resources of seven river basins in China are 65.438+089678 billion m3, the total groundwater resources are 529.534 billion m3, the repeated water volume is 437.909 billion m3, and the total water resources are 65.438+098455 billion m3. Occupy the whole country
65.4%, the total water consumption in the basin accounts for 82% of the total water consumption in the country. Therefore, it can approximately represent the total surface water resources in China.
According to the current international standards, the per capita water resource of 2000m3/a is on the verge of water shortage; Per capita water resources 1000m3/a is the minimum requirement for human survival. According to international standards, the per capita water resources of the seven major river basins in China are all below the warning line of water shortage except the Pearl River and the Yangtze River, indicating a serious shortage of drinking water.
(2) From a regional perspective
Tianjin, Ningxia, Shanghai, Beijing, Hebei, Shandong, Henan, Jiangsu, Shanxi and Liaoning are 10 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government), and the per capita water resources are insufficient 1000m3/a, which is a serious water shortage area. There are also eight provinces (autonomous regions) such as Anhui, Gansu, Shaanxi, Jilin, Hubei, Zhejiang, Heilongjiang and Inner Mongolia, which are lower than the national per capita water resources, that is, 18 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government are seriously short of water or close to the international warning line of water shortage.
(3) From the perspective of the city.
There are 668 cities in China, including more than 400 cities with water shortage, 4 cities with severe water shortage11,7 cities in the north and 43 cities in the south. It can be seen that cities all over the country are generally short of water, and almost all provincial capitals are short of water.
2. Groundwater status
The national average groundwater resources for many years is 828.8 billion m3, of which the groundwater resources in the northern plain area are 654.38+046.8 billion m3, accounting for 78% of the national plain area, and the average exploitable amount for many years is about 654.38+000 billion m3. The groundwater in the southern plain is only 405 1 100 million m3, and the groundwater resources are not rich.
3. Outstanding problems of drinking water resources in China.
(1) Drinking water resources are extremely scarce.
In addition to the general water shortage in cities, the vast rural areas in China, especially in northwest, north and northeast China, are short of fresh water resources, and drinking water is difficult in many areas. The main drinking groundwater in rural areas such as Northeast China and North China is over-exploited, resulting in a large number of falling funnels. There are 59 water-deficient cities and 155 water-deficient counties in the watery Yangtze River basin, and there are also 5 water-deficient arid areas. It is extremely difficult to drink water in the early arid areas in the southwest basin. There are 16 serious water shortage areas in the Pearl River Basin, which is rich in water resources, and the total water shortage is11100,000 m3/a. ..
(2) Water pollution is extremely serious.
The national survey of drinking water quality and water-borne diseases shows that poor drinking water quality has become a sharp problem threatening the survival of 1 1 100 million people. In China, 28% people drink surface water and 72% people drink groundwater. Due to the superimposed pollution of surface water and groundwater by feces, garbage, domestic sewage and "three wastes" from urban and rural enterprises, the water quality continues to deteriorate. Pollution not only makes the limited fresh water resources more scarce, but also leads to the spread of water-borne diseases. According to the survey, infectious diseases caused by drinking water account for about 80% of infectious diseases in China.
(3) Ecological destruction, resulting in shrinking drinking water sources.
Such as soil erosion, leading to sediment deposition and reducing the capacity of rivers and reservoirs; Drought leads to more shortage of drinking water resources; Water ecological problems, such as shrinking wetlands and river disconnection, have destroyed drinking water sources; The inefficient use and widespread waste of water resources make the unbearable drinking water resources worse; The carrying capacity of water resources continues to decline, and many areas are close to the limit.
Second, the ecological carrying capacity of drinking water resources in China: continuous decline
Water has become one of the most concerned hot issues in the world. In many areas of our country, the water crisis has become a reality. The severe "water situation" that water resources are scarce, pollution is intensified and waste is amazing shows that
The core of a series of theoretical problems is "water ecological carrying capacity".
The carrying capacity of drinking water resources can be divided into basin carrying capacity and regional carrying capacity from the meso level.
1. Connotation of water ecological carrying capacity
① Water ecological carrying capacity usually includes two parts: the self-sustaining and self-regulating capacity of water ecosystem and the capacity of water resources and water environment system, which are the supporting parts of water ecological carrying capacity; The socio-economic development ability of water ecosystem is the pressure part of water ecological carrying capacity.
② The self-maintenance and self-adjustment ability of water ecosystem refers to the "elasticity" of water ecosystem, while the water supply ability of Buffalo Prefecture and water environment subsystem refers to the carrying capacity of water resources and water environment respectively; The development ability of socio-economic subsystem refers to the sustainable socio-economic scale of water ecosystem and population with a certain living standard.
(3) Water ecological carrying capacity is based on the sustainable carrying capacity of water ecosystem, with the sustainable development of human society as the carrying target. The sustainable development of human society must be established within the safety threshold allowed by the water ecological carrying capacity.
④ The water ecological carrying capacity pays great attention to its overall adjustment ability, and also pays attention to the importance of individual elements of water resources and water environment. So once the ecosystem collapses, everyone, including human beings.
All species will face the danger of extinction, not just the decrease of resources, especially water resources or the decline of environmental quality.
⑤ The elasticity of ecosystem can not only reduce the damage of various pressures and disturbances, so that the system will not collapse, but also ensure the normal adjustment of resources, especially water resources and environmental carrying capacity to the maximum extent.
And the function of the play. Without the support of a normal ecosystem with certain elasticity, the carrying capacity of water resources and water environment cannot be fully exerted. Therefore, ecological elasticity is the supporting condition of ecological carrying capacity.
⑥ In human beings and ecosystems, people are the main body of activities. The change of water resources and water environment is largely controlled by people, and the development direction of ecosystem is mainly regulated by people.
The effectiveness and long-term effectiveness of water resources are directly related to the sustainable utilization of water resources.
2. Theoretical concept of water resources carrying capacity
The carrying capacity of water resources directly depends on the ways and means of water resources utilization, and the results are different with different utilization methods.
(1) Maximum water resources carrying capacity
In a certain area, the carrying capacity of water resources can be maximized in a certain period of time through engineering and technical means. It is worth noting that although the technical carrying capacity of water resources has reached the maximum water resources.
Source effect or "tension effect", but it damages the water environment and survival carrying capacity, which is a deficiency and needs to be adjusted and solved.
(2) Moderate water resources carrying capacity
The carrying capacity of water resources that can be achieved by various engineering and technical means in a certain area. Facing the sustainable development, we pursue the improvement of water ecological carrying capacity. Although scientific and technological progress has continuously improved the carrying capacity of water resources, this improvement must be limited to the carrying capacity allowed by water ecology. Although it improves the carrying capacity of water resources, it reduces the overall carrying capacity of the ecosystem, which is unsustainable. It will cause water environmental pollution and water ecological destruction, leading to the reduction of water environmental carrying capacity and water ecological carrying capacity.
It is worth noting that pursuing the ecological effect of water resources carrying capacity is by no means equal to denying the role of engineering and supporting technology. More importantly, it is to seek the "critical point" of dynamic balance between the original utilization of water resources and the acceptable threshold of water ecosystem.
(3) Ecological water resources carrying capacity
In a certain period, within a certain area, under the condition of not exceeding the elastic limit of the ecosystem, the supply capacity of water resources and the population with a certain quality of life supported by sustainable development.
The theoretical connotation of water resources carrying capacity in the sense of ecological carrying capacity is:
① Ecological water resources carrying capacity refers to "moderate carrying capacity", not the maximum water resources carrying capacity. As a part of the ecosystem, water resources are restricted by the ecosystem, indicating that the carrying capacity of water resources is directly controlled by the elasticity of the ecosystem.
② The carrying capacity of water resources depends on the richness of water resources in the ecosystem, as well as the demand and utilization of water resources. Abundance of water resources or large supply capacity is a good condition, but it does not fully indicate that the water resources carrying capacity of the system is large, because people only pay attention to the storage capacity of water resources, but often ignore the scale of water quality protection and development and utilization. For example, the water pollution in Haihe River basin is very serious, and the development and utilization rate of water exceeds 90%. 60% of the waters of Huaihe River are of super-V water quality, which completely loses its use function, and the utilization rate of available water also exceeds 70%, which is usually the upper limit of water resources utilization rate.
This value does not exceed 40%.
(3) The human demand for water resources includes both quantity and quality, and the carrying capacity of water resources is different with different demands. For example, the quality of drinking water cannot exceed the three standards.
(4) Carrying capacity of water ecological environment
Water environmental carrying capacity is the constraint condition of water ecological carrying capacity, and the environmental carrying capacity under the condition of ecological carrying capacity should include: the carrying capacity under a certain living standard and quality of life, which is reflected in the environment that the water environment should have certain standards; As far as the environment is concerned, the amount of pollutants that can be accommodated is reflected in the corresponding environmental capacity.
(5) Water ecological elasticity
Refers to the ability of water ecosystem to maintain itself, seek self-regulation and resist various pressures and interferences.
① Ecological resilience is the supporting condition of ecological carrying capacity and the foundation of human survival and activities. The resilience of an ecosystem is of great significance to an ecosystem, because any ecosystem is neither independent nor static, but is always under various pressures and changes. However, the existence of any living thing needs a relatively stable environment. The reason why this relatively stable environment can be maintained is mainly because the ecosystem has the ability of self-maintenance and self-adjustment, that is to say, the ecosystem has certain resilience.
Only by scientifically and accurately understanding the elasticity of the survival system can we avoid paying attention to one thing and losing the other, which is conducive to the sustainable development of the system. Improving the carrying capacity of ecosystem is the goal pursued by human beings.
Mark. In the past, people mistakenly understood ecological carrying capacity as resource carrying capacity. Therefore, when we transform the ecosystem, we often only pay attention to the resource carrying capacity of the system, but ignore the ecological carrying capacity of the system, resulting in many irreversible major ecological losses. Such as reclaiming land from lakes, reclaiming wetlands, destroying forests and filling the sea.
③ The connotation of ecological elasticity should include two aspects: system elasticity strength and system elasticity limit. Elastic strength refers to the elasticity of the system, and elastic limit refers to the elastic range of the system.
The significance of water ecological elasticity strength lies in measuring the actual or potential water carrying capacity of a basin or region, judging the self-sustaining capacity and stability of a basin or region, and measuring the development direction of a basin or region, which is of great significance to guiding the sustainable development of a basin or region.
The concept of "ecological resilience" has important theoretical and practical significance, especially for the protection, development and utilization of drinking water resources.
Drinking water resource system is an open system, which constantly exchanges energy and materials with the outside world. When the system reaches the nonlinear region far away from the equilibrium state, once a parameter of the system changes,
At a certain threshold, through the process of "fluctuation", the system may undergo a non-equilibrium phase change, from the original disordered state to a "dissipative structure" state, so that the water area can reach an ecological balance.
Third, China drinking water resources: protection countermeasures and development strategies
1. Protection countermeasures
① For the development, utilization and protection of drinking water resources, we should have ecological thinking, establish an ecological protection system, that is, solve the "problems" of drinking water with ecological technology, repair the ecological defects of water with ecological engineering technology, and establish a healthy water ecological field.
② Comprehensively control water pollution according to law to improve water environment and water ecological carrying capacity.
③ Carry out water-saving policies in an all-round way, implement water-saving industries and agriculture, and build a water-saving society.
(4) Open the water market, develop aquaculture, implement paid use and transfer of water resources, trade water rights, and realize the strategy of "nourishing water with water".
⑤ Relying on scientific and technological progress to protect rivers, lakes, reservoirs and groundwater, developing circular economy and green and clean technology, and eliminating pollution from the source and process of production, thus ensuring the sustainable development of water, human beings and social economy.
2. Development strategy
The "theoretical strategy" makes us deeply understand the theoretical connotation of sustainable development, and leads the protection, development and utilization of drinking water resources to the track of sustainable development, thus realizing the sustainable utilization of water.
(2) "ecological strategy", using ecological technology to solve water problems; We must use the special function of ecosystem to intercept rain and flood to solve the problem of insufficient water resources. At the same time, all water problems can only be solved by facing the ecology.
③ "Comprehensive strategy", which puts forward the basic principles of water resources development, utilization and protection from different levels and angles.
References:
1 who. Guide to drinking water quality. Appendix V0 12. Health standards and other support. Genus; Who, 1998
2 EU Council Directive 98/83 EC (from the Internet)
3 Gao Jixi. Discussion on the theory of sustainable development. China Environmental Science Press, 200 1.5
(The author is Songliao Basin Water Resources Protection Bureau: Professor Liu Yongmao, senior engineer, and Su Huawei, senior engineer. )
Editor Li Jichu