Guan Yigu Han
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Guan Zhong (about 723 BC or 765438 BC+06-645 BC), Han nationality, was a famous politician of Qi in the Spring and Autumn Period.
Military strategist, Yingshang (now Yingshang, Anhui). Guan Zhong lost his father at a young age, his mother was in the hospital, and he lived in poverty. He had to shoulder the burden of his family early. In order to make a living, he joined the army after doing business with Bao, and after many twists and turns, he was recommended by Bao as the prime minister of Qi, known as the "first phase of the Spring and Autumn Period" in history, and assisted to become the first overlord in the Spring and Autumn Period. Guan Zhong's remarks were found in the Mandarin Chyi Yu, and another Guanzi was handed down from generation to generation.
Guan Zhong attached importance to the economy, opposed empty talk, advocated reform, and made Qiang Bing rich. He said: "If the country has more wealth, it will be far away. If you open the land, the people will stay, the warehouse will know etiquette, and food and clothing will know honor and disgrace. " Qi Huangong respected Guan Zhong as "Guan Zhong" and authorized him to preside over a series of political and economic reforms: dividing administrative regions throughout the country, organizing military establishment and setting up official administration; Establishing a talent selection system can be regarded as "the praise of superiors" (assistant) after three trials; Taxes are classified according to land, and nobles are forbidden to plunder private property; Develop the salt and iron industry and adjust the price of coins. The essence of Guanzhong reform is to abolish slavery and transition to feudalism. Guanzhong's reform has achieved remarkable results, greatly enhancing the national strength of Qi. Externally, Guan Zhong proposed to "respect the king and resist foreign countries" and unite with neighboring countries in the north to resist the invasion of Shanrong nationality. This diplomatic strategy has also been successful. Later, Confucius lamented: "If there were no Guan Zhong, I would wear a dress." .
Guan Zhong's success is inseparable from Bao's knowledge, talent and good recommendation. In his later years, Guan Zhong said with emotion, "I made more money doing business with Bao. He doesn't think I am greedy; I screwed up when I asked Bao Shu Ya for something. He doesn't think I'm stupid. I ran away from the ground three times, but he didn't think I was timid and afraid of death; I was expelled from public office and he didn't think I was corrupt; I helped Miyako lose for a long time, and I was humiliated by prisoners. He didn't think I was shameless. My parents gave birth to me, and I know Baozi! "
Guan Zhong's works are included in Mandarin Qi Yu and Han Shu Yi Wen Zhi. Guanzi * * * has 24 volumes and 85 articles, and now there are 76 articles, which are extremely rich in content, including the thoughts of Taoism, Buddhism and Legalism, as well as knowledge of astronomy, geography, economy and agriculture. Among them, Zhong Qing and other articles are rare economic works in ancient books, which discuss production, distribution, trade, consumption and finance.
Guan Zhong's biography is recorded in Historical Records and Biographies of Yan Guan.
Wu Zhao (? -before 54 1) is Zhao Meng, the ruling doctor of the state of Jin in the Spring and Autumn Period. Zhao is a native of Jin, and his great-grandfather Zhao Shuai was a doctor who helped Wen Gong succeed. His grandfather, Zhao Dun, was the prime minister of the State of Jin, and experienced three dynasties: Xianggong, Gong Ling and Chenggong. His father Zhao Shuo succeeded him as a doctor when he was in Duke Jing of Jin. His sons are Zhao Cheng, Zi, Shi and Sun Zhaoyang.
In the third year of Duke Jing of Jin (597 BC), Tu'an Gu, a doctor and shepherd of the State of Jin, attempted to rebel and control the regime of the State of Jin, determined to destroy Zhao first. So he killed Zhao Shuo, Zhao Tong, Zhao Kuo and Zhao by sending troops to attack the Summer Palace without authorization. Destroy Zhao's family.
Zhao Shuo's wife is Jin Chenggong's sister. She was pregnant and fled to the palace to escape. Soon, a boy was born. He is the famous orphan of Zhao in history. According to "Historical Records of Zhao Family", when he entered the palace to find orphans, Zhao Shuo's wife hid the orphans in the trouser stall and wanted to tell: "Zhao's family is extinct, if it is a number; That is, it will not go out, if it is silent. " Sure enough, in the process of searching, the orphan didn't make any noise. Later, the orphan was finally rescued by Gongsun Chujiu, a janitor in Zhao Shuo, and Cheng Ying, a friend of Zhao Shuo. Gongsun gave his life for this, and hid in the mountains with orphans. (Now there is a Tibetan mountain in Yuxian County, Shanxi Province, which is said to be the place where Cheng Ying was hiding at that time; Today, there is also a Tibetan mountain in the western suburbs of Xinzhou City and Zhongtiao Mountain in Yuanqu County, Shanxi Province. Press: Gong Ling and Gong Jing are both in Jiangxi, which is Yicheng County, Shaanxi Province. Don't be too far away from Beijing in a secluded place. When I was in the south of Shanxi, it seemed to be the hidden mountain of Zhongtiao Mountain in Yuanqu County.
In AD 15, with the efforts of Han Biao, a famous doctor in Jin Dynasty, Duke Jing of Jin rehabilitated Zhao's unjust imprisonment, sent troops to attack and destroy him, became a doctor, and restored Zhao's land fief. In the 12th year of Jin Pinggong (546 BC), Wu Zhao Ren Zhengqing presided over the government affairs of the State of Jin and represented Shangqiu, the capital of the State of Jin, in the garrison conference. The suggestion of stationing troops this time was put forward by the doctor to Xu, which actually reflected the policy of restraining Wu Yangwen. He has always advocated reducing the tributary of vassal States to the overlord and strengthening the etiquette requirements so that all countries can act according to etiquette and maintain the peace situation. As early as ten years in Jin Pinggong (548 BC), he died. He said, "From now on, there are very few soldiers. ..... If you respect the ceremony, you can use the words of the Tao to calm the princes and the soldiers can wait for them. " Therefore, the state of Jin first responded to Xu's suggestion and stationed troops. In the alliance, Wu Zhao showed the attitude of maintaining peace, attaching importance to faith and respecting ceremony, which made the withdrawal activities effective. The military meeting was jointly sponsored by Jin and Chu, and representatives from Jin, Chu, Lu, Song, Cai, Wei, Chen, Zheng and Cao all attended. The General Assembly unanimously agreed that Jin and Chu should stop fighting and * * * should be the king.
Hosting the Chu Jin Army Congress is an important political and diplomatic activity that Wu Zhao participated in all his life. This activity not only expanded the influence in vassal states, but also improved Zhao's political status in China. In the 13th year of Jin Pinggong (545 BC), Ji Ling, son of Yan State, came to Jin State. Yan made a survey of the political situation in the state of Jin at that time and came to a conclusion. He said: "The political chess pieces of Jin State are Zhao Wuzi, Han Zixuan and Wei Xianzi!" Later, it was proved that Yanling ji zi's argument was completely practical.
During Wu Zhao's reign, he pursued a steady and peaceful political line in domestic and international affairs. Although he did not make outstanding achievements, he preserved the strength of Jin State and maintained its hegemonic position. In the competition with Chu, he is not obviously at a disadvantage, but he still has some merits. Therefore, Wu Qi, a doctor in the Jin Dynasty, once said to Wu Zhao, "Teachers and disciples are not tired, the country is not tired, the people are not slandered, the ministers are not resentful, and there is no catastrophe in heaven, and the power of the children is also."
In order to safeguard the merits of soldiers, Wu Zhao was once a "doctor of ministers" and forged many alliances. In the year of his death (seventeen years), he joined forces with Chu, Qi, Song, Wei, Chen, Cai, Zheng, Xu, Cao and other countries in Guo (Dongguo, now Guxing Town, North Zhengzhou, Henan Province) to revisit the agreement reached during the Song Union and maintain the armistice between the vassal States.
It may have something to do with his early exile. In his later years, Wu Zhao always felt that his body and mind were failing, and his disappointment was beyond words. For example, he said to Liu, the envoy of the Zhou royal family, "We steal food (drag out an ignoble existence) and don't plan for the future." He said to Qin's son, "Who can stay for five years?" Feeling overworked and tired of diligence, answering guests shows signs of eternity. This contrasts with the legendary experience of his childhood, which increases the drama of his life and is a masterpiece of history books.
After Wu Zhao died, he was named Wen Zi. After the arrival of Wu Zhao III, Zhi Bo was destroyed by Han, Zhao and Wei, and the three tribes were divided into Jin.
Emperor Xuan Di of Han Dynasty
After Liu He, the king of Changyi, was deposed, Dr. Guanglu and Li Ji, an official in imperial court, suggested welcoming Liu Bingyi, the great grandson of Liang Wudi in exile, into the palace to follow the great cause of reunification of Emperor Zhao. At this time, among the descendants of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, there is no more choice. Li Ji highly praised the 18-year-old emperor and grandson for "learning classics, being beautiful and harmonious". The Council of Ministers agreed to Li Ji's proposal and sent Zong Zheng Liu De to Chang 'an Shangguan to meet the new king at Weiyang Palace. So, why did Huo Guang, Fu's general, agree to make Liu Bingyi the new emperor?
instability
At that time, there was a concubine named Shi Liangdi in Liu Yuxin who gave birth to the emperor Sun Liujin. According to * * *, Liu has three sons. In order to distinguish them, he called Liu Jinshi Sun Huang by his grandmother's surname. When Shi grew up, he married and gave birth to a son. A few months later, in the second year of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty (9 1 year), a "witchcraft disaster" broke out, and the princes of this family, Ranzi, Shi and Mrs. Wang, were killed one after another. Only the hungry baby Liu Bingyi saved her life and was sent to prison.
Because some people say that Chang 'an Prison has a son of heaven, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty ordered all prisoners to be executed, and the warden Gao Ji argued that Liu Bingyi's life was saved. The next day, Emperor Wu revoked this order. When he was a baby, Li Ji chose two female prisoners as his wet nurses in prison. After being rehabilitated, at the age of five, he was once again carried to the car seat and sent to his grandmother's house in Lu. Shi Liangdi's mother, Zhen Jun, loves the poor child very much. Although she is old and weak, she still takes care of his life. Li Ji also promptly reported the news that Liu Bingyi was pardoned to the Ye Ting court. From then on, Liu Bingyi's name was recorded in the genealogy of the imperial clan, and his living expenses were all provided by the imperial court. At this time, Zhang He, a court official, was once a slave of the criminal Prince Liu Yi, taking care of his master's old love and the great-grandson of the emperor. He used his own private funds to expand his studies for Liu Bingyi.
Seeing growing up day by day, Ye Ting asked Zhang He to start worrying about the lifelong events of the late emperor's eldest grandson, so he hired Xu Pingjun, the daughter of the warden Xu Guanghan, as his wife. So, Liu Bingyi, a victim of 17 years old, married Xu Pingjun, and a year later she gave birth to her son Liu Shi (later Emperor of the Han Dynasty). A few months later, Liu Bingyi became Liu Xun, an emperor he never dreamed of. Xuan Di, the Emperor of the Han Dynasty, was born in the folk, with a weak foundation and easy manipulation, which was one of the reasons why Huo Guang chose him.
The appearance of prophecy
Divination, also known as divination, is a popular religious theology in Han Dynasty. The so-called "prophecy" is a religious prophecy and a code word to be fulfilled; And "latitude" is relative to "classics" and comes from the meaning of supplementing Confucian classics. "Divination" comes from destiny, also known as "destiny" and "divination". Weft is named after the deified Confucius. Generally speaking, divination is based on some mysterious revelations to verify the statements of people. The prosperity of divination is the product of the distortion of Confucian classics and social crisis. As a cultural phenomenon, it provides a convenient and effective public opinion tool for the turbulent current political competition.
When Emperor Zhao was alive, people might see that he was sickly and childless, so there was a rumor that spread like wildfire between the ruling and the opposition. In the first month of the third year of Yuanfeng in Zhao Di (78 years ago), it is said that thousands of people in the south of Laiwu Mountain in Taishan Mountain saw a huge stone, which was 1.5 feet high and 48 feet long. Suddenly, it was erected by itself and inserted 8 feet underground. There were three small stones below. It is also said that in the Royal Shanglin Garden, a big willow tree fell to the ground and died, and it stood up and came back to life. There are words written on it by insects biting leaves: "gongsun disease has been established." What is the meaning of "Gongsun" in Oracle Bone Inscriptions? Who is "sick"? Is this a fabrication? From the Western Han Dynasty to the present, there have been arguments for more than two thousand years. But at least we can see that Liu Ji's tragedy has spread among the people and won wide sympathy. At that time, people yearned for the King of Wei and expressed dissatisfaction with the failure to rehabilitate Wang Wei after Emperor Zhao ascended the throne. This dissatisfaction has formed a powerful social trend of thought, which has impacted the reality of Huo Guangquan's change of ownership. Huo Guang is a wise man who knows the times. He knows that this trend of thought is irresistible and can only be followed. Grasping Liu Bingyi can not only inherit God's will, but also make oneself change from passive to active, thus realizing the desire to manipulate the new king easily. This is the second reason why Huo Guang chose Liu Bingyi.
However, will Xuan Di be as obedient as Emperor Zhao? Can the Hoxhlet Group hold the power of the country forever?
[Edit this paragraph] Courage: Clear flint.
Xuan Di, the Emperor Gaozu, was born in the "witchcraft disaster" and his relatives were punished. I have been living in prison or among the people, understanding and sympathizing with the lower classes, and knowing the cruelty of the imperial court's struggle for the throne, so I was cautious, generous and kind after I acceded to the throne, and tried to unite various factions to consolidate my position.
Overcome impetuosity and exercise patience.
Xuan Di took a very different measure from his predecessors, Liu He and Changyi Wang, that is, be patient.
After Xuan Di acceded to the throne, he entrusted all the affairs of state to Huo Guang, and there was only one thing that he insisted on making his own decisions, that is, conferring the Queen. Ministers all know that Huo Guang has a little daughter named Huo, who is the aunt of the Queen Mother Shangguan. Ministers unanimously agreed to give the position of queen to Huo Guang's daughter. However, I can't forget my wife, Xu Pingjun, who was in trouble. When Xu Pingjun first entered the palace, he took Li as a parting message and planned to make her queen. However, instead of telling the ministers, he wrote a letter and found a sword he used when he was poor. The purpose of this Gu Jian is sincere. Ministers know, so we have to play please make Connie Hsu queen. To this, Huo Guang also have to agree.
In 74 BC, in February of 65438+3 1 year (Renzi Day, November of the first year of Yuanping, the lunar calendar), Xu Pingjun became the queen of Han Dynasty. According to the usual practice, the queen's father was to be named as a marquis. But Huo Guang used Xu Guanghan as an excuse to be a "survivor", but he was not allowed to seal it. In the end, he only sealed the word "Chang".
In the first year of Benshi (73 years ago), Huo Guang was still in charge of Xuan Di, and Xuan Di knew that he could not do it alone without Huo Guang's influence. So he humbly let Huo Guang remain in charge of state affairs. Emperor Gaozu Xuan Di praised the hero headed by Huo Guang and sealed the city. In this way, Xuan Di, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, not only stabilized the hearts of courtiers and generals, but also faithfully helped Huo Guang Group and stabilized the throne.
Huo Guang's youngest daughter Cheng Jun failed to enter the palace, and Huo Guang's wife Huo Jixian was furious. Xu Pingjun, who has been queen for two years, is pregnant again. When she was about to have a baby, she called Yuyan Chun, a female doctor, to the palace. Huo Xian ordered Yuyan Chun to murder Queen Xu. In the third year of this period (7 1 year ago), after the birth of Queen Xu, she took the opportunity to mix aconite powder into the pills. Raw aconite is poisonous, and the brewed aconite is spicy, sweet and hot, which is absolutely taboo for pregnant women. After taking the medicine, Queen Xu died inexplicably. Soon, Huo Guang's youngest daughter, Huo Chengjun, finally became the new queen of Xuan Di.
In the second year of Dijie (68 years before), Huo Guang died. Huo Guang has been in charge of state affairs for 20 years, monopolizing power. Although he didn't have the title of emperor, he played the role of emperor. However, Huo Guang correctly carried out the basic spirit of Emperor Wu's suicide note, which eventually turned the Western Han Dynasty from social unrest to "Zhao Xuanxing" and laid the foundation for the further development of the Western Han Dynasty. From this perspective, Huo Guang's dictatorship made a historic contribution to the healthy development, social progress, national rejuvenation and national development of the Western Han Dynasty.
Regain imperial power
Xuan Di, the 24-year-old Emperor of the Han Dynasty, is famous for his evil deeds and gains and losses in official management, and he is a young man with rich social experience. He broke free from the shackles of assistant minister, began to personally ask about political affairs, monopolized the platform, and longed to govern the country with his own will and make great efforts. When Huo Guang was alive, Xuan Di felt both fear and gratitude. Although Huo Guang died of illness, the Khodorkovsky family still tightly controlled the military and political power of China and North Korea. Xuan Di is not a reckless politician. On the surface, he continued to reward Huo Guang's descendants, let them enjoy all the splendor and self-exposure, and then gradually cut off their power; On the other hand, it strengthened the influence of foreigners, wrote a letter to the ancient court counselors, secretly investigated the hidden letters of the Huo family, and did not let them embarrass us, thus exposing his plot, forcing him to submit, giving up his power, and finally achieving the goal of clearing them.
However, Huo's group did not know the new trend of the emperor. But relying on the special relationship between Empress Dowager Cixi and Empress Dowager Cixi, she became more and more overbearing and extravagant. Huo Guang's widow Huo Xian and her son Huo Yu built Huo Guangling without the permission of the imperial court. The scale is the same as that of the Mausoleum; Huo and Huo Yun often claimed that they were ill and didn't go to court, but they went out privately and sent their slaves to the court. Huo Xian and his daughters ignored the palace ban system and often went in and out of the palace where the Empress Dowager lived day and night.
Huo Xian didn't realize that he was in a dangerous whirlpool and still bossed around. The decision of Emperor Xuandi to make Liu Shi a prince deeply angered Huo Guang's widow Huo Xian. She was so angry that she couldn't even eat tea and rice. She vomited blood, so she instigated her daughter Huo to poison the stone. However, Queen Huo really couldn't find the opportunity to poison, but she often gave the prince a cold face in her attitude. Huo's words and deeds have been seen. On the surface, he kept a straight face, but secretly he accelerated the pace of regaining imperial power from the Huo family.
After mastering Huo's crimes, Emperor Gaozu remained calm and named Huoshan Hou Leping, in charge of history. So Xuan Di's imperial edicts for officials and people to play things can be played directly to the emperor without ministers, and ministers can also see the emperor directly, thus putting the ministers on the shelf and concentrating the power of China and North Korea held by Huo Shi in the hands of the emperor. Later, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty successively transferred members of the Huo family from China and North Korea and incorporated the military power. The net has been laid, just waiting for the day when the net is closed. In the summer of four years (the first 66 years), the Huo family, who lost power, was deeply resentful and began to plan a coup. Huo Yu and Huo Shan conspired to kill the Prime Minister, deposed Xuan Di and made Huo Yu emperor. As a result, the plan leaked out. Xuan Di sent troops to capture Huo Yu and beheaded him in the city. Huo Xian, Huo Yun and Huo Shan committed suicide. Queen Huo was abolished and lived in Zhaotai Lenggong. The Hoxhorn Group was caught in a snare.
Although Xuan Di, the Emperor of the Han Dynasty, killed all the Huo Guang family, it did not obliterate Huo Guang's achievements. Xuan Di made a statue in Qilin Pavilion in his later years, and Huo Guang was still listed as the first hero.
Emperor Gaozu destroyed Huo, but he inherited and developed Huo Guang's thought of governing the country.
[Edit this paragraph] Achievements: the Lord of ZTE
Emperor Gaozu restored Liu's world lost to his consorts, studied the experience and lessons of ruling the world with Han, and made necessary supplements and reforms on the basis of faithfully implementing the policy of "Imperial Decree of Luntai" formulated by Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty.
Rectify official management and punish corruption
After Huo Group was eliminated, the bane of this dangerous and chaotic country was uprooted. In order to further weaken the power of the powerful ministers and ensure the smooth implementation of the decrees of the Han Dynasty, Xuan Di began to vigorously manage the bureaucracy.
At the central level, adjust Sino-foreign relations. Xuan Di personally intervened in politics, omitting the intermediate link of ministers, and restored the system that the prime minister had both status and real power in the early Han Dynasty. Xuan Di stipulated that the prime minister must be knowledgeable, able to advise the emperor, dare to make decisions, have experience in governing the country and have outstanding political achievements.
At the local level, we attach importance to the appointment of local officials. Xuan Di, Emperor Gaozu of Han Dynasty, fully realized that choosing a good county is the key to good official management. Counties and countries in the Han Dynasty not only had a wide range of jurisdiction, but also existed in economic, political, military, civil affairs, finance, justice, public security, education, elections and other fields. The quality of national defense in counties is not only related to the peace of one party, but also to the rise and fall of the country.
The county is between the central government and the county. In the relationship between the central government and local governments, counties and countries play a connecting role. The quality of phase protection work is directly related to the big problem of whether the feudal state machine can operate normally. On the contrary, it involves whether we can correctly guide and supervise the work of county officials; In fact, it is related to whether the emperor and central officials can understand the situation and provide reliable basis for formulating policies and selecting and evaluating officials, thus ensuring that the state power is firmly in the hands of the emperor.
Defending the country and the county plays an irreplaceable role in stabilizing people's hearts and maintaining the long-term stability of feudal rule. Although the county magistrate has a closer relationship with the people, its jurisdiction is smaller and its influence is not great. In the Han dynasty, the prefect was a special county, and "the county magistrate obeyed orders and acted like a minister." How to govern counties depends largely on the observation stage. In fact, when Xuan Di ascended the throne, there were almost no qualified defenders in this country. Therefore, it is particularly necessary to cultivate and select a large number of "good two thousand stones".
It is precisely because of the above reasons that Xuan Di, the Emperor of the Han Dynasty, was very cautious and strict in the selection and appointment of counties and counties, and stipulated that the ministers of the DPRK should recommend him first, and then personally summoned him another day to ask about the art of governing the country and keeping the country safe. For example, Gong Sui, a famous official, was appointed as the magistrate of the Bohai Sea, which is an example: "There is a famine in the counties around the Bohai Sea, and thieves rise together. 2000 stone cannot be used for poultry production. If you choose the one who can govern, the Prime Minister can give advice. " In order to evaluate Gong Sui's talent, Xuan Di personally summoned him to discuss the skills of treating Bohai Sea. Xuan Di was convinced of Gong Sui's talent, so he appointed him as the prefect of Bohai Sea, let him go to his post, and gave him the power to "act cheaply". Gong Sui really lived up to expectations. Under his rule, he separated farmers who were armed against the oppression of landlords from "thieves". In less than a few years, "the army alone, thieves all stop", "people live and work in peace and contentment".
Xuan Di, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, established a system of assessment, rewards and punishments for officials. Xuan Di has issued imperial edicts many times, putting forward specific requirements for the work of two thousand stone (county-level officials): implementing a five-day hearing system; From time to time, envoys were sent to the county to inspect the work of officials of 2000 Stone Company. Later, from Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, it continued the system of sending secretariat to inspect the county and country.
At the end of each year, county officials go to Beijing with books. Since Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Xuan Di has strictly corrected this untrue plan and instructed relevant officials to check the plan. Those who confuse the fake with the real will be severely punished. According to the evaluation results, Xuandi has a comprehensive reputation, and if he appreciates it, he will be punished. He issued an imperial edict saying, "There is no reward for meritorious service and no class for guilty. Although Tang Yu still can't turn the world into reality." Many officials were rewarded for their outstanding achievements, such as Du Yannian, Yi Zhu and Zhao. , or encouraged by imperial edict to increase rank and give money, or promoted to Jiuqing or Sangong. On the contrary, for those incompetent or guilty officials, Emperor Xuan Di showed no mercy and went to hell to pay. Yanniantian is a high-level company, which played an extraordinary role in commemorating Emperor Xuan Di. He was named the Hou of Yangcheng by Xuan Di, but he was accused of misappropriating 30 million yuan to build the mausoleum of Emperor Zhao Di and using a hired ox cart to transport sand. Some ministers interceded for him, thinking that "the righteousness of the Spring and Autumn Period is based on merit", but Xuan Di did not agree, and sent messengers to "call Tian Yannian as Tingwei" for trial, intending to impose heavy penalties, which led to Tian Yannian's suicide.
Due to clear objectives and specific measures, Xuan Di has achieved remarkable results in rectifying official management:
First of all, a large number of "good officials" have been trained and brought up, and the central government's rule over local governments has been strengthened. Throughout the Western Han Dynasty, when Xuan Di proclaimed himself emperor, the number of good officials was the largest. These officials or good officials are fair in law enforcement, kind and generous, and politically lenient and strict. Its governance often appeared to be "in line with the people's hearts" and "residents are rich and go to see (be grateful)", which was deeply welcomed by people at that time. "Officials" are far-sighted and policy-conscious officials in the landlord class.
Secondly, rectifying the reward mechanism formed by bureaucratic system promoted the improvement of officials' quality, optimized the structure of officials' team, and ensured the normal and efficient operation of feudal state machines. When Xuan Di was declared emperor, there were many officials. When I was an official, my cultural quality was not high. Because of the emperor's advocacy and the need of his official career, he often taught himself Confucianism after his official duties. For example, Li Ji was born in a small official, and later learned "poetry" and "ceremony", which are very important; After Ba Huang became an official, he studied Shangshu from Xiahou Sheng in prison. Xuan Di's prime ministers' qualities, whether in knowledge, ability or achievements, are much better than those of Liang Wudi and Zhao Di. They actively participated in the research and decision-making of the state's major policies, recommended and assessed officials, and assisted the emperor in handling military affairs, completely changing the situation in which the prime minister was idle during the Wu Zhao period. There are also many officials, either promoted by Cha Liangyong, a junior county magistrate, or promoted by the Ming Dynasty.
Thirdly, the rectification of official management has promoted the development of social economy and achieved the great cause of ZTE. After the reorganization, most of the county and state guards are good officials. According to the actual situation, they actively pursued the policy of rest and recuperation, which enabled the social economy to recover and develop rapidly.
Of course, there were still many drawbacks in the official management of Emperor Xuan Di. Some officials enforce the law unfairly and ignore human life; Blackmail, numerous corvees; Practicing fraud and fishing for fame and reputation; Dealing with errands and perfunctory things is not uncommon. Although some officials are no older than others, they are mediocre and incompetent and do nothing. Even Xuan Di himself was emotional when executing the death penalty, which led to unjust cases, misjudged cases and reuse of eunuchs in the later period. Nevertheless, on the whole, Xuan Di's rectification of bureaucracy is successful and should be affirmed.
Have a meeting to sort out the classics
Following the Zhaodi Salt-Iron Conference, Xuan Di held a grand conference on Confucian classics in Ganlu Shiqu Pavilion three years ago (565,438+0 years ago) to discuss the similarities and differences of the Five Classics. Because Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty only respected Confucianism, Confucian classics had supreme authority and the nature of code. However, there are differences in the understanding of Confucian classics between academic circles and ideological circles, so this big discussion is held. The junior ministers participated in the deliberation, and Emperor Gaozu personally attended the meeting and made a ruling on controversial issues at any time. After this discussion, schools that originally belonged to the people, such as Yi, Shang Shu of Xiahou and Chunqiu, also entered the official school. This phenomenon is only possible under relaxed political conditions, and it has taken an important step to strengthen the further unification of ideas.
Adjust policies and develop the economy
During the period, Zhao, Huo Guang, and others conscientiously summed up the experience and lessons of carrying out economic policies during the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, made substantial adjustments to the policies, and adopted the policy of "sharing interest with the people", which achieved remarkable results.
Rectify the official camp and adjust the industry and commerce
During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the policy of official business administration exposed many drawbacks, which caused great criticism during the period of Zhao Di. At the Salt and Iron Conference held in the sixth year of the reign of the Yuan Dynasty (8 1 year ago), ministers of various ministries fiercely criticized these policies, which led to the result of "stopping county and state monopoly", but other items still did not stop. After Xuan Di took office, he continued to rectify these policies. In September of four years (66 years ago), Di Jie sent a letter: "I am very sorry for the troubles of officials or graft, whether I blame them or not." Salt is the food of the people, Jia Xiangui, and the masses are heavy and sleepy, which reduces the salt in the world. Therefore, although the government-run industrial and commercial policies were still implemented during the Zhao Xuan period, after rectification, some drawbacks of these policies, such as perverting the law by officials and corruption, were effectively suppressed in a certain period of time, which was conducive to the people's "recuperation".
Be frivolous and frivolous, and persuade people to farm mulberry.
Xuan Di, Emperor Gaozu of the Han Dynasty, continued to pursue the policy of paying taxes lightly and generously during the period of Zhao Di, giving more pensions to areas suffering from natural disasters. In the first year of Benshi (the first 73 years), Xuan Di acceded to the throne soon, which exempted the taxes of that year. Later, all areas suffering from drought, earthquake and disability were exempted from rent and tax for three years. In the third year of Wufeng (the first 55 years), the money in the world was reduced. In the third year of Ganlu (the first 52 years), it was ordered to reduce the income, and it was counted as money. 1 was counted as a reduction of 30 money. In the third year of Ganlu (the first 5 1 year), the government rent of that year was exempted by decree.
Corvee, also want to try to save. During the reign of Xuan Di, water transport consumed a lot of manpower, and only 4 million people were transported from Kanto to Shijinggu, and 60,000 people were needed every year. Zhong Shouchang, a senior farmer, suggested buying grain in Sanfu, Hongnong, Hedong, Shangdang, Taiyuan and other counties, which would be enough for the use of the capital and save more than half of the soldiers in Kanto. Xuan Di has adopted this suggestion, and truly achieved a great province of grain transportation.
In order to alleviate the pain of farmers' changing to canal corvee and arouse their enthusiasm for production, Xuan Di also plans to open up land in northwest China on a large scale. During the period of Di Jie and Yuankang (69 years ago-6 years ago1year), Zhao Chongguo defeated the No.100 Qiang, but stopped the cavalry and left the infantry to settle the field, so as to meet the needs of attacking the Qiang "official horse food, grain valley every month 199630".
Pension refugees and restrictions on consolidation.
After Zhao Xuan followed Emperor Wu, the situation of "people living in poverty" did not improve. This is a social factor that leads to the instability of the ruling order, and the rulers of the Han Dynasty paid more attention to it without exception. The repentance expressed by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty in his later years is the result of the impact of this potential force. Zhao Xuandi, who inherited the great unification, was also terrified and sought various solutions.
During the reign of Emperor Zhao, many times relief was given to the poor, with the emphasis on appeasement. Or send officials for relief, or lend food and seeds. Even in the third year of Yuanfeng (the first 78 years), Zhongmou Garden in Xingyang was distributed to the poor for farming.
During the Xuan Di period, the pension measures for refugees were more specific. For example, in October, the third year of the Land Festival (7 1 year ago), the imperial edict issued: all refugees who returned to their original places were assigned by the government to farm in the public fields; Lending grain and grain seeds; Exempt from taxes and corvee. This is an imperial edict with the most favorable relief conditions and the most concrete measures for refugees since Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty.
While giving aid to the poor, Xuan Di also tried its best to prevent land annexation: first, it went to luxury. The Han dynasty allowed land to be bought and sold freely, which led to the annexation of Dajia by bureaucrats, powerful landlords and wealthy businessmen. As a result, there has been a phenomenon that "the fields of the rich are connected to buildings and the land of the poor is lost". In this case, Emperor Xuandi had three imperial edicts to move "10 million people" to Ping Ling, Ling Du and other places, and then either confiscated their land as public land or wrongly distributed it to the poor who had no land or little land. The second is to forge the commons. Lend the public land of the state garden or county to the poor with little or no land for farming, so that they can get rid of the control of the landlord as much as possible and become the residents of the state again. According to records, Xuan Di issued such imperial edicts four times.
Combine hard and soft, and make contributions.
When Xuan Di proclaimed himself emperor, the relationship between the Han Dynasty and the surrounding ethnic minorities was both hard and soft. Xuan Di, Emperor Gaozu of Han Dynasty, sent troops to destroy the western Qiang and attacked the broken cars, which further strengthened the influence of the Han Dynasty on the western regions. At the same time, with the strengthening of the national strength of the Han Dynasty, the power of Xiongnu was weakened again and again, and the relationship between Han and Hungary changed historically. In the second year of Emperor Xuandi (60 years ago), civil strife broke out in Xiongnu. In the third year of Ganlu (565,438+0 years ago), Uhaanyehe went to Wuyuan Fortress to request to enter the DPRK and became a vassal of the Han Dynasty, so that Xuan Di was able to complete Liang Wudi's unfinished business of unifying the whole country.