[English]
mental health
[Noun explanation]
Mental health: the environment in which individuals can adapt and develop has perfect personality characteristics; And its cognition, emotional response and will behavior are in a positive state, which can maintain normal adjustment ability.
Edit this paragraph [Introduction]
Mental health is an inseparable and important aspect of modern people's health, so what is human mental health?
There are standards for a person's physical health, and there are standards for a person's mental health. However, the standard of people's mental health is not as specific and objective as the standard of people's physical health.
Foreign scholars have discussed the standards of mental health. For example, ingrid thinks: "Mental health refers to a continuous mental state, in which the parties can adapt well and have the vitality of life, and can fully develop their physical and mental potential; This is a positive enrichment. Not just mental illness. "Mai Linger believes:" Mental health refers to people's most efficient and pleasant adaptation to the environment and each other. Not only to be efficient, but also to be satisfied, or to accept the norms of life happily, but to have both. A mentally healthy person should be able to keep calm mood, keen intelligence, behavior suitable for social environment and pleasant temperament. "Masler believes that a mentally healthy person should have the following qualities: (1) having an efficient perception of reality; (2) Have spontaneous but not vulgar thoughts; (3) Being able to accept yourself and others; (4) Be independent in the environment and enjoy peace. (5) attaching importance to philosophy and moral theory; (6) Interested in ordinary things, even in daily work; (7) Being able to establish deep feelings with a few people and having the spirit of helping others; (8) Have a democratic attitude, creative ideas and a sense of humor; (9) Can experience joy and hurt.
We believe that people's mental health includes the following seven aspects: normal intelligence, emotional health, sound will, coordinated behavior, adaptability to interpersonal relationships, moderate response, and psychological characteristics adapted to age.
Understanding and mastering the definition of mental health is of great significance for strengthening and maintaining people's health. People have mastered people's health standards and made self-diagnosis of mental health on this basis. If you find that one or several aspects of your mental state are far from the standard of mental health, you should strengthen psychological exercise in a targeted way to reach the level of mental health. If you find that your mental state seriously deviates from the mental health standards, you should seek medical advice in time, and make early diagnosis and treatment.
Now the standard definition of mental health is as follows:
First, it has enough adaptability;
Second, you can fully understand yourself and make a moderate evaluation of your ability;
Third, the reality of life goals;
Fourth, not divorced from the real environment;
Five, can maintain the integrity and harmony of personality;
6. Be good at learning from experience;
Seven, can maintain good interpersonal relationships;
Eight, can moderately vent emotions and control emotions;
Nine, under the premise of not violating the collective interests, can play a limited role of personality;
Ten, under the premise of not violating social norms, can properly meet the basic needs of individuals.
Edit this paragraph. Mental health includes
Normal intelligence
Normal intelligence is the most basic psychological condition of normal life and the primary standard of mental health. The International Classification of Diseases proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO) regards mental retardation or retardation as a psychological disorder and abnormal behavior.
Good at coordinating and controlling emotions, in a good mood.
People with mental health can always maintain a happy, cheerful, confident and satisfied mood, be good at finding fun from life and be full of hope for life. More importantly, good emotional stability.
Have a strong will quality.
A healthy will has the following characteristics: clear and reasonable purpose and high consciousness; Good at analyzing the situation and being decisive; Strong will, perseverance and strong psychological endurance; Good self-control, not only has the firmness of realistic goals, but also can restrain the desire, motivation, emotion and behavior that interfere with the realization of goals, and does not indulge willfulness.
Harmonious interpersonal relationship
Its performance: first, it is willing to communicate with people, with stable and extensive interpersonal relationships and bosom friends; Second, maintain an independent and complete personality in communication, have self-knowledge and be neither humble nor supercilious; Third, we can objectively evaluate others, make up for our own shortcomings with people's strengths, be lenient with others, live in harmony and be helpful; Fourth, there are more positive attitudes than negative attitudes in communication.
Actively adapt to and transform the environment, and maintain the integrity and health of personality.
The ultimate goal of mental health is to maintain the integrity of personality and cultivate a sound personality. The main signs of personality integrity and health are:
① There are no obvious defects and deviations in the structural elements of personality;
(two) have a clear sense of self, and do not produce confusion of self-identity;
③ Take a positive outlook on life as the core of personality and use it to effectively control your behavior;
④ It has relatively complete and unified psychological characteristics.
Psychological behavior conforms to age characteristics.
A person's psychological behavior often seriously deviates from his age characteristics, which is generally a manifestation of mental unhealthy.
Edit the relationship between mental health and physical health in this paragraph.
Many people think that physical health and mental health are two unrelated concepts. In fact, this is not correct. In real life, mental health and physical health are interrelated and interactive, and mental health affects people's physical health all the time. If a person is withdrawn and psychologically depressed for a long time, it will affect the secretion of hormones and reduce people's resistance, and diseases will take advantage of it. If a healthy person always doubts what's wrong with him, he will be depressed all day, and eventually he will really get sick.
Therefore, in daily life, on the one hand, we should pay attention to reasonable diet and physical exercise, on the other hand, we should cultivate our own sentiments, broaden our minds and avoid being in a tense emotional state for a long time. If you feel that your mood continues to be unhappy, you should make psychological self-adjustment in time, and go to a psychological clinic or psychological counseling center for help when necessary to ensure your overall psychological and physical health.
With the rapid development of natural science and the arrival of the information age, our society is undergoing unprecedented changes. The degree of industrialization, modernization, socialization and integration has been continuously improved; People's life is getting faster and faster, time is getting more and more precious, and people are making more and more money; There are more and more independent, creative and advanced intellectual labor; The range of people's activities is constantly expanding, and there are more and more contacts between people. Everyone inevitably has to deal with subtle and complicated interpersonal relationships. The intensity of all kinds of competition is becoming more and more intense, and the differences in income and social status between people are becoming more and more obvious.
Living in such a complicated and chaotic environment requires people to have higher psychological quality to adapt to the requirements of the times and society. Now people have begun to realize the importance of mental health and pay more and more attention to the mental health of themselves and their relatives and friends who live with them day and night.
Man is the soul of all things in nature and a masterpiece of nature. People have great potential. We all have sensitive and accurate feelings and reactions like athletes Deng Yaping and Lang Ping, and have such endurance; Like sketch comedians Zhao Benshan and Lausanne, they are full of great vitality and humor; Fluent language skills like TV host Wang Xuechun and excellent debaters in university debates; Speculative ability like thinker Confucius and scientist Einstein; Imagination like writer Guo Moruo; Memory ability is like a person can remember the decimal places of pi; Like boys and girls in love, relaxed and optimistic; Fitness like a health coach Ma Hua; Persistence like an athlete climbing Mount Everest; As healthy and disease-free as a centenarian; Li in life is neatly dressed. It is as constructive and kind as loving fathers and mothers treat their children;
A person could have been a person without depression, a person who decided to act by himself without being driven by inner depression. He can drink it if he wants, and it's delicious. He is not the kind of person who has to drink it often, and he will feel uncomfortable if he doesn't drink it. Not a person who can't drink, but a person who feels uncomfortable when drinking;
People can be people who get what they want, or they can cope with it freely. He didn't hesitate, he could make a decision at once. Everything he says and does is rational and efficient. A man who can conquer the world with one hand. If he wants to go to college, he can study wholeheartedly, enter a university and enter a famous university.
As mentioned above, each of us should be mentally healthy, but because of the psychological damage we have suffered in the course of life. The so-called normal people in life are actually not in the best state of people, but in the sub-health state between the best state of people and diseases. In fact, we are still far from the ability endowed by nature.
In real life, many so-called normal people are sad and irritable all day, living on sleeping pills, struggling in depression and despair for a long time, and even heading for a dead end of suicide; There are many people who drink all day long, get drunk, hit people and swear; Many people are hostile, conflicting, litigious and criminal; Many people often catch a cold, suffer from non-organic diseases such as hypertension and arthritis, and even suffer from terminal illness and premature death; There are many people who are incompetent, frustrated, poor and pitiful; There are many students who are not good at learning; There are many people who are troubled by sexual problems; There are many people who don't get along well with others and are suspicious all day; Many families are extremely distressed by the mental illness of their members; Many couples disagree, quarrel, fight and divorce.
Let's use psychological science to maintain the mental health of ourselves and our relatives and friends, work and live in a better physical and mental state and enjoy life.
1946 the third international conference on mental health defined this as: the so-called mental health refers to the development of one's mental state to the best within the scope of physical, intellectual and emotional adaptation to the mental health of others. The concrete manifestations are: the coordination of body, intelligence and emotion; Adapt to the environment and be humble to each other in interpersonal relationships; Have a sense of happiness; In my work and career, I can give full play to my ability and live an efficient life. In addition to this definition, people also explain it from different aspects. It is generally believed that mental health can give full play to the individual's greatest potential and properly handle and adapt to the relationship between people and between people and social environment. Specifically, it includes two meanings: first, compared with most people, its psychological function is normal and there is no mental illness; Second, we can actively adjust our psychological state, adapt to the environment, and develop and improve our personal life effectively and constructively. Based on the above point of view, we think that mental health refers to the harmony of body, mind and society in the process of adapting to the environment and maintaining good mental function.
Second, what is mental health?
Some experts predict that in 2 1 century, mental illness will seriously endanger the physical and mental health of teenagers. The World Health Organization's research on many countries in recent years proves that about13 of the world's population has psychological problems of one kind or another at any time. In China, the latest national mental health survey of children aged 4 ~ 16 found that the incidence of psychological and behavioral problems of children in China was as high as 13.9%. The relevant departments also conducted a sample survey of primary and secondary school students, and the results showed that about 2/5 middle school students had psychological barriers to varying degrees. These data show that the mental illness of young people is more serious than that of adults.
China is in the period of social transformation, and social changes will inevitably impact all aspects of family, school and society. Various social contradictions, interpersonal contradictions and many psychological conflicts in adult society will inevitably be highlighted from the psychological state of teenagers. Immature minds are under the pressure of generations, and the faults and fetters in social change bind children's hearts, hands and feet, all of which are worrying. However, as long as attention and prevention are paid as early as possible, it is not too late to start working now. It is very important for parents and teachers to really understand our children and help them get out of the inner maze.
What is mental health?
1930 the purpose of the establishment of the international mental health Committee is: "to engage in charity, science, literature and education activities. We are particularly concerned about the mental health of people all over the world, and maintain and promote the research, treatment and prevention of mental diseases and mental defects in order to enhance the happiness of all mankind. " This purpose has been accepted by people with lofty ideals all over the world, so mental health has gradually been mentioned as important as physical health, which makes the goal of mental health work expand from improving the therapeutic effect of mental patients to emphasizing the prevention of mental illness and shaping a sound personality. In this way, maintaining mental health has become a pursuit of people's lives, and the cultivation of healthy psychological quality has attracted more and more attention from all walks of life.
The World Health Organization defines health as: "Health is a state of physical, mental and social adaptation, not the absence of disease and weakness." From the definition of health by the World Health Organization, it is obviously different from our traditional understanding: it contains three basic elements: (1) physical health; (2) Mental health; (3) Social adaptability. Social adaptability is an internationally recognized primary standard of mental health. Overall health includes physical health and mental health, which are closely related, indispensable and inseparable. This is the essence of the concept of health.
Mental health standards (middle school students)
A person's health includes not only physical health, but also mental health, so what is the standard of mental health?
Maslow and Miethman, famous psychologists, once put forward the 10 standard of whether people's psychology is healthy:
1, whether there is a complete sense of security.
2. Do you have a full understanding of yourself and can properly evaluate your behavior?
3. Whether your life ideals and goals are realistic.
4. Can you keep good contact with the surrounding environment?
5, whether to maintain the integrity and harmony of self-personality.
6. Can you have the ability to learn from experience?
7. Can you maintain proper and good interpersonal relationships?
8. Can you express and control your emotions properly?
9, whether under the premise of collective permission, limited play to their own personality.
10, whether it is within the scope of social norms and properly meets the basic requirements of individuals.
Wang Dengfeng, a scholar in Chinese mainland, summarized the research results from many aspects and put forward several indicators about mental health:
1, know yourself and accept yourself.
A mentally healthy person can experience his own existence value, know himself, accept himself, and have self-knowledge, that is, he can make an appropriate and objective evaluation of his own ability, personality, emotions, advantages and disadvantages, and will not put forward harsh expectations and requirements for himself; You can also set realistic goals and ideals for your life, so you are always satisfied with yourself. At the same time, you can work hard to develop your potential, even if you can't remedy it, you can handle it safely. A mentally unhealthy person lacks self-knowledge and is always dissatisfied with himself. Because the set goals and ideals are unrealistic and the distance between subjective and objective is too far, he always blames himself and condescends. I always ask for perfection, but I can't do it, so I always have a hard time with myself. As a result, my psychological state will never be balanced and I can't get rid of the psychological crisis I feel I will face.
2. Accept others and be kind to others.
Mentally healthy people are willing to associate with others, not only accepting themselves, but also accepting others, accepting others and recognizing the important role of others' existence. He can be understood by others. Accepted by others and collectives, able to communicate with others and have harmonious interpersonal relationships. I can integrate into the small group of life, and I have a strong music group. You can be very happy when you are with your girlfriends, and you can be very lonely when you are quiet. When getting along with people, a positive attitude (such as sympathy, friendliness, trust, respect, etc. ) is always more than negative attitude (such as doubt, jealousy, hostility, etc.). ), so it is adaptable and has enough sense of security in social life. An unhealthy person is always different from the collective and incompatible with the surrounding environment and people.
3. Love life and be willing to work and study.
Mentally healthy people cherish and love life, actively participate in life, and enjoy the fun of life in life. They give full play to their personality and intelligence as much as possible in their work, get satisfaction and encouragement from the results of their work, and regard their work as fun rather than a burden. He can store all kinds of useful information, knowledge and skills accumulated in his work and extract them easily at any time to solve new problems that may be encountered, overcome all kinds of difficulties, and make his behavior more efficient and his work more effective.
4. People with mental health can face and accept the reality, adapt to it actively, and further transform it, instead of escaping from it.
Being able to make an objective understanding and evaluation of the surrounding things and environment and keep good contact with the real environment not only has higher ideals than reality, but also won't indulge in unrealistic fantasies and extravagant hopes. He is full of confidence in his ability and can properly handle all kinds of difficulties and challenges in life, study and work. People with unhealthy psychology often substitute fantasy for reality, dare not face reality, have insufficient courage to accept the challenge of reality, and always complain that they are "born at an inopportune time" or that the social environment is unfair to them, so they cannot adapt to the real environment.
5, can coordinate and control emotions, and have a good mood.
People with mental health always have advantages in positive emotional states such as happiness, optimism, cheerfulness and satisfaction. Although there will be negative emotional experiences such as sadness, worry, sadness and anger, they generally will not last long. He can properly express and control his emotions, be happy and not crazy, worry endlessly, win without arrogance, lose with grace, be humble and not humble, have self-esteem, be conceited and not afraid in social communication, be not greedy for what he can't get, strive to meet his various needs within the scope permitted by social norms, be satisfied with everything he can get, and always be cheerful and optimistic.
6. Harmonious and complete personality.
A mentally healthy person's personality structure, including temperament, ability, personality, ideals, beliefs, motives, interests, outlook on life, etc., can develop in a balanced way, and his personality can be fully, harmoniously and harmoniously displayed in the overall mental outlook of people. The way of thinking is moderate and reasonable, and people can adopt an appropriate and flexible attitude, without biased emotional and behavioral responses to external stimuli, and can keep pace with the pace of society and integrate with the collective.
7. Normal intelligence.
Normal intelligence is the most basic psychological condition of people's normal life and an important standard of mental health. Intelligence is the synthesis of human observation, memory, imagination, thinking and operation ability. If a person is mentally retarded, it cannot be considered as mental health.
8. Psychological behavior conforms to age characteristics.
At different ages of human life development, there are corresponding different psychological behaviors, thus forming unique psychological behavior patterns at different ages. A mentally healthy person should have the same psychological and behavioral characteristics as most of his peers. If a person's psychological behavior often deviates seriously from his age characteristics, it is generally a manifestation of mental unhealthy.
Generally speaking, we can refer to the above standards to examine our mental health. Strictly speaking, mental health needs the help of clinical psychologists' examination and diagnosis, and we can't draw conclusions for ourselves and others at will.
1 Melancholy For various reasons, teenagers will be unhappy, unhappy and taciturn. If you are in this state for a long time, you should pay full attention to it.
Shaanxi expert is too narrow-minded to tolerate or understand others. I'm worried about small things, too, and I love to get to the bottom of it.
3 jealousy is unnatural, uncomfortable and even hostile when others are better than themselves. What's more, they even vent their inner jealousy by cracking down and slandering. -seven kinds of unhealthy psychology in growing up
4 panic has a sense of terror to the environment and things, such as fear of needles, fear of the dark, fear of ghosts and so on. The light person's heart is pounding and his hands are shaking. In severe cases, people can't sleep, insomnia, screaming in their dreams, etc.
5 cruelty is a bit obscene. If you are unhappy, you will vent it on others, and you will beat and scold. Others will tease others for their own happiness, laugh at others, and have no warm heart.
Sensitivity means nervousness and paranoia. People often regard others' unintentional words and irrelevant actions as contempt or ridicule for themselves, so they are moody and their mood changes greatly.
7 Inferiority lacks confidence in yourself and thinks that you are inferior to others in all aspects. No matter in study or life, it always regards itself as a person who is inferior to others and can't lift its head. This inferiority complex has seriously affected my mood, and I feel too depressed because I lack interest in myself.
According to the estimate of the World Health Organization, more than100000 people attempt suicide every year in the world. Among the top 10 diseases with the greatest functional disability, 5 are mental disorders; It is estimated that by 2020, the burden of neuropsychiatric diseases in China will rise to a quarter of the total burden of diseases. In China, it is conservatively estimated that there are about 65.438 billion people who need professional psychological counseling or psychotherapy in their lifetime. The survey shows that among the 654.38+0.3 billion people, there are more than 654.38+0.6 million people with various mental disorders, and among the 654.38+0.5 billion teenagers, there are 30 million teenagers who are troubled by emotions and pressures. Wu Ruihua, a researcher at the Institute of Psychology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, believes that the lack of professionals engaged in psychological counseling is one of the reasons for the relatively high suicide rate in China. Teacher Hao Bin, an expert in psychological counseling and stress management, suggested in an interview with reporters a few days ago that when you encounter troubles in your life and are ready to choose a counselor to enter the counseling room, you should choose a counselor with a psychological, medical or educational background, professional training, long-term experience in psychological counseling and treatment, and be recognized by professional psychotherapy associations or society.
There are many schools of psychological counseling and therapy, among which psychoanalysis, psychodynamic therapy, visitor-centered therapy, reality therapy, behavioral therapy, interactive therapy, gestalt therapy and rational emotion therapy are the most common. According to the statistics of American Psychological Counseling Association, there are as many as 300 kinds of recorded psychological counseling and treatment, and it is still increasing. Perry Landon, an American psychologist, believes that all these therapies can be roughly divided into two categories. One is "cognitive insight" therapy, which aims to relieve people's psychological confusion and obstacles by changing and improving people's cognitive style. The other is "behavior modification" therapy, which aims to correct people's bad behavior by establishing new conditioned reflex. In fact, in concrete practice, people often use both and complement each other.
Criteria for judging mental health
The essence of psychological abnormality is the cause, mechanism and psychological structure of abnormal psychology. Psychological abnormality is the disorder of brain structure or function or the disorder and distortion of people's response to objective reality. It not only reflects the abnormality of individual self-concept and some abilities, but also reflects the adaptation obstacles in social interpersonal relations and personal life.
But it is not easy to clearly distinguish normal psychology from abnormal psychology.
At present, the most commonly used criteria are as follows:
Self-evaluation criteria: If you think you have psychological problems, of course, this person's psychology will not be completely normal, but it is generally impossible to have major problems. People with basically normal psychology can fully perceive that their psychological activities are different from before, their psychological performance is different from others, and so on. This kind of self-evaluation is called insight in psychiatry.
Psychological test standard: Psychological test can only be formed through representative sampling, establishment of normal samples, standardization of test reliability, test validity and methods, which can avoid experts' subjective opinions to some extent. However, psychological tests also have errors, which can not replace the doctor's diagnosis at present.
Etiological and pathological classification standard: This standard is the most objective, and it is a medical standard that treats psychological problems as physical diseases. If a person's psychological phenomenon or behavior can find the basis of pathological anatomy or pathophysiological changes, he is considered to have mental illness. Its psychological manifestations are regarded as symptoms of the disease, and its etiology is attributed to brain dysfunction.
External evaluation criteria: people's psychological activities are always manifested in all aspects of life. If everyone thinks there is something wrong with someone, it is generally correct. Even if the people nearby don't see it, professionals can judge whether the parties have problems through various performances.
Social adaptation standard: under normal circumstances, the human body maintains a state of physiological and psychological balance, and people can adapt and transform the environment according to the needs of social life. Therefore, normal people's behavior conforms to social norms and can act according to social requirements and moral norms, that is, their behavior conforms to social norms and is adaptive behavior. If a person's ability is damaged due to organic or functional defects, and he can't act in a socially recognized way, so that the consequences of his actions are not suitable for himself or society, he is considered to have psychological abnormalities.
In order to thoroughly implement the Implementation Outline of Citizen's Moral Construction, the State Council's Decision on the Reform and Development of Basic Education, and the Opinions of General Office of the State Council, the General Office of the Central Committee of the CPC on Further Strengthening and Improving Moral Education in Primary and Secondary Schools to Adapt to the New Situation, and to cooperate with the development of mental health education in primary and secondary schools, on the basis of summarizing the working experience of some experimental areas (experimental schools) of mental health education in primary and secondary schools in Beijing, Xicheng District and Dongcheng District, Under the guidance of experts and professors from the Department of Psychology of Beijing Normal University and Capital Normal University, and with the strong support of the Psychological Counseling Office of Beijing Xicheng District Education Committee, in order to solve the psychological problems of middle school students, we will safeguard their mental health, share the pressure of mental health education for schools and families, and create a healthy and harmonious school, family and social atmosphere. 18 TV series "Free your mind? It was filmed on TV. Perspective of adolescent mental health.
In order to adapt to the school teaching cycle (the actual teaching time is about 15 weeks) and the teaching time (45 minutes), this TV series is divided into 18 episodes (including 3 episodes of teachers' mental health guidance), each episode is 25 minutes. The film corresponds to the school mental health education curriculum and is broadcast once a week. After each episode is broadcast, 20 minutes can be reserved for classroom questions and discussions.
According to the latest ratings survey report made by A.C. Nelson and CCTV sophomore, CCTV's Psychological Interview and Beijing TV's Wide Angle of Life are in the leading position in ratings and audience evaluation. According to the study of its program form and content, combined with the viewing habits of today's audience, especially middle school students, this film takes the case as the core in shooting form, and the host and experts interview the events, so as to achieve the coexistence of events and comments, pay equal attention to sensibility and rationality, and cooperate with relevant materials and scene reproduction to ensure the viewing effect and communication effect of the program to the maximum extent.