China city environmental protection goal
According to the outline of China's environmental protection plan in 2000, by the end of the 20th century, environmental pollution had been completely controlled, the environmental quality of a large number of cities had been improved, and the continuous deterioration of the natural environment had been effectively controlled, basically achieving a virtuous circle. At the same time, it also puts forward the following goals for urban environmental protection in China: according to the nature and function of the city, divide a number of functional areas, and carry out layout and construction in strict accordance with the requirements of functional areas. It is strictly forbidden to build polluting factories in densely populated areas, scenic spots, water source protection areas and urban windward areas, and those that have been built should be quickly adjusted and relocated; To control air pollution, comprehensive prevention measures and regional comprehensive improvement should be taken to prevent dust; The focus of urban water environment protection is drinking water source and scenic water surface. Urban sewage should make full use of the self-purification ability of water bodies, develop reclaimed water technology, rationally use land treatment systems, and rationally build sewage treatment plants of different forms and grades according to local conditions; It is necessary to implement the policy of recycling solid waste.
The above contents are basically the environmental protection policies and requirements of China around 2000, which should undoubtedly be the environmental protection focus in the urbanization of China. However, these points alone are not enough. After entering the 2 1 century, a series of new problems, such as urban noise and road traffic safety brought by urban traffic, as well as dust pollution and noise pollution in construction sites, must also be taken into account in the environmental problems of urbanization roads in China. In the process of widening the urban framework, many places blindly pursue wide roads and large squares, which unreasonably occupy limited land resources and cause great waste.
With the rapid development of economy, the increase of urban population, the rise and development of township enterprises in China, and the increasingly close horizontal economic cooperation between regions, it is bound to form an urban belt or urban agglomeration economic belt with megacities or big cities as the center, small and medium-sized cities as the periphery and rural towns as the hinterland. The formation of these economic zones (urban agglomerations or belts) will not only narrow the gap between urban and rural areas, but also narrow the isolation belt between towns, and the subsequent cross-pollution between cities, cities and towns, towns and towns will be more serious, making the regional environmental pollution problem prominent, which is also a major environmental problem worthy of attention in the process of urbanization in China since 2000.
Urban environmental conditions in China
The overall environmental situation of China city is worrying, and with poor management, it will continue to deteriorate. In view of many factors, such as China's economic base is mainly in cities, and cities are the most densely populated areas, it is natural to take cities as the focus of environmental protection. From the statistical data, it can be seen that the cities in the eastern coastal areas are generally developed in economy and have relatively serious environmental pollution, but they have strong environmental management and technical strength, abundant funds and slightly strong ability to control pollution; Large and medium-sized cities in the central region have been seriously polluted, such as the development and utilization of energy and raw materials, which will inevitably produce many new pollution sources; Generally speaking, the western region is not prominent except that some cities are heavily polluted. However, the ecological environment in this area is very fragile, and some of them have been destroyed to some extent. If we don't pay enough attention to it, it will affect the policy of transferring the strategic economic center to the west and the process of developing the west.
With the formation and development of the national first-level economic zone network consisting of Yangtze River Delta Economic Zone, Pearl River Delta Economic Zone, Northeast Economic Zone, Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea Economic Zone and Shanxi-centered energy base, the second-level economic zone network consisting of provincial capital cities, several ports and major cities, and the third-level economic zone network consisting of provincial cities, the national economic layout has formed three zones: east, middle and west, while the Yangtze River golden waterway traverses the three zones. The water quality of the Yangtze River is also an important factor restricting the development of cities along the Yangtze River. However, at present, the river sections of megacities, big cities and all small and medium-sized cities along the Yangtze River have been seriously polluted, especially the urban river sections around the Yangtze River Delta. If we don't pay due attention to it, the consequences will be unimaginable. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen management and speed up the construction of economic zones, urban agglomerations and urban sewage fields with environmental pollution along the Yangtze River.
Eco-environmental problems of urbanization
Urbanization in China has entered a critical period of rapid development and prominent contradictions. The 16th National Congress of the Communist Party of China put forward the urbanization road with China characteristics, which is of great significance to the healthy development of urbanization in China and the gradual realization of industrialization and modernization. However, in many cities, the problem of environmental pollution is very prominent, and the functions of ecological and environmental services have generally declined. The eco-environmental problems of developed countries in different stages of development in the past century are mainly reflected in the rapid economic development in China in the past 20 years, among which the following aspects are the most prominent.
First, air pollution is a serious threat to human health. According to statistics, in 1 13 key cities for air pollution prevention and control, 66.2% of the cities and 73.9% of the residents live in conditions where the air quality is not suitable for human habitation. Air pollution also leads to increasingly serious smog phenomenon, which often occurs in many areas of North China, Central Plains, South China and East China, especially in densely populated cities. These phenomena are not only related to cross-pollution between urban areas, but also related to large-scale civil engineering in cities.
Second, rivers, lakes and offshore waters are seriously polluted by organic matter. The contents of nitrogen and phosphorus in most lakes seriously exceed the standard; Red tides frequently occur in coastal waters; 90% of the rivers flowing through the city are polluted, which affects the safety of drinking water in the city. These are all related to the blooming of township enterprises everywhere. For example, the wastewater from some paper mills is directly discharged into rivers without treatment.
Third, the solid waste is increasing rapidly and the harmless treatment rate is low. The accumulated storage of municipal solid waste in China has reached 6 billion tons, and it is increasing at an average annual rate of 4.8%, resulting in nearly two-thirds of cities being surrounded by garbage. In 2002, the harmless treatment rate of municipal solid waste in China was less than 15%. Nearly 90% of thousands of landfill sites are simply stacked, which easily leads to a series of problems such as water pollution, water quality degradation and soil pollution.
Fourth, the harm of toxic and harmful pollutants has become increasingly prominent. Dozens of toxic and harmful pollutants have been detected in some rivers, lakes and soils, among which dioxins are recognized as the most toxic compounds, which have been deposited in the water environment and soil and can endanger human health through the food chain. Many toxic and harmful substances are also hidden in the "foreign garbage" and "electronic foreign garbage" imported by some coastal cities.
Fifth, traffic jams, parking difficulties, numerous traffic accidents and serious automobile exhaust and noise pollution in typical big cities and megacities. The traffic congestion in some big cities is getting worse and worse, and the travel speed in the downtown area is only about 20 kilometers per hour, which seriously restricts the economic and social development of the city. The key lies in the imbalance of urban traffic structure, the emergence of mixed traffic contradictions and the unreasonable utilization of urban road system resources. The urban traffic structure lacks effective policy guidance and reasonable rectification, showing the evolution to the mode of automobile and motorcycle traffic, which intensifies the waste of road resources and traffic congestion, and at the same time makes the automobile exhaust and noise pollution on the rise. Moreover, the unreasonable design of urban road system leads to the low utilization efficiency of road resources and the contradiction between supply and demand of urban parking facilities. In developed countries, the average number of parking spaces per vehicle is 1.2 ~ 1.5 to meet the demand. In China, 100 cars have less than 35 parking spaces, so the phenomenon of on-street parking is serious. In public transportation, rail transit lags behind the development of cities, and most cities can't bear the increasing traffic demand only by ground motor vehicles. Due to the limited urban land resources, the land available for road traffic is in short supply, and the expansion is very difficult. In the next few years, the high-intensity and high-density urbanization development model will continue to be maintained, and the resulting traffic demand will further aggravate the contradiction between traffic supply and demand. Therefore, it is necessary to vigorously develop public transportation and speed up the construction of rail transit in big cities.
The sixth is the phenomenon of "digging ditches every day" in the process of urbanization. Many pipelines are buried under the roads of modern cities. Once there is a problem, the road will be "cut", dug and filled, resulting in the phenomenon of "digging ditches every day" The common people call this road "zipper highway" figuratively. This phenomenon of "digging ditches every day" not only increases the maintenance cost, but also affects the city appearance and brings great inconvenience to the citizens. Recently, Academician Qian Qihu of China Academy of Engineering put forward the idea of constructing underground city pipeline public tunnel at the meeting of "National Civil Air Defense Scientific Research Work", which may solve this problem well. Using a public underground tunnel, water pipes, sewage pipes, cables and other lines are all concentrated together, which can not only save costs and be easy to maintain, but also make citizens less disturbed and reduce urban traffic congestion. Seventh, relying on the rational development of "civil air defense" facilities, develop existing underground space and improve land use efficiency. For example, building underground parking lots and developing underground traffic can solve the problem of mixed people and vehicles on the ground, reduce traffic accidents, improve ground speed and reduce the pressure of traffic congestion in the city center. You can also use the underground space to establish a sewage treatment system to eliminate the odor emitted during sewage treatment and minimize pollution. Academician Qian Qihu also suggested that in the bustling urban areas, some facilities and enterprises with high noise and serious pollution should be moved underground, such as bars, KTV and other late-night disturbing industries should be concentrated in underground buildings, while some cultural facilities, such as exhibition halls, science and technology museums and museums, should be left on the ground, which will not only facilitate the citizens, but also create the historical and cultural atmosphere of the whole city and make the urban environment construction more distinctive.
The eighth is urban environmental safety. China's urban environmental disaster prevention and mitigation system is still very fragile, unable to keep up with the pace of urbanization, which makes the urban environmental security face severe challenges. Hurricanes (typhoons), earthquakes, floods, fires, land subsidence, radioactive diffusion, sudden and infectious diseases and other disasters will all threaten the safety of urban environment. Among them, the urban transportation and "lifeline project" support systems such as electric power, communication, gas, heat, water supply and drainage are more fragile, and are prone to chain reactions of various disasters such as power failure, water cut-off, gas pipeline rupture, epidemic spread and traffic obstruction. For example, heavy snow in the north and heavy rain in the south often cause traffic jams or floods in cities; Large-scale buildings and road construction in big cities damage public pipelines such as water, gas and heat; With the expansion of the city, the power system is often overloaded, so emergency measures such as power failure have to be taken. In addition, in some urban foods (grain, vegetables and fruits), the consumption of chemical fertilizers and pesticides is often 2-3 times of the world average, and these food safety hazards also seriously threaten people's health.
Urban road traffic safety problems
Academician Liu Depei, vice president of China Academy of Engineering, thinks that it is urgent to attach importance to urban road traffic safety and build a life support system. Road traffic safety is actually one of the most concerned, realistic and direct major interests of the broad masses of the people. Since the world's first fatal motor vehicle accident occurred in London from 65438 to 0896, the number of road traffic accident deaths worldwide has exceeded 35 million. In the middle of 2000 alone, 6.5438+200,000 people were killed and more than 50 million people were disabled in global road traffic accidents, and the overall loss exceeded any natural disaster. China is a high incidence area of road traffic accidents in the world, and the death toll has remained high for more than ten years. In 2002, the death toll was as high as 6.5438+0.09 million, with a slight decrease in recent years. In 2005, the number of deaths was still nearly 99,000, with an average of about 270 deaths per day, accounting for 77% of the national production safety accidents. But after all, traffic accidents are man-made and should have been avoided. Road traffic accidents will also affect economic and social development and should be highly concerned.
The traffic experience of some foreign cities shows that the scale of car ownership has a certain relationship with the number of road traffic accident deaths, but more cars does not mean more accident deaths. It must be pointed out that the death toll of ten thousand vehicles accidents is closely related to the level of economic development, road traffic safety management and the level of rescue of accident victims. For example, in developed countries such as the United States, Japan and Western Europe, in recent decades, due to effective measures to strengthen road traffic management and improve the level of treatment of injured people in accidents, the level of road safety has been improved and the number of accident deaths has dropped significantly. At present, the number of motor vehicles in these developed countries accounts for about 70% of the world, while the number of traffic accident deaths only accounts for 15% of the world. In 2005, the death rate per 10,000 vehicles in China was 7.6; in 2003, it was 1.7 in the United States and 1.37 in Germany. Therefore, traffic accidents and deaths can be reduced as long as effective measures are taken.
Since China entered the 2 1 century, the number of urban motor vehicles has increased rapidly, and this trend will be maintained for a long time with the sustainable development of social economy and the improvement of people's living standards. Therefore, strong traffic management measures must be taken to avoid urban road traffic accidents and treat the injured in time, which requires speeding up the construction of road traffic safety and life support system in China and learning from the successful experience of foreign countries to make it suitable for China's national conditions. It should be said that traffic accidents always have a certain probability, but a large number of casualties in traffic accidents can be prevented beforehand and afterwards. By establishing a powerful and efficient road traffic safety system and strictly demanding and implementing the goal of "zero mortality" in practical work, the number of motor vehicles will definitely increase rapidly, and the level of road traffic safety in China will also be greatly improved.
In a word, urbanization is an extremely complicated social system engineering. In the long-term historical development process, almost all natural sciences and social sciences are the same research objects, which need long-term follow-up and continuous in-depth research. To take the road of urbanization with China characteristics, we must take Scientific Outlook on Development as the guide, take a diversified and sustainable development road in line with China's national conditions, adapt to the level of social and economic development, adopt a moderate development speed, and conduct it under guidance and control. At the same time, we should fully consider the population, resources, environmental capacity and conditions, and take the construction of "conservation-oriented city", "compact city", "harmonious and livable city" and "environment-friendly city" as the basic goal of urban development in China. Efforts should be made to promote the effective utilization of energy and resources, strengthen ecological construction and environmental protection and their restoration and improvement, and strive to build a harmonious society.