Orim's exposition of four basic concepts:
1. people: the whole person should have physiological, psychological, interpersonal and social functions, and have the ability to take care of themselves through study and life.
2. Health: Orem believes that health should include physical, psychological, interpersonal and social health. Health has different states and is a continuous process.
3. Environment: All factors except people, individuals living in society want to be able to manage themselves and be responsible for the health of themselves and their dependents. For individuals who can't take care of themselves, society provides help.
4. Nursing activities to overcome or prevent the occurrence and development of self-care defects and provide help for individuals whose self-care needs cannot be met. Personal health and self-care ability determine the number of nursing needs.
The main content of Orem's self-care model consists of three interrelated theoretical structures:
1. self-care structure: self-care refers to the activities that individuals need to carry out in order to maintain their lives and health. These activities are carried out continuously in a certain form. Self-care activities are purposeful and meaningful behaviors, and their effectiveness will directly affect the health of individuals. An individual's age, health and learning ability will affect his self-care ability. At the same time, the external environment such as social and family factors will also have an impact on individual self-care activities.
People's self-care needs include:
(1) General self-care needs: mainly including the needs for air, water, food and excretion, maintaining the balance between activities and rest, maintaining the balance between solitude and social interaction, preventing harmful factors, and striving to be recognized by the group.
(2) Self-care needs of development: including special needs in different periods. In the process of growing up, there are two aspects: the need to prevent and deal with unfavorable situations.
(3) Self-care needs in poor health: It can be caused by diseases or iatrogenic factors.
2. Self-care defect structure
(1) therapeutic self-care needs: that is, the self-care needs that individuals are currently facing.
(2) Self-care: the ability of individuals to complete self-care activities.
(3) Self-care defect: refers to the individual's self-care ability can not meet the therapeutic self-care needs.
When individuals have self-care defects, they need nursing help.
3. Nursing system structure: Orem designed three kinds of nursing compensation systems according to the degree of individual self-care defects:
(1) Full compensation system: Patients have no self-care ability at all, and need comprehensive help from nursing to meet all their basic needs.
(2) Partial compensation system: the patient's self-care ability is partially deficient, and needs nursing to give appropriate help. Both nurses and patients need to participate in self-care activities. On the one hand, nurses compensate patients for their self-care defects, on the other hand, they need to give full play to patients' initiative and help patients improve their self-care ability.
(3) Supporting education system: When patients can only complete some self-care activities through study, nurses need to provide education, support and help for patients to improve their self-care ability.