The lifestyle of pregnant women is not only related to their physical and mental health, but also affects her unborn child. The diet, good mood and exercise of pregnant women are closely related to the health and living habits of future babies.
The nutrition of expectant mothers before and during pregnancy is related to the health of mother and child. Andel Davies, a famous American nutritionist, said: "Although the health and intelligence of the fetus are related to heredity, the influence of heredity is definitely not as important as nutrition." . The nutrition of pregnant women should not only meet their physiological needs and maintain their health, but also ensure the normal growth and development of the fetus, smooth delivery and postpartum milk secretion. The nutritional status of pregnant women directly affects the physical quality and intellectual level of fetuses, infants and adolescents until adulthood.
It is harmful for pregnant women to be overweight.
At present, with the improvement of material living standards, pregnant mothers often take too much nutrition and have less physical activity throughout pregnancy, so the phenomenon of pregnant women gaining weight greatly during pregnancy is more and more. Overweight or obese pregnant women are very prone to metabolic diseases such as hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia and hypertension, which will have adverse effects on themselves and their babies. Pregnant women who are overweight before pregnancy or gain too much or too fast weight during pregnancy are easy to induce hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. During pregnancy, it is easy to give birth to macrosomia, thus increasing the probability of dystocia, cesarean section, postpartum hemorrhage and birth injury. In addition, overweight pregnant women will increase the risk of obesity, coronary heart disease and diabetes in children from adolescence to adulthood. Therefore, reasonable nutrition during pregnancy and scientific weight control are very important.
Generally speaking, the excessive weight gain of pregnant women during pregnancy is mainly caused by the following two factors.
Expectant mothers beware of rubella in spring.
Spring is the season when everything grows, but it is also the most rampant period of infectious diseases. Every spring, the number of patients in the hospital increases. Here, we should especially remind expectant mothers to pay more attention to their health, and don't forget that there is still a villain to take care of.
Examples of life
Liu Lei has been married for many years, with loving husband and wife and a successful career. She is looking forward to having a healthy and lovely baby. Since Liu Lei became pregnant, they have taken good care of the fetus: supplementing various nutrients and prenatal education. Finally, they waited for the arrival of a new life, but never expected that the child born was blind (congenital cataract). The doctor diagnosed the baby with congenital rubella syndrome, which was caused by rubella virus infection during pregnancy.
Expert review
In China, more than 300,000 newborns with various birth defects come into the world every year. According to conservative estimates, about 40,000 pregnant women were born with congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) after being infected with rubella virus. Studies have proved that there is a causal relationship between the occurrence of fetal malformation in pregnant women and rubella virus infection.
Unreasonable diet structure
For example, blind tonic during pregnancy, a large number of high-calorie, high-fat, high-sugar food intake.
Many pregnant women and their families who don't get enough exercise are worried that physical activity will "move the fetal qi" and affect the health of the fetus. Therefore, during pregnancy, pregnant women will try to avoid all opportunities for exercise, or even give up their jobs and rest at home. Due to too little exercise, the nutrients usually ingested are easy to accumulate in the body, leading to rapid weight gain. In fact, a proper amount of rest and exercise for pregnant mommy during pregnancy is good for the fetus. Foreign experts believe that the fetus will adjust its physiological condition according to the environment in the uterus to cope with the environment after birth. Exercise may also play a vital role in children's future health.
Nutrition during pregnancy should be guaranteed.
At present, researchers have gradually realized that many neonatal stunting, birth defects or adult diseases are related to maternal malnutrition during pregnancy. Therefore, we should pay attention to the nutritional supplement of pregnant women to ensure the growth and development of the fetus. During pregnancy, due to the needs of fetal growth, pregnant mommy also needs to store more nutrients to prepare for delivery, so special attention should be paid to a balanced diet to ensure adequate supply of heat energy, protein and various nutrients.
Often eat foods rich in iron, and at the same time supplement vitamin C to promote the absorption of iron and prevent the occurrence of iron deficiency anemia. The survey found that about 20% pregnant women in urban population suffer from anemia in different degrees, while the prevalence rate in rural areas is higher, reaching more than 40%. The main reason is the lack of iron, folic acid or vitamin B 12. Anemia during pregnancy not only affects maternal health, but also affects the growth and development of the fetus and the intelligence level after birth. It is suggested that pregnant mommy should supplement iron, folic acid or vitamins in moderation during pregnancy. Folic acid is a water-soluble B vitamin, and the demand for folic acid in pregnant women is higher than that in normal people. Folic acid deficiency can lead to fetal malformations, such as neural tube malformations, including anencephaly and spina bifida, accounting for about 3.8% in China.
The development of fetal bones and teeth needs calcium. The content of calcium in China's diet is generally insufficient, and the storage of calcium in the mother is not much. Calcium deficiency may also increase the risk of hypertensive disorder complicating pregnancy. It is suggested that pregnant mommy should supplement calcium properly during pregnancy. Harvard University's research shows that the current prevalence of childhood asthma is related to the lack of vitamin D in pregnant women. The study also found that pregnant women who take vitamin D in moderation during pregnancy are less likely to develop asthma. Pregnant mommy's demand for all vitamins, minerals and trace elements during pregnancy is 1.8 times that of usual, so besides paying attention to increasing foods rich in vitamins, minerals and trace elements, we can consider taking a certain amount of preparations containing corresponding nutrients orally. In a word, for pregnant mothers, to conceive a healthy baby scientifically, we should not only enhance the nutritional awareness during pregnancy, but also emphasize the importance of reasonable nutrition and balanced diet.
In addition, the eating habits of pregnant mommy will also affect the baby's eating habits in the future. Therefore, if you want your baby to have a good eating habit in the future, you must start from pregnancy. Researchers at the Royal College of Veterinary Medicine found that more than 95% of the offspring of mothers who eat junk food may eat too much compared with mothers who eat healthy food. Good eating habits can build a baby's healthy taste.
Studies have shown that human fetuses can experience taste and smell in the womb; At 7 months, the taste buds of the fetus are fully developed. Once babies are exposed to the outside world, they seem to prefer these familiar smells. At Mone 1 1 Chemosensitivity Center in Philadelphia, USA, one group of pregnant women drank carrot juice in the third month of pregnancy, while the other group drank water. After half a year, children are provided with mixed grains of carrots and juice, and children of women who drink carrot juice prefer the taste of carrots. Don't these better explain that we should cultivate the baby's eating habits from the diet of pregnant mommy?
Being happy is very important.
In addition to diet, pregnant mommy's mood and emotions will also play a very important role in the growth and development of the fetus. The bad mood of pregnant women not only affects the psychological growth of the fetus, but also affects the physical development of the fetus. The bad mood of pregnant women will first affect the function of their own circulatory system and digestive system, and at the same time may cause hypertension, peripheral vasoconstriction and even affect the oxygen supply of the fetus, affect the brain development of the fetus, and even lead to fetal death in severe cases. According to statistics, if pregnant women are excessively nervous for a long time, such as anger, fear, pain, fright, anxiety or severe stimulation, it will have adverse effects on the hypothalamus of the fetus and increase the probability of mental illness in the future. Children born to mothers who have been in a state of anxiety and depression for a long time are often restless, do not like to sleep, have eccentric personalities, and even have mental retardation, and their social adaptability is poor when they grow up. Therefore, it is very important for pregnant women to maintain their physical and mental health during pregnancy. Positive emotions can increase healthy chemicals in the blood, which is more conducive to the growth and development of the fetus.
It is suggested that pregnant mothers should try their best to control emotional fluctuations and adjust their emotions when they are unhappy or encounter mental trauma, so as to reduce the impact of tension on the development of pregnant women and fetuses. Therefore, pregnant women should always keep a good mood, insist on walking and listen to soft and beautiful music. A husband should be considerate of his wife and strive to create a comfortable and peaceful family atmosphere for the baby's future.
In short, the lifestyle of pregnant women will affect the baby's future, so during pregnancy, pregnant mothers should pay attention to diet and exercise, maintain a healthy attitude, and add points to their children's future health.
How high is the technical content of eugenics?
It is every parent's wish to have a healthy and intelligent baby. How can we ensure that the fetus in the uterus is a healthy baby? With the continuous development of science and technology, birth defects can be found and treated in time through various detection methods before pregnancy, prenatal and postpartum, thus achieving prenatal and postnatal care.
The first step of eugenics
Prepregnancy intervention is very important.
Premarital medical examination
Check whether the groom-to-be and bride-to-be have diseases that affect fertility and the health of future generations, and guide fertility purposefully and step by step.
For people who are not suitable for childbearing, it is recommended to use contraception after marriage;
People with family hereditary diseases are advised to get pregnant under the guidance of a doctor after marriage:
It is suggested that people in sub-health or disease state should be treated before giving birth to children.
Prepregnancy medical examination
To know whether the husband and wife have any diseases that are not suitable for pregnancy, the organ function of both sides, and reproductive organ diseases. For patients with genetic diseases, sexually transmitted diseases, infectious diseases and various internal and surgical complications, it is recommended to go to relevant departments for evaluation.
Genetic counseling
Couples who have familial clustering diseases, familial hereditary diseases and have given birth to deformed children should be given genetic counseling before pregnancy.
Prepregnancy health care guidance
The best childbearing age: 24-29 years for females and 26-30 years for males.
Couples who are planning to get pregnant should have reasonable nutrition, prevent infection, use drugs carefully, quit smoking and drinking, and avoid contact with radiation, toxic and harmful substances and high temperature environment, so as to create a safe environment for pregnant healthy babies.
Take folic acid, iron supplement, iodized salt and seafood before pregnancy to reduce the occurrence of birth defects.
Check Toxoplasma gondii, rubella virus, cytomegalovirus and herpes simplex virus before pregnancy, and vaccinate if necessary.
Eugenics step 2
Avoiding the birth of a defective child is the key.
Prenatal screening Through prenatal screening, high-risk groups of children with genetic diseases and birth defects can be found, and whether the fetus is neural tube defect, anencephaly, osteogenesis hypoplasia, serious body surface and visceral malformation can be found in time to prevent the child from being born.
Prenatal diagnosis Prenatal diagnosis is also called prenatal diagnosis, that is, using various diagnostic techniques for intrauterine diagnosis of fetal diseases. Before the fetus is born, amniotic fluid, umbilical cord blood or villi are obtained by puncture to diagnose whether the fetus has genetic defects, congenital malformations and genetic metabolic diseases. Monogenic genetic diseases can be used for prenatal genetic diagnosis of pregnant fetus to avoid the birth of children.
At present, prenatal diagnosis methods are divided into invasive and non-invasive methods.
Invasive prenatal diagnosis method
Amniocentesis (pregnancy 16 ~ 20 weeks) Amniocentesis can diagnose chromosome diseases and monogenic diseases (such as thalassemia and hemophilia). ), other genetic diseases (such as mitochondrial diseases, etc. ), intrauterine infection, neural tube defects, endocrine diseases, etc. And can also evaluate fetal hemolysis and fetal maturity.
Chorionic sampling (pregnancy 10- 12 weeks) is the main method of prenatal diagnosis in early pregnancy. Villus sampling can be used for early pregnancy diagnosis, and it is suitable for some emergency cases that need early diagnosis or determination of certain enzymes.
Umbilical cord blood puncture (pregnancy 16 weeks before delivery) can directly obtain fetal blood, not only for rapid chromosome karyotype examination, but also for direct diagnosis of fetal blood system diseases.
Noninvasive prenatal diagnosis method
Fetal ultrasound images can purposefully observe and track the special changes of the fetus through ultrasound diagnosis, and evaluate the normal growth and development of the fetus.
Separation and enrichment of fetal cells in maternal peripheral blood There are some fetal cells in maternal peripheral blood, which can be used for prenatal diagnosis of fetal diseases.
Application of fetal deoxyribonucleic acid in maternal blood in prenatal diagnosis There is free fetal DNA in maternal peripheral serum and plasma. This technique can be used for prenatal diagnosis of fetal sex, Rh blood group, paternal hereditary diseases, chromosome aberration and other diseases.
The third step of eugenics
Screening, diagnosis and treatment of neonatal genetic diseases
Early screening, early diagnosis and timely treatment of newborns can reduce the disability rate and promote the rehabilitation of disabled children. For example, early diagnosis and timely treatment of some children with dislocation of hip joint, congenital heart disease and congenital deafness can reduce their disability rate. Through the screening of neonatal genetic diseases, corresponding measures should be taken in time for children with phenylketonuria, glucose -6- phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency and congenital hypothyroidism to reduce the disability rate through drug treatment or dietary guidance.
At present, with the deepening of scientific research, through premarital examination, pre-pregnancy consultation, prenatal screening, prenatal diagnosis and neonatal screening, diagnosis and treatment, the birth of defective children can be avoided, the disability rate can be reduced, and our baby can have a healthy future.
Interpretation of Dietary Guidelines for China Residents 2007 —— Dietary Guidelines for Women in Early Pregnancy
The medical definition of early pregnancy refers to the period from 1 day to 13 weekend. At this stage, in addition to joy and expectation, expectant mothers are accompanied by early pregnancy reactions such as nausea, vomiting and loss of appetite. More than 50% of pregnant women began to have the above symptoms from the 5th to 6th week of pregnancy, and they became more and more obvious with the increase of weeks, generally lasting until 12 weeks, and a few may last until the 20th week of pregnancy. These inevitable early pregnancy reactions will affect the nutritional intake of pregnant women, and the first trimester is the key period of embryonic tissue differentiation. The decrease of intake caused by early pregnancy reaction may lead to the lack of micronutrients such as folic acid, zinc and iodine, which will increase the risk of fetal malformation.
How can we solve this imbalance between supply and demand? According to the special physiological characteristics of women in early pregnancy and on the basis of normal diet, the Dietary Guidelines for China Residents 2007 put forward the following suggestions.
The diet is light and palatable, eat less and eat more meals.
There is only one purpose of cooking food: to make pregnant women want to eat, and to reduce the early pregnancy reaction of pregnant women on the premise of ensuring nutrition.
The principle of lightness refers to choosing cooking methods such as steaming, boiling, boiling, stewing and stewing in food cooking, and avoiding cooking methods such as frying, frying, smoking, roasting and frying. Cooking and other methods can better maintain the original flavor and nutrients of food, and lepin is easier to digest and absorb, which can alleviate the early pregnancy reaction and improve the appetite of pregnant women. Take meat as an example, whether it is poultry meat such as fish, chickens, ducks and pigeons, or livestock meat such as pigs, cattle and sheep, it is a good source of high-quality protein and iron, and pregnant women and ordinary people need to take it in moderation every day. Fish is better digested and absorbed than other meats, and pregnant women can appropriately increase the intake of fish food. There should also be a choice in cooking methods. Meat, too. Compared with minced meat, the latter is more delicious and digestible.
Eating less and eating more is also the privilege of expectant mothers, especially pregnant women with serious early pregnancy reactions. They don't have to emphasize eating rules like ordinary people, and they can't force food. Instead, they should adjust the frequency, quantity, type and time of eating in time according to their appetite and reaction. Expectant mothers can insist on eating some digestible foods between vomiting, such as egg noodle soup, noodle soup, etc., to ensure nutrient intake. Once the early pregnancy reaction is alleviated or the interval between onset is prolonged, the number of meals and food types can be appropriately increased to ensure the intake of energy and nutrients.
Ensure adequate intake of carbohydrate-rich foods.
Early pregnancy reaction often makes pregnant women feel hungry, and people with severe vomiting can't eat enough carbohydrates. This will directly lead the mother to mobilize fat decomposition to generate energy for the body to use. The metabolite of fat is ketone body, which can enter the fetus through the placenta and affect the development of fetal brain and nervous system. Therefore, it is necessary to ensure that the daily carbohydrate intake is not less than 150g (3 Liang), which is about 200g (4 Liang) of cereals. Other foods with high carbohydrate content include all kinds of potatoes and fruits. The sugars in fruits are mostly fructose, glucose and sucrose, which can be quickly and directly absorbed and utilized by the fetus through the placenta. If vomiting is serious and people can't eat anything at all, they need to be supplemented by intravenous nutrition under the guidance of a doctor.
Pay attention to folic acid supplementation
Lack of folic acid in early pregnancy will increase the risk of fetal neural tube defects and premature delivery. Therefore, folic acid should continue to be supplemented 400 micrograms a day in the first trimester, and folic acid preparation is the first choice. If you choose food supplement, animal liver and kidney, eggs, beans, green leafy vegetables, fruits, nuts and other folic acid are rich.
Quit smoking and drinking.
Smoking or passive smoking during pregnancy, nicotine in tobacco, cyanide and carbon monoxide in smoke may all lead to fetal hypoxia, malnutrition and stunting. Alcohol can enter the blood through the placenta, causing intrauterine growth retardation, abnormal development of central nervous system, mental retardation and so on. , also known as alcoholism syndrome. Therefore, in order to give birth to a healthy baby, pregnant women should give up smoking and alcohol and stay away from the smoking environment.