physiological drives
This is the most basic need for human beings to maintain their own survival, including the following needs: breathing, water, food, sleep, physiological balance and secretion. If any of these needs (except sex) are not met, people's physiological functions will not function normally. In other words, people's lives will be threatened. In this sense, physiological needs are the primary driving force to promote human action. Maslow believes that only when these basic needs are satisfied to the extent necessary for survival can other needs become new incentive factors, and at this time these relatively satisfied needs no longer become incentive factors.
Security needs
This is the human demand for the following things: personal safety and health protection resources, all sexual property, all sexual moral protection work, and family safety. Maslow believes that the whole body is a mechanism to pursue security, and human sensory organs, effector organs, intelligence and other energy are the main tools to seek security, and even science and outlook on life can be regarded as part of meeting security needs. Of course, once this demand is relatively satisfied, it is no longer an incentive factor. Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory diagram 1
The need for emotion and belonging
This level includes the demand for the following things: friendship, love and intimacy. Everyone wants to get mutual relationship and care. Emotional needs are more detailed than physiological needs, which are related to a person's physiological characteristics, experience, education and religious beliefs.
The need for respect
This level includes the demand for the following things: self-esteem, self-confidence, achievement, respect for others and being respected by others. Everyone wants to have a stable social status, and requires that individual abilities and achievements be recognized by society. The need for respect can be divided into internal respect and external respect. Inner respect means that a person wants to be strong, competent, confident and independent in various situations. In short, internal respect is people's self-esteem. External respect means that a person wants to have status, prestige, respect, trust and high praise from others. Maslow believes that the need to respect can make people full of confidence in themselves, full of enthusiasm for society, and realize the usefulness and value of living.
The need for self-realization
This level includes the demand for the following things: moral creativity, consciousness, problem-solving ability, fairness, and the ability to accept reality. This is the highest level of demand. It refers to realizing one's ideals and ambitions, giving full play to one's abilities, reaching the realm of self-realization, accepting oneself and others, enhancing one's ability to solve problems, improving one's consciousness, being good at doing things independently, being alone without being disturbed, and accomplishing everything commensurate with one's abilities. In other words, people must do competent work in order to feel the greatest happiness. Maslow pointed out that the ways to meet the needs of self-realization vary from person to person. The need for self-realization is Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory Figure 2.
I am trying to realize my potential and make myself more and more the person I expect. In 1954, Maslow discussed two other needs mentioned in his early works: the need for knowledge and the need for aesthetics. These two needs are not included in his level of needs, and he thinks they should be between respecting needs and self-realization needs.
Editing this paragraph needs the value of hierarchy theory.
At present, there are different views on the value of Maslow's theory at home and abroad. We believe that absolute affirmation or absolute negation is inappropriate, because this theory has both positive and negative factors.
1. The positive factors of Maslow's theory
First, Maslow put forward that human needs have a process from low level to high level, which accords with the general law of human needs development to some extent. The development process of a person's needs from birth to adulthood is basically carried out according to Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory. Of course, whether self-realization can be regarded as everyone's highest need is still controversial. But there is no doubt that his demand is a trend from low-level to high-level development. Secondly, Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory points out that in each period, one demand is dominant and other needs are subordinate. This is instructive for management. Thirdly, Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory is based on his humanistic psychology. He thinks that the inner strength of human beings is different from the instinct of animals. Human nature requires the realization of intrinsic value and intrinsic potential. Human behavior is dominated by consciousness, and human behavior is purposeful and creative.
2. The negative factors of Maslow's theory
First, Maslow overemphasizes the role of heredity in human development, and thinks that human value is a kind of innate potential, and human self-realization is the natural mature process of this innate potential, but the influence of society restricts a person's self-realization. This view overemphasizes the influence of heredity and ignores the restriction of social living conditions on innate potential. Secondly, Maslow's hierarchy of needs has a certain mechanistic color. On the one hand, he put forward the general trend of human development. On the other hand, to a certain extent, he regards this level of needs as a fixed procedure and a mechanical upward movement, ignoring people's subjective initiative and the primary and secondary relations that can be changed through ideological education. Thirdly, Maslow's hierarchy of needs only pays attention to the vertical relationship between a person's needs, ignoring that a person often has multiple needs at the same time, and these needs will contradict each other, which will lead to the struggle of power.
Edit the basic idea of this paragraph.
(1) The five requirements are like a ladder, rising step by step from low to high, but the order is not completely fixed, it can be changed, and there are various exceptions. (2) Generally speaking, when a certain level of demand is relatively satisfied, it will develop to a higher level, and the pursuit of higher-level demand will become the driving force of behavior. Accordingly, the demand for basic satisfaction is no longer an incentive force. (3) Five needs can be divided into two levels, among which physiological needs, safety needs and emotional needs belong to the lower level and can be met by external conditions; The need for respect and self-realization is an advanced need, which can be met by internal factors. A person's need for respect and self-realization is endless. At the same time, a person may have several needs, but there is always one demand that plays a leading and decisive role in behavior in each period. Any kind of demand will not disappear because of the development of higher-level demand. The needs at all levels are interdependent and overlapping. After the development of high-level demand, low-level demand still exists, but its influence on behavior is greatly reduced. (4) Maslow and other behavioral psychologists believe that the demand level of most people in a country is directly related to the level of economic development, scientific and technological development, culture and people's education. In underdeveloped countries, the proportion of people with physiological needs and safety needs is large, and the proportion of people with advanced needs is small; In developed countries, the situation is just the opposite.
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The contribution of hierarchy theory is needed
Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory, to a certain extent, reflects the * * * same law of human behavior and psychological activities. Maslow explored human motivation and studied human behavior from the perspective of human needs, and grasped the key to the problem; Maslow pointed out that people's needs are developing from low to high, and this trend basically conforms to the law of needs development. Therefore, the hierarchy of needs theory has guiding significance for enterprise managers to effectively mobilize people's enthusiasm. In Maslow's view, there are two different needs in human value system. One is the instinct or impulse that gradually weakens along the rising direction of biological pedigree, which is called low-level demand and physiological demand. One kind is the potential or need that appears gradually with the evolution of organisms, which is called advanced need. People hide these five different levels of needs, but the urgency of various needs is different in different periods. People's most urgent needs are the main reason and motivation to motivate people to act. People's needs gradually change from external satisfaction to internal satisfaction. After the low-level demand is basically met, its incentive function will be reduced and it will no longer maintain its dominant position, and high-level demand will replace it as the main reason for promoting behavior. Once some needs are met, they cannot be the reason to stimulate people's behavior, so they are replaced by other needs. High-level needs are more valuable than low-level needs. Enthusiasm is inspired by high-level needs. Man's highest need, that is, self-realization, is to express his potential in the most effective and complete way, and only in this way can he get a peak experience. The five basic needs of people are often unconscious in ordinary people. For individuals, unconscious motivation is more important than conscious motivation. For experienced people, through appropriate skills, unconscious needs can be transformed into conscious needs. Maslow also believes that in the process of self-realization creation, a so-called "peak experience" emotion is produced. This time is the most exciting moment for people, and it is the highest, most perfect and harmonious state of human existence. At this time, people have a feeling of ecstasy, ecstasy, ecstasy. Experiments have proved that people who stay in beautiful rooms are more energetic, lively and healthy than those who stay in simple rooms. A kind, sincere and beautiful person can appreciate the truth, goodness and beauty existing in the outside world better than others. When people find the highest value in the outside world, they may also produce or strengthen this value in their own hearts. In short, better people and people in better environments are more likely to have peak experiences.
Defects and fallacies of hierarchy of needs theory
First of all, the hierarchy of needs theory has the limitations of humanism. Maslow studies human needs and structure from social conditions, historical development and social practice. Its theoretical basis is the humanistic theory of existentialism, that is, human nature is an abstract "natural person" that transcends social history, so some viewpoints drawn from it are difficult to adapt to the poverty and backwardness of other countries. Second, human motivation is the cause of behavior, and the hierarchy of needs theory emphasizes that human motivation is determined by human needs. But in fact, from a psychological point of view, human behavior is not only influenced by people's real needs, desires and aspirations, but also by people's beliefs and confidence. Confidence is people's expectation of the possibility or inevitability of behavior realization, just like although many people will have the desire to become singers or sports stars, most people are not obsessed with the goal, so demand is not the only factor that determines people's behavior motivation, so the hierarchy of needs theory is a fundamental mistake at this point. Third, demand classification tends to overlap. In the publication of Maslow's research, he also admitted: "A person's requirement for sexual desire is not only sexual desire, but also respect and security." In fact, the need for respect is a psychological phenomenon that runs through Maslow's needs. In fact, most people not only have the self-esteem psychology of being ashamed of being poor and proud of being rich, but also have the psychology of being respected because they have many friends, and even have the psychology of winning the Nobel Prize. Therefore, respect cannot be regarded as a separate demand, but only a manifestation of whether various needs are met. At the same time, security needs and communication needs also overlap from the interpersonal aspect. For example, children's communication environment at school is not good, and there is a phenomenon of bullying each other, which leads some children to be unwilling to go to school. It is hard to say whether this result is caused by the frustration of security requirements or communication requirements. Fourth, the hierarchy of needs theory tends to be egocentric. The hierarchy of needs holds that high-level needs are based on low-level needs, which leads to the rationalization of individualism in the hierarchy of needs, which is equivalent to rejecting the western thought of "universal love" and making a footnote for Kong Old Master Q's "benevolence". Therefore, it is difficult for this theory to explain the phenomenon that "the Chinese Red Army has gone through hardships and carried out the 25,000-mile long March". In fact, Maslow didn't realize that most of the high-level needs in his hierarchy of needs should include low-level needs. For example, the fundamental purpose of people's social communication needs is to protect their physiological needs more safely, and the self-realization needs are accompanied by the arrival of various low-level needs, so people's basic needs and high-level needs are often unified. Therefore, people may not only pursue high-level needs on the basis of low-level needs, but also pursue low-level needs on the basis of high-level needs, which is the psychological basis for people to love human beings and even nature without pure selfish thoughts. Fifth, the standards and degree to be achieved are vague. Maslow once mentioned in this respect: "If the physiological demand reaches 20, the demand for safety will appear 5, and the demand for love may appear 1", so it is difficult to define what kind of demand will reach what degree, and it is even difficult to explain Sima Qian's motivation to insist on writing historical records after being sentenced. In fact, the standard of people's needs is controlled by people's most fundamental beliefs. People's beliefs are the bottom line of people's morality and values, and the unity of people's world outlook, outlook on life and other basic needs and aspirations. When people's needs are contradictory, the degree of needs must first meet the needs of beliefs and be regulated by beliefs.