Save lives-restore breathing, heartbeat, stop bleeding and treat shock. Prevent the injury from getting worse-treat the wound and fix the bone.
Promote recovery-avoid unnecessary movements, handle them carefully, maintain the most comfortable sitting/lying posture, and be kind and comforting.
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Bite first aid
Pet bite
Now many families like to keep kittens and puppies. Due to the increase of pets, the number of people bitten and scratched by pets is also increasing. The saliva of cats and dogs often carries rabies virus, and even healthy cats and dogs inevitably carry this deadly virus. According to the report of the health and epidemic prevention department, when animals with rabies virus lick their hands with their tongues, even if there is no trauma on their hands, there is a certain chance of contracting rabies.
If an animal scratches or bites a person's skin, the rabies virus it carries will enter the human body from the damaged skin, and the symptoms of rabies will appear in as short as 1-2 months. Such as excitement, fear, hearing underwater sound or seeing water, that is, a strong throat spasm occurs. Drinking water can't be swallowed, and water comes out of the mouth, which makes the patient very painful. If the wound is on the head and face, the infected virus will be large and the incubation period will be short. The incubation period of rabies can also be very long, 1-3 years, or even 10 years, or even 30 years later.
After being caught or bitten by a pet, the wound should be washed repeatedly with plenty of soapy water immediately to minimize the invasion of the virus. After such treatment, you should go to the hospital immediately. At the same time, be sure to inject rabies vaccine. The death rate of rabies is extremely high, and once it occurs, the treatment is almost hopeless. But prevention can be very simple. If there is a baby at home, it is best not to have a dog or cat.
venomous snake bite
After being bitten by a poisonous snake, teeth marks, pain and swelling are generally left in the local area, and bleeding and lymph node enlargement can also be seen. According to the nature of snake venom, the systemic symptoms are different. The principle of first aid is to prevent the spread and absorption of toxins as soon as possible and minimize local damage. Snake venom takes 3-5 minutes to absorb, so the earlier the first aid, the better. 1. Ligate the injured limb. Tie it with a tourniquet or rubber belt about 5- 10 cm near the bitten limb to prevent venous blood and lymph from flowing back. Then squeeze around the wound or suck with your hands (forbidden for those with broken oral mucosa) to excrete the venom. Step 2 clean the wound. Rinse the surrounding skin with soapy water and clean water first, and then rinse the wound repeatedly with normal saline, 0. 1% potassium permanganate or clean water.
3, local cooling, first soak the injured limb in cold water at 4-7 degrees Celsius for 3-4 hours, and then use an ice pack, which can reduce the absorption speed of toxins and the activity of enzymes in toxins. 4, detoxification, bite within 24 hours, cut the wound into a "+"or "++"shape with the tooth marks as the center, let the venom flow out, or use a breast pump or cupping to suck out the venom.
The incision should not be too deep to avoid damaging blood vessels. If there is any snake tooth residue, it should be taken out immediately. Cut or suck as early as possible, otherwise the effect is not obvious. 5, drug treatment, commonly used detoxification and antitoxicity are Shanghai snake medicine, Nantong snake medicine and so on. And 60 grams of Scutellaria barbata, 60 grams of Hedyotis diffusa, 9 grams of Hedyotis diffusa and 60 grams of Viola yedoensis. Hormones, diuretics and supportive therapy can also be used to help treat this disease. Strengthen the protection of field work, master the habits of poisonous snakes, try not to expose your legs and feet, and wear boots when necessary to avoid poisonous snakes. Don't run when bitten by a poisonous snake. It is necessary to bandage, aspirate sputum and wash the wound on the spot and go to the hospital for treatment as soon as possible.
Bee sting
Generally, it only shows local redness, swelling and pain, and most of them have no systemic symptoms and will disappear automatically after a few hours. If you are stung by a bee colony, you may have symptoms such as dizziness, nausea and vomiting. In severe cases, you may experience shock, coma or death, and sometimes you may experience hemoglobinuria and acute renal failure. Allergic patients are prone to urticaria, edema, asthma or anaphylactic shock.
3% ammonia water, soapy water and other weak alkaline solutions can be used externally to neutralize acidosis, and safflower oil, wind oil essence and toilet water can also be used externally. Wasp sting can be neutralized by weak acid solution (such as vinegar), and it can be removed by picking with a small needle or wiping with gauze. Those with severe local symptoms are also treated with cupping and local blocking, and given painkillers. Those with severe systemic symptoms should go to the hospital as soon as possible. Antibiotics should be added to those who have been stung by bees or have signs of suppuration.
centipede bite
Local manifestations include acute inflammation, pain and itching, and some can be seen as headache, fever, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, and even delirium, convulsions and coma. Immediately rinse with weak alkaline solution (such as soapy water and light limewater) and apply cold compress, or grind realgar and dried alum into powder and mix with strong tea or soju, or mash Herba Houttuyniae and Herba Taraxaci for external application. Anyone with systemic symptoms should go to the hospital as soon as possible.
other
Scorpion and poisonous spider bites are also common in daily life. A large area of redness and pain can be seen in the local area of scorpion sting. In severe cases, chills, fever, nausea, vomiting, stiff tongue and muscles, salivation, headache, drowsiness, night sweats, shortness of breath and weak pulse may occur. In severe cases, the child will die of respiratory and circulatory failure after being stung. The local area bitten by poisonous spiders is reddish or has urticaria. In severe cases, local tissue necrosis or systemic symptoms may occur. The principle of treatment is the same as that of snake bite. Anyone with obvious systemic symptoms should consult a doctor.
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First aid kit equipment
Sterilized cotton; Sterilized gauze; Cosmetic bag; Tape; Bandages (2 feet and 3 feet each); Medicinal fire wine; Mild disinfectant, such as Xavier tape; Safety pin; Scissors; Triangle scarf; Disposable rubber gloves.
Whether this part is based on relevant standards. There is no clear standard for the list of first-aid supplies in the first-aid kit.
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According to the situation
Craniocerebral trauma
The first aid certificate issued by Beijing Red Cross Society after first aid training aims to observe the injured and send them to hospital for treatment.
First, if there is unconsciousness, the reference consciousness is unclear.
If there is bleeding in the wound, please refer to the treatment of the wound.
If the situation is serious, you should send it to the hospital immediately.
2. Within 48 hours after head injury, you should go to the hospital as soon as possible if you have the following phenomena:-
A, dizziness and vomiting;
B, headache;
C. neck pain and stiffness;
D. insanity, incoherent speech or partial loss of control of the body;
Sleepiness, lethargy
shock
Objective: To examine and treat shock; Send to the hospital for treatment.
1. Pale skin, cold sweat and rapid pulse, such as 100 times per minute or more, are all symbols of shock, indicating that there may be internal bleeding.
Secondly, one way to deal with shock is to improve the feet of the injured and increase the blood supply to the heart and brain.
Third, keep warm for the injured.
Four, immediately notify the doctor or sent to the emergency room for treatment.
break
Objective: To fix the injured limb to relieve the pain. Send it to the hospital as soon as possible.
First, observe the fracture site: unable to move normally, the pain will increase with activity or touch, the wound will swell, and then congestion will appear.
Second, if you have symptoms of shock or respiratory obstruction, you should deal with them first.
Third, don't move the injured unless the situation is dangerous to life.
Fourth, if there is a wound, it can be covered and bandaged with clean gauze or dressing.
5. Fixing the broken bone: stabilize and support the upper and lower positions of the broken bone, fix the position of the broken bone with wooden boards or bamboo poles, take the length as the principle of exceeding the upper and lower joints, and then bind the injured limb with bandages.
Six, immediately sent to the hospital for treatment.
nosebleed
Objective: To stop bleeding; Reduce blood reflux
First of all, let the injured sit or stand, don't lie down, and lean forward slightly.
Second, persuade him to breathe through his mouth and hold the nasal cartilage with his hands a little hard.
Third, let him spit out the blood in his mouth, because swallowing blood may cause nausea and vomiting.
Four, if a lot of bleeding, should be sent to the hospital immediately.
Five, such as a small amount of bleeding, relax the pressure after ten minutes, if still bleeding, pressure for another ten minutes. Don't let the injured look up for the time being.
Six, if after thirty minutes, still don't stop bleeding, should be sent to hospital for treatment.
get an electric shock
Target: There is no electricity; Send it to the hospital as soon as possible.
First, cut off the current quickly before you can contact the injured.
Second, if you can't cut off the current, you can isolate the injured from the power supply with insulation such as bamboo, wood or wooden chairs.
Third, check the situation of the injured. If the heartbeat and breathing stop, cardiopulmonary resuscitation should be implemented immediately.
Fourth, timely notify the ambulance to the hospital for treatment.
be poisoned
Objective: to dilute the poison; Send it to the hospital as soon as possible.
Take drugs or chemicals by mistake.
Symptoms: Vomiting, abdominal pain, spasm, unconsciousness, coma, dyspnea and residual stains in the mouth.
First, if the injured person is awake, let him drink plenty of water or fresh milk.
2. If the injured person loses consciousness, don't give him any food or drink to avoid food or liquid flowing into the respiratory tract.
Three, together with toxic substances and vomit samples sent to the hospital for testing.
4. If you vomit or diarrhea after 12 hours, you should drink plenty of water and seek medical advice as soon as possible.
Gas or petroleum gas poisoning
1. Cover your mouth and nose with a handkerchief or hold your breath.
2. Open all doors and windows, and don't switch on or off electrical appliances or ignite.
Third, turn off the gas supply.
Fourth, move the injured to a well-ventilated place.
5. Notify the ambulance on the street.
Six, if the injured stop breathing, artificial respiration should be implemented immediately.
kill
Objective: To clear the blockage as much as possible; Send to the hospital for treatment as soon as possible.
Symptoms: dyspnea, congestion or purple-blue face, cough.
First, remove things from the injured person's mouth, such as food scraps and false teeth, and encourage him to cough.
2. When the injured person is standing or sitting, help him to bend down so that his head is lower than his lungs, and pat his scapula hard with his palm, which can be done four times in a row, so that the blockage can be discharged by himself.
Third, if you have seen a blockage in your mouth, but you can't cough it out, you can dig it out with your fingers.
Fourth, artificial respiration when necessary.
lose consciousness
Objective: To keep the respiratory tract unobstructed; Go to the hospital for treatment.
1. Let the injured person lie down in the "prone position" to prevent the tongue from blocking the throat and make the vomit flow out easily.
Second, keep the air circulating and loosen the tight clothes of the injured, such as the buttons on the neck and throat.
Third, keep the respiratory tract unblocked and remove objects in the mouth, such as food, vomit and loose dentures.
Fourth, check the breathing, pulse, sobriety and injury. If breathing and heartbeat stop, perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
Fifth, deal with serious wounds.
Sixth, arrange to be sent to the hospital.
Seven, do not give food.
Eight, continue to observe the changes in alertness.
Epilepsy or infantile spasms (spasms)
Purpose: to protect it when attacking; You should take care of it as soon as you regain consciousness after the attack.
First, when a child has epilepsy or convulsions, be careful not to let him hit his head.
Second, if you bite the bullet, don't pry it open to avoid injury.
Third, don't try to stop convulsions forcibly, because convulsions usually stop themselves within a few minutes.
Fourth, loosen the patient's clothes as much as possible to keep the respiratory tract open.
Five, after the convulsion stops, generally will enter a state of lethargy, take out the vomit or false teeth in the mouth of the injured.
6. The injured person lies down on his side.
Seven, quickly sent to the hospital for treatment.
Eight, after the injured person wakes up, because convulsions consume a lot of physical strength, so he should be given a rest.
Muscle spasm
Objective: To relax muscles and reduce cramps.
Hand cramp:
First, slowly straighten the patient's finger.
Secondly, gently massage.
Leg cramp:
First, straighten your knees.
Second, put one hand under the heel and lift your legs.
Third, press your knees with your other hand and gently massage the cramped muscles.
Leg cramp:
First of all, pay attention to straighten your knees.
Second, gently lift your legs, bend the soles of your feet upward, and slowly press them toward your calves.
Third, gently massage the cramped muscles.
Leg cramp:
First, straighten your toes.
Second, gently massage the foot muscles.
Burns and scalds
Apply a little toothpaste to the minor burn. The common treatment method is: 1. If the burn site is the head and neck, there is no need to dress it. Exposure therapy should be adopted, and burn ointment should only be applied to the wound, but nose, tears and saliva should not pollute the wound. Once the wound is seriously polluted, tetanus antitoxin and antibiotics should be injected into the hospital when necessary to control infection. 2. If the blisters have been broken after burns, and the local area is polluted by dirt, it should be washed with normal saline, and the surrounding area should be cleaned and disinfected. Then cover the wound with vaseline gauze and sterile gauze and change the dressing every 2-3 days. 3. If blisters are formed after burns, it is best not to puncture the blisters to avoid infection. If the blisters are large, you need to go to the hospital for treatment. 4, for a small area of mild burns, can be washed with cold water in time, in order to reduce the temperature, reduce pain and swelling. If the burned area is dirty, you can wash it with soapy water, but don't scrub it hard; Dip in dry water, and then apply medicine such as scald cream and safflower oil.
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Tasks and sequence of first aid
safe
Ensure that the injured and rescuers will not be in further danger.
Check the wounded
Including consciousness, breathing, pulse, pupil, trauma, bleeding, etc.
Ask for help
1. command calmly at the scene and ask others for assistance.
2. Tel: 120 (please specify the location, injury, number of people, name and required support items. )
First aid priority
1. Keep the respiratory tract clear.
2. Rebuild respiratory function-When breathing stops, give artificial respiration.
3. Rebuild the circulation function-
(1). When the heartbeat stops, perform an extra-cardiac massage.
(2) Stop bleeding when severe bleeding occurs.
4. Prevent shock.
5. Prevent injury again.
Principles to be grasped in first aid
1. Keep the injured person in a correct and comfortable posture to prevent the illness from getting worse.
2. Keep warm, but avoid overheating and sweating.
3. Give psychological support to the injured.
4. Detailed records, observe the patient's condition changes at any time.
See a doctor as soon as possible.
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Key points of first aid
In case of serious injury or sudden illness, pay special attention to the following first aid points when calling for help:
A. Implement quick rescue (for example, rescue the injured from water or fire).
B. Be sure to put the wounded and sick in a ventilated place for mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. Mouth-to-mouth resuscitation if necessary.
C. control severe blood loss. Wear a tourniquet or press to stop bleeding.
People who are poisoned or inhale harmful chemicals should take corresponding first aid measures.
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Further measures for first aid
In order to ensure the safety of the injured, after taking the above emergency measures, the following matters should be noted:
For the sake of safety, the sick and wounded should not be moved unless necessary. It should be placed in the position that is most suitable for its physical condition or injury. Don't let him get up or walk around.
Avoid unnecessary surgical treatment and interference to the wounded and sick.
Try to cover the sick and wounded with blankets or quilts to avoid freezing. If the weather is cold or wet, put some clothes or blankets under the sick and wounded, and cover them more.
D. determine the cause of injury or sudden illness. After the main problems are controlled, the following treatment will be carried out:
To find out the exact reason, you can ask the wounded and sick, or you can ask people around you when you are injured.
Look for the patient's medical card, so as to know the cause of sudden illness in time;
When the injury is serious, try to inform the injured family as soon as possible.
E. Only according to the type of accident or sudden illness and the needs of the situation at that time can the sick and wounded be examined in sequence. What you want to do should have a basis.
Loosen tight clothes. But if the spine is injured, it is not allowed to pull the belt of the injured person.
In order to check the injury situation more accurately, you can disassemble or take off your clothes if necessary. Clothes can be cut or torn from the seams, but you must be extremely careful, otherwise the injury will be aggravated. Don't overexpose the injured person's body without proper cover protection.
Pay attention to the appearance of the injured person, including skin discoloration, and check all symptoms that can provide injury or sudden illness. If the injured person's skin is dark, it should be judged according to the color change of mucosa or lips, mouth and eyelids.
Check the pulse of the injured person. If the wrist is not detected, check the carotid artery next to the neck.
Check whether the injured person is awake, lethargic or unconscious. Did he answer the question?
If the injured person loses consciousness, look for signs of head injury. For conscious people, look for paralysis on one side of their face or body. Find out if the injured person has had any convulsions recently (bite his tongue if he has).
Look into the eyes of the injured and check their pupil size.
Check whether the injured parts of the trunk and limbs of the injured person can be opened and closed or broken.
Check the front of the injured person's neck to see if he has had a laryngectomy. When doing other first aid, do not block the air inhalation of patients after laryngectomy, otherwise it may lead to suffocation and death.
If poisoning is suspected, check the injured person's mouth for stains and blackening, and check the surrounding sources of poisoning, such as pills, medicine bottles, household chemicals or pesticides.
F. Implement the designated first aid plan:
Use first aid drugs as required;
Arrange first aid measures according to the nature of injuries and sudden diseases, the needs of the situation at that time and the convenience of personnel and materials;
Be responsible for patients before they are transferred to competent emergency personnel (such as surgeons, medical teams or health centers) or before they can take care of themselves;
Don't try to make any kind of diagnosis or discuss the patient's condition with onlookers or reporters.
Above all, as an emergency worker, you should know that your ability and level are limited, and you must make every effort to avoid further harm to patients in your best emergency care.