Scientific papers on problems related to urban light pollution
Abstract: In the process of urbanization, light pollution has become a new type of environmental pollution after air pollution, water pollution, noise pollution and solid waste pollution. Although its harm is obvious, it has not been included in the prevention and control of environmental pollution at present. With the increasing harm of light pollution, light pollution has attracted the attention of scientists. In view of the present situation of urban light pollution, it is very important to analyze its harm to human beings, legislate and explore countermeasures.
Keywords: urban light pollution, the influence of light pollution on traffic safety, the current situation of legislation, and countermeasures
China Library Classification Number: TU984 Document Identification Number: A
Light pollution usually refers to excessive light radiation, including visible light, ultraviolet and infrared radiation, which has a negative impact on human health and human living environment. The light produced in modern urban buildings, such as overflow light, reflected light and glare, can be defined as light pollution. (Shao Ligang, 2006)
However, due to people's neglect, many cities in China can't make rational use of lighting, and the research on light pollution is still at the stage of discussing the concept of light pollution, and there is no comprehensive delay system for urban light pollution. The prevention and control of urban light pollution is a systematic project, which not only involves the government, enterprises and the general public, but also needs to be studied from many aspects such as planning and design, administrative supervision, laws and regulations, technological innovation, education and publicity.
1 light pollution classification
Internationally, light pollution can be divided into three categories:
1) white light pollution: refers to the strong light reflected by the glass curtain wall in the city when the sun is strong, which is called white light pollution.
2) Man-made daytime pollution: refers to the pollution caused by outdoor lighting at night, such as the lighting of shopping malls and hotels.
3) Color light pollution refers to the black lights, rotating lights and flashing color light sources installed in dance halls and nightclubs. Wang (2008)
With the development of society, new types of light pollution emerge one after another. Light pollution not only refers to light damage that has adverse effects on people's physiology and psychology, but also includes light damage that is harmful to the environment and other organisms, as well as messy visual environmental pollution in cities. (Dai Yang, 20 1 1)
2 causes of light pollution
Socialization of light pollution is a common problem at present, but the cause of light pollution is the wide application of point light sources. Therefore, how to control light pollution can start with the reasons.
2. 1 causes of light pollution in urban construction
In order to make buildings beautiful, society uses glass walls too much, which makes buildings? Shiny? However, the light reflected by the wall is more dazzling than sunlight, and the harm to people can be imagined. According to the measurement, the reflection coefficient of white paint surface is 69% ~ 80%, and that of mirror glass is 82% ~ 88%, which is about 10 times larger than that of rough masonry exterior decoration building, which greatly exceeds the physiological adaptation range of people. (Huang Xiaojin, 20 1 1)
Dazzling advertising lights and night lights on river banks are all over the city. Dazzling advertising lights, night lights, etc. Turn the night sky into day, and the beauty of the starry sky slowly leaves people. In particular, the anti-glare lights of large music fountains are too strong, and such lights have been installed in Xi 'an, Fengxian and Hanzhong.
Improper use of street lamps. Too many street lamps make the road lighting too strong, and some street lamps are improperly positioned, resulting in blind spots for human eyes and leading to car accidents.
There are too many high-brightness headlights on the construction site. The lamps used in the construction site are too bright and improperly managed, which affects residents' rest.
2.2 Cultural concept of people's life.
Because people don't know much about light pollution, there is no concept of taking preventive measures against light pollution in people's consciousness. For lighting people, people pay more attention to the beautification effect of lighting. Make the room look more. Magnificent? Some families choose brighter tiles for decoration, and even install multiple mirrors and paint walls indoors, which are the causes of light pollution. (Hao Huan, 20 1 1)
3 the harm and growth of light pollution
Light pollution is another major pollution source after the four major pollutants, which may become another environmental killer that directly affects human health in 2 1 century.
3. 1 Harm of light pollution
Research found that light pollution makes astronomical observation? Sight? Descent, misleading the flight of aircraft and migratory birds, affecting visual recognition, causing glare and overheating. People who have been working and living in a light-polluted environment for a long time have a sharp decline in vision, and at the same time have symptoms similar to neurasthenia such as dizziness, upset, insomnia, loss of appetite, depression and physical weakness. Light pollution kills a large number of urban insects and birds, which seriously destroys the ecological balance.
3. 1. 1 Effects of light pollution on human health
Dazzling light harms people's visual function and disturbs the function of brain nerve. Children are particularly sensitive to the stimulation of light. When stimulated by light, the brain will produce a series of adverse reactions. Some young parents install ever-burning lamps in their children's bedrooms to let their children? Sleep bright? This will not only help children sleep, but also hinder the absorption of calcium in children and induce myopia and even leukemia.
3. 1.2 Influence of light pollution on people's lives
Light pollution has brought troubles to residents' lives. In summer, the strong reflected light from the glass curtain wall enters the nearby residential buildings, which raises the indoor temperature and affects normal life.
Some glass curtain walls are semi-circular, and the reflected light is easy to cause fire. A fire broke out in Berlin 1987, Germany. The chief culprit was the spotlight generated by the opposite high-rise glass curtain wall.
3. 1.3 Impact of light pollution on ecology
Light pollution not only harms human health, but also affects the reproduction of animals and plants, resulting in the death of a large number of urban insects.
Most animals don't like bright light at night, and most choose to come out for food in the dark. The light generated by outdoor lighting at night often disrupts the rhythm of animal biological clocks and destroys the ecological balance by destroying the normal reproduction of insects at night.
3. 1.4 Light pollution affects urban environment and climate.
Artificial daytime light pollution in urban lighting not only consumes too much electricity, but also consumes a lot of energy. In many parts of the country, electricity is still restricted to control electricity consumption, but too much artificial sunlight makes these measures meaningless. According to statistics, the annual electricity consumption of lighting in the world is about 2,000 billion kWh, and the wastes such as CO2 and SO2 generated by the production of these electric power have caused serious pollution and aggravated urban pollution. Heat island phenomenon? .
3.2 the growth of light pollution
Due to the lack of accurate measurement and statistics of light pollution in various countries, as many as 99% people still live in light pollution without knowing it. For example, in developed countries, light pollution in Germany is increasing at a rate of 6% per year, and the growth rates in Italy and Japan are estimated to be 10% and 12%. In recent years, based on the large-scale growth of urban buildings and lighting in China, it is predicted that the growth rate of light pollution will not be lower than that of developed countries.
4 the influence of light pollution on driving safety
4. 1 Overview of the influence of light pollution on driving safety
The influence of light pollution on driving safety is mainly manifested in white light pollution in daytime and colored light pollution in nighttime. During the day, the glass curtain walls of buildings on both sides of urban roads reflect sunlight like mirrors, which will instantly cover the driver's field of vision, make the driver feel dizzy, strongly stimulate the driver's vision and psychology, and easily cause accidents. Whenever night falls, colorful waterfall lights, advertising lights, neon lights and other lights on both sides of urban roads will also dazzle drivers, causing their illusion and visual fatigue.
The evaluation of the influence of urban light pollution on driving safety is based on the analysis of road light pollution. Through the establishment of safety evaluation index, the factors causing light pollution are quantified, and the road light pollution is analyzed and evaluated by using the safety evaluation index system, and the qualitative analysis is transformed into quantitative analysis. According to the evaluation results, the safety level of road light pollution can be judged, and whether the existing management measures can meet the needs of safe driving can be obtained. If it can't meet the requirements, it is necessary to formulate corresponding safety countermeasures for the weak links of light pollution control found in the evaluation process to improve the situation and provide theoretical support for the proposal and implementation of light pollution management policies of relevant departments.
Urban light pollution is a complex system, which consists of many factors that influence and restrict each other. At the same time, due to the lack of legal constraints, the lack of effective management. With the rapid development of urban modernization, the influence of light pollution on driving safety is more diverse and complex.
4.2 Light pollution of curtain wall glass has become a hidden danger of urban traffic accidents.
Many high-rise buildings have designed glass curtain walls in pursuit of beauty. But when the sunshine is good, the glass reflects the sunlight, causing light pollution. In some sections of Jinan, drivers will be exposed to strong light at certain times, and driving safety will be affected. For example, when the reflected light from the building is strong, drivers and people in the passenger seat will feel dizzy, and then subconsciously turn their heads to one side. Severe time pollution will cause glare to drivers, leading to short periods? Blind? After a few seconds, my vision slowly recovered. But at this time, if the car is still driving, it is very likely that a traffic accident will happen.
Moderate road lighting can increase the sense of security of pedestrians, relax people's nerves and improve traffic safety. However, excessive or improper road lighting will bring glare, cause eye discomfort, affect the vision and mood of pedestrians and drivers, and then damage people's physical and mental health and increase the incidence of traffic accidents.
5 China light pollution legislation status.
Judging from judicial practice and theory, it is generally believed that light pollution is still a legislative blank in the field of environmental protection law in China. But in fact, China's current civil laws and regulations have the legal basis to deal with light pollution cases, but the relief clauses of light pollution infringement in civil law still have limitations, so it is necessary to further improve legislation and solve the specific implementation problems in judicial practice.
Provisions on light pollution in the General Principles of Civil Law of People's Republic of China (PRC) (hereinafter referred to as the General Principles of Civil Law) Article 83 of the General Principles of Civil Law stipulates that the neighboring parties of real estate should correctly handle the neighboring relations in terms of water interception, drainage, transportation, ventilation and lighting in the spirit of facilitating production, life, solidarity and mutual assistance, fairness and reasonableness. If an obstacle or loss is caused to an adjacent party, the infringement shall be stopped, the obstacle removed and the loss compensated. ? Article 124 stipulates:? Those who violate the state regulations on environmental protection and pollution prevention and control and pollute the environment and cause damage to others shall bear civil liability according to law. ? Article 83 of the General Principles of the Civil Law stipulates the adjacent relationship. Although the word light pollution is not directly used, legislation should be improved with the development of society. This article is supplemented after listing water interception, drainage, traffic, ventilation and lighting? And so on? The adjacent relationship of. ? Lighting? As a traditional civil right related to property ownership, lighting right means that neighboring parties have the right to get enough light necessary for production and life, so neighboring parties should give each other convenience to realize their respective rights. Although the lack of light will bring all kinds of inconvenience to people, it is not because? Man-made discharge of substances or energy into the environment that exceeds the self-purification capacity of the environment? In the traditional sense, the destruction of the right to light cannot be regarded as environmental pollution. Therefore, it is necessary to expand the interpretation of the right to light in traditional civil law.
Light pollution is not limited to neighboring real estate. Light pollution may be caused by building accessories such as glass curtain walls, polished metal plates and neon lights, or by flowing light such as car lights, searchlights and electric welding. The former can adopt the adjacency theory, because buildings are real estate; The latter can't adopt this theory because it is attached to movable property. Therefore, it is limited to apply the neighboring right theory to solve the light pollution infringement. In China's current legislation, the legal application of light pollution infringement is only? Neighborhood? The provisions of the, for the behavior that causes light pollution, the victim can claim compensation for his own losses (including mental and personal losses) according to the provisions of the adjacent land use rights. In view of the great harm of light pollution to people's body, mind and spirit, citizens or legal persons should be given the right to file compensation proceedings for mental damage caused by light pollution in legislation.
6. Countermeasures and suggestions for the prevention and control of light pollution
6. 1 Formulate the standards and norms for the prevention and control of light pollution in China as soon as possible.
Increase the content of light pollution prevention and control when planning and constructing urban buildings and lighting; Strengthen the light pollution control and detection of building materials and lighting products; Establish a research, evaluation and detection system for light pollution; Learn from developed countries to establish light environmental protection zones (such as Black Sky Park). Promulgate relevant legal measures to reduce the use of night lights, clarify the lighting intensity of street lamps, and minimize blind spots. Xiamen has also promulgated regulations? For glass curtain walls that will cause light pollution to the surrounding environment, coated glass or unpolished metal plates with low emissivity shall be used, and materials such as mirror glass or polished metal plates shall not be used? .
6.2 publicize the knowledge of light pollution and its harm.
Post posters in the streets and communities, and set up stalls to put relevant pictures in stages. It can also be compiled into teaching materials to strengthen students' knowledge concept and make it have a secondary impact on parents. Make it carefully choose the decoration of indoor lamps and lanterns to minimize the impact on the body.
6.3 technical reform
Although there is no standard technology to eradicate light pollution at this stage, it can be avoided from the following aspects: for example, try not to use large-area glass curtain wall for lighting and reduce pollution sources; Build more green spaces, implement greening projects, change plane greening into three-dimensional greening, vigorously plant trees and grass, and change reflected light into diffuse reflection; Is to limit the lighting time at night and transform the existing lighting facilities; Adopt new energy-saving lighting technology; Reasonable selection of light source (Zhang Shuqin, 2008)
6.4 Establish and improve the supervision mechanism
Do a good job in the supervision and management of light pollution prevention and control, and do a good job in the examination, identification and acceptance of light pollution in lighting projects through relevant rules and regulations to reduce light pollution. Shao Ligang, 2006. Establish a government-led supervision system, build a supervision system for light pollution prevention and control from the aspects of project implementation subject, project participants and project supervision subject, and formulate corresponding management and monitoring methods to achieve the purpose of reducing light pollution. Wang (2008)
6.5 Use trees to reduce light pollution
Trees have many functions: reducing the risk of surface runoff and improving air pollution. At the same time, trees, as green belts in expressways, can reduce the content of automobile exhaust in the air, form a barrier, avoid light interference between cars driving in opposite directions, and reduce traffic accidents. Light pollution can be reduced by increasing forest construction. (Yuan Dehua, 20 10)
label
People are familiar with environmental pollution such as water, gas and sound, but they ignore light pollution that is harmful to human body. At present, the harm of light pollution is gradually increasing, so everyone should have a sense of self-protection. We should eliminate it from the root? Light pollution? The occurrence of. Urban construction should be people-oriented, and the construction that interferes with human health should be controlled and abandoned. Is it the only way to pursue urban modernization? Bright? Words can be summarized. As the Roman philosopher said: Since a city has a glorious history, it is no longer necessary to use lights to create brightness. ?
refer to
[1] Shao Ligang, Liu Bei. Urban light pollution and its prevention and control measures [J]. Lighting and Lighting, 2006,30 (1):13-15.
[2] Wang, with. Comprehensive countermeasure system of urban light pollution prevention and control [J]. Urban Problems, 2008( 10):7 1-74.
[3] Dai Yang. Study on the Influence of Urban Light Pollution on Traffic Safety [J]. Science of Environmental Protection, 2012,38 (3): 87-90.
[4] Huang Xiaojin. Light pollution affects our life [J]. Northern environment, 20 1 1, 23 (1 1): 255-256.
Hao Huan, Wang Hongyang, Xia Qiang, Ren Li, Zhou Yan. On light pollution of urban landscape architecture [J]. Modern Horticulture, 2011(17):13.
Zhang Shuqin, Zhang Peng. On the harm and protection of light pollution [J]. Inner Mongolia Environmental Science, 2008,20 (1):100-102.
Yuan Dehua. Trees: Reduce urban pollution at low cost. China Green Times, 20 10-7- 12(3).
[8] Yang Jianzhong. On urban pollution and its prevention [J]. Frontier, 1994(8):47-48.
Scientific papers on light pollution 2. Urban light pollution
This paper first analyzes the problem of light pollution in urban environment, points out the source of light pollution and its influence on the environment and human beings, and then puts forward some methods and feasible ways to control light pollution according to the conclusions obtained from the analysis, which has certain guiding significance for the control of urban light pollution.
Keywords city; Light pollution; Governance; Countermeasures
The development of science and technology, while striving to improve people's living standards, also has various influences on people's living conditions from many aspects. Especially in the city, in order to pursue good lighting effect and decorative effect, various light sources and mirrors emerge one after another in the city. However, all these bring convenience and beauty to people's lives, but also bring adverse effects to people's lives and health. At present, light pollution has become one of the important pollution sources in cities, which must be paid attention to and treated.
1 Source and influence of light pollution
As far as the current situation is concerned, all artificial light sources that violate people's physiological and psychological needs or are harmful to physical and mental health belong to the category of light pollution, including glare pollution, light pollution, flooding, monotonous vision, visual occlusion, stroboscopic and so on. In today's society, light pollution mainly comes from the following aspects:
The first is white light pollution. With the development of architectural science and technology, urban beauty is occupying an increasingly large position in the field of architecture, and the types of glass and ceramic curtain walls are emerging one after another, and the light pollution of urban environment is becoming more and more serious. The so-called white light pollution is the reflection of solar light by various reflective building materials used in urban buildings. The reflected light is dazzling and presents multi-angle characteristics in the city, which makes this kind of light pollution full of urban environment. Related studies have found that long-term exposure to this environment will cause great damage to the retina and iris, reduce vision and increase the incidence of cataract to as much as 45%. At the same time, white light pollution will also cause sub-health of human body, leading to loss of appetite, mental depression, physical weakness and other problems. In addition, the reflection of sunlight may also cause the change of indoor temperature. Although buildings protected by glass curtain walls with special functions will show certain indoor constant temperature characteristics, the reflected sunlight will increase the indoor temperature. If the glass curtain wall presents a certain curvature with the design of the building, it may also cause the reflection and convergence of solar light and cause a fire; At the same time, the reflection of light by glass curtain wall often becomes the chief culprit of traffic accidents.
Followed by artificial sunlight. This mainly refers to the phenomenon that artificial light sources illuminate the city night sky at night. Originally, the artificial light source only illuminates the scenery near the ground, and the searchlights shooting at the sky are relatively sparse in cities. However, due to the light diffusion caused by a large number of suspended particles such as dust and water vapor in the urban atmosphere, the whole city night sky is illuminated, and finally the phenomenon that the sky shines over the city is called artificial sunlight. Artificial sunlight has no direct harm to human beings, but it has a great influence on the biological clock. Not only the biological clocks of insects and birds living in cities will be affected, but also the biological clocks of human beings, which will have a certain adverse impact on the whole ecological environment as a whole.
Finally, color light pollution. No matter the lighting landscape or entertainment places in the city, many kinds of lamps will be installed and their ornamental value will be emphasized. This kind of lamp is usually controlled by a lamp filled with rare gas. However, the light emitted by this lamp includes not only visible light of various colors, but also some invisible light. For this part of invisible light, there may be light components harmful to human body. If you accept these colored lights for a long time, it will cause sub-health, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, insomnia, and even lead to central nervous system diseases such as leukemia, cataract and cancer.
2 urban light pollution control
It is necessary to investigate many light pollution problems in the above cities and put forward corresponding improvement plans. Specifically, the actions that can be taken include the following aspects.
2. 1 Reasonable selection of building materials
The selection of building materials, whether indoor or outdoor, is a key issue that needs attention. In the process of selecting outdoor curtain wall, we should not only consider the demand for curtain wall function from the internal environment of the building, but also pay attention to the environment in which the building is located and the demand for the environment. The building is located in the urban environment, and its existence will inevitably have a certain impact on the urban environment, so it is necessary to consider light pollution. For this level, on the one hand, the architect should make necessary consideration of the corresponding environment and choose the curtain wall reasonably; On the other hand, we should also actively develop curtain wall materials to reduce white light pollution. At the same time, the choice of indoor building materials, such as tiles, should also be properly considered to avoid large-scale use in the living room and ensure a reasonable living environment.
2.2 Pay attention to the night environment.
Although the influence of artificial sunlight on human beings is relatively small, when the light pollution of artificial sunlight reaches a certain level in the city, curtains and shutters can not effectively block the light source, thus affecting the human body. In the light environment, human beings can't enter a deep sleep state, so the hormones in the body and the work of internal organs will be affected, which will seriously endanger their health. For such problems, the International Dark Sky Association has long been concerned about urban issues. Relevant urban departments should also actively take measures to control urban man-made daytime pollution sources, register and inspect night lighting sources, and strictly control searchlights. Timely review the electricity consumption for night lighting and decoration, and give due consideration to energy conservation while creating the night environment in the city.
2.3 the implementation of safety lighting
First of all, it is necessary to inspect the lighting and decorative lights currently used, especially colored lights, to ensure their safety, register and control the lamps that may have health hazards, and set corresponding laws and regulations to cooperate with them as much as possible. In addition, we should actively develop alternative safety lighting and decorative lights to ensure the safety of color lighting. At the same time, we should quantify the light state as much as possible and strengthen the controllability and foundation of light intensity.
3 Conclusion
The problem of light pollution in cities has reached the point of endangering human health. In view of this, we must face it squarely. For the control of light pollution, on the one hand, the government needs to actively introduce corresponding policies to correct it, on the other hand, it also needs vigorous publicity within the society and the participation of the whole people to achieve good results.
refer to
[1] Chen Xiao, He. Influence of light pollution on human visual quality [J]. International Journal of Ophthalmology, 20 10, 10(3).
Zhang Lijuan. Harm and prevention of light pollution [J]. Shanxi Architecture, 30, 2004 (12).
Huo Haibo, Tan Bo. Urban light pollution and protective measures [J]. Science and Technology Information, 2009( 10).
Wang Yajun. Light pollution and its prevention. Journal of Safety and Environment, April 2004 (1).
Liang Hongshan. Harm of light pollution to human body and its prevention. Labor Medicine, 200 1, 18 (4).