Autonomous region is a kind of administrative division name. In the early days of the founding of our country, ethnic autonomous areas were collectively called autonomous regions; According to 1954 People's Republic of China (PRC) Constitution, it is divided into three levels: autonomous region, autonomous prefecture and autonomous county (autonomous banner). The administrative status of the autonomous region is equivalent to that of a province, so the autonomous region can actually be understood as a province with autonomy. It is the highest administrative region in China-the provincial administrative region. Autonomy refers to the establishment of corresponding organs of self-government in areas where ethnic minorities live in compact communities under the unified leadership of the state, and ethnic minorities are masters of their own affairs. National autonomous areas enjoy the right of national autonomy as stipulated in the Constitution, the Law on Regional National Autonomy and other laws. This system is called "the system of regional ethnic autonomy" and is a basic political system in China. The establishment of the autonomous region is based on the specific national conditions of China, is a local administrative region where the people of China uniformly exercise sovereignty, is a sacred and inalienable part of China, is under the jurisdiction of the Central People's Government, and its relationship with the state is between the local and the central government, and does not have the nature of independent sovereignty. Their implementation is conducive to the national economic development, the peaceful reunification of the motherland and the consolidation of the political power of the people's democratic dictatorship in China.
Province is the first-class administrative division and the domain name of the highest local administrative region in China. Originated from the ancient provincial system. In ancient times, the province refers to the residence of the son of heaven and the forbidden palace. There were three provinces and six departments in the Tang Dynasty, and Shangshu Province was one of them. Originally, the State of Jin set up provincial books in important places, referred to as provincial books. In the Yuan Dynasty, the central administrative organ was called "Zhongshu Province", and it also set up "Zhongshu Province" (the organ sent by Zhongshu Province) in various administrative regions, which was referred to as "province" for short and finally as "province" for short. "Province" developed from this. People's Republic of China (PRC) Provincial People's Government is the executive organ of the provincial people's congress. It is composed of governor, vice governor, secretary general, director, director and committee director, with a term of five years, and is responsible and reports to the provincial people's congress and the State Council. The provincial people's government implements the governor responsibility system, and its main functions and powers include: implementing the resolutions of the provincial people's congress and the resolutions and orders of the State Council, formulating rules and regulations according to the Constitution and laws, issuing resolutions and orders, stipulating administrative measures, leading the work of subordinate departments and people's governments at all levels, appointing and removing state functionaries according to law, and managing the province's economy, culture, education, science, health, civil affairs, public security, ethnic affairs, family planning and spiritual civilization. As of 20 1 1, there are 34 provincial administrative regions in China, including 23 provinces, 5 autonomous regions, 4 municipalities directly under the central government and 2 special administrative regions.
Ethnic autonomous regions and provincial (city) administrative regions are provincial administrative regions. The organs of self-government in ethnic autonomous areas and the state organs in provincial (city) administrative regions all enjoy the functions and powers of local state organs stipulated in the Constitution, but at the same time, the organs of self-government in ethnic autonomous areas also exercise their autonomy in accordance with the Constitution, the Law on Regional National Autonomy and other laws, which is the main difference between ethnic autonomous areas and provincial (city) administrative regions. The Constitution provides 1 1 for the autonomy of national autonomous areas, and the Law on Regional National Autonomy further provides 27 provisions for the autonomy of organs of self-government. Legally speaking, Article 1 1 of the Constitution and Article 27 of the Law on Regional Ethnic Autonomy are the differences between ethnic autonomous areas and provincial (municipal) administrative regions. However, combined with practical and policy analysis, the main differences between the two are as follows:
I. Legislative power
National autonomous areas have autonomous legislative power, and provincial (city) administrative regions have no autonomous legislative power. Ethnic autonomous regions and provincial (city) administrative regions have the right to formulate local laws and regulations. At the same time, ethnic autonomous areas also have the power to formulate autonomous regulations and separate regulations, that is, they have the right to enact autonomous legislation. Judging from the current legislative practice, the autonomous legislation in five ethnic autonomous areas is developing continuously. Due to the understanding of the status of autonomous regulations and the procedural problems in the formulation, both the legislation to adjust economic relations and the legislation to adjust ethnic affairs are formulated in the form of local regulations. In terms of specific content, all ethnic autonomous areas have promulgated a large number of local laws and regulations with ethnic characteristics in light of the actual situation in ethnic areas. According to relevant statistics, as of 20 10, more than 380 pieces were distributed in Xinjiang, more than 220 pieces in Tibet, more than 3 10 pieces in Inner Mongolia and 0/80 pieces in Guangxi. Since 1980, Ningxia has formulated more than 70 local regulations 170, such as Regulations on the Management of Muslim Food in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Regulations on Ethnic Education in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, and Regulations on Respecting the Customs and Habits of Ethnic Minorities, which have effectively promoted the process of building the ethnic legal system and ensured and promoted the healthy development of various economic and social undertakings.
Second, the right to change administrative regulations.
Amending or supplementing laws and administrative regulations is a special legislative autonomy granted to ethnic autonomous areas by the Constitution, the Legislative Law and the Law on Regional National Autonomy. For example, according to the Law on Regional Ethnic Autonomy, if the resolutions, decisions, orders and instructions of state organs at higher levels are not suitable for the actual situation in ethnic autonomous areas, the organs of self-government may report to the state organs for approval, implement them flexibly or stop their implementation. Ningxia has adapted and supplemented the implementation of marriage law, population and family planning law and election law in local legislation. The formulation and implementation of these laws and regulations have guaranteed the equal rights and autonomy rights of ethnic minorities. However, compared with other autonomous regions, Ningxia's legislative autonomy is not enough, and there are relatively few laws that can make flexible supplementary provisions. For example, Xinjiang has adapted and supplemented the Consumer Rights Protection Law, the Cultural Relics Protection Law, the Language Law and the Compulsory Education Law.
(three) the use of minority languages
Among the 55 ethnic minorities in China, except Hui and Manchu, 53 other ethnic groups all have their own languages, and 22 ethnic groups use 28 national languages. Ethnic autonomous areas have certain autonomy in using minority languages. Article 21 of the Law on Regional National Autonomy stipulates that the organs of self-government of ethnic autonomous areas use one or more languages commonly used in the local area in performing their official duties in accordance with the autonomous regulations of ethnic autonomous areas. If several common languages are used to perform official duties at the same time, the language of the ethnic group exercising regional autonomy may be the main language. Xinjiang, Tibet and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region use Chinese as the official language, which is widely used in documents, newspapers and teaching materials. The main ethnic group in Ningxia is Hui nationality, and there is no mother tongue. Arabic characters are usually used for trademarks and plaques related to halal.
Fourth, the use of ethnic cadres and the cultivation of ethnic talents.
The Constitution and the Law on Regional National Autonomy have made specific provisions on the use of ethnic cadres and the construction of ethnic talent teams. For example, chairmen of ethnic autonomous areas, governors of autonomous prefectures and county heads are all citizens of ethnic groups exercising regional autonomy. According to the statistical analysis of relevant data, among NPC deputies in Xinjiang, Tibet, Inner Mongolia, Guangxi and Ningxia, representatives of regional autonomous nationalities account for 36.7%, 40%, 33.9%, 46.6% and 40% of the total NPC deputies respectively. Attach importance to training cadres and professional and technical personnel at all levels among ethnic minorities, and give appropriate care to ethnic minorities when recruiting personnel in government agencies, enterprises and institutions. All ethnic autonomous areas attach great importance to the training of ethnic minority cadres. Autonomous ethnic groups in Xinjiang, Tibet, Inner Mongolia and Guangxi account for 4 1%, 95%, 18% and 33% of the total local population respectively, and ethnic cadres account for 5 1.7%, 73.9%, 32% and 36% of the total local cadres respectively. In recent years, Ningxia has taken a series of measures to strengthen the construction of minority cadres and talent teams. Every year, a group of ethnic minority cadres are sent to the central and economically developed areas for temporary training. Organs and leading bodies at all levels in the autonomous region are equipped with a certain number of ethnic minority cadres, and ethnic minority candidates are given extra care when registering for the college entrance examination and recruiting staff in institutions and institutions. We have fully implemented the "Light at the Grassroots Level" talent training plan, the "Hand in Hand Project" talent training plan and the rural practical talent project, and trained a large number of ethnic minority talents. At present, there are 38,000 ethnic minority cadres in organs at all levels in the region, accounting for 24.7% of the total number of cadres in the region.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) develops economic autonomy
Due to the particularity of geographical location and development conditions, the state gives full autonomy in the economic development of ethnic autonomous areas. Articles 25 and 26 of the Law on Regional National Autonomy stipulate that ethnic autonomous areas shall, under the guidance of state plans, formulate principles, policies and plans for economic construction according to local characteristics and needs, and independently arrange and manage local economic construction undertakings. According to the laws and characteristics of local economic development, we should rationally adjust the relations of production and economic structure and strive to develop the socialist market economy. Since the reform and opening up, especially since the development of the western region, on the one hand, the state has further increased its support, formulated a series of preferential policies to promote the economic and social development of ethnic minorities and ethnic areas, and implemented a major strategy for the development of the western region. On the other hand, each autonomous region has formulated different measures to accelerate economic development according to the actual situation in its own region. For example, Xinjiang has introduced a series of practical measures in the transformation of superior resources, industrial restructuring and infrastructure construction, while Inner Mongolia has introduced a series of measures in the development of circular economy, the "six major" characteristic advantageous industries and the acceleration of energy and chemical industry, which has a strong development momentum. In 20 13 years, the GDP of Xinjiang was 85 1 100 million yuan, an increase of11%over the previous year; The GDP of Inner Mongolia was 1.68 trillion yuan, an increase of 9% over the previous year. Tibet's GDP was 80.2 billion yuan, an increase of 12.5% over the previous year. The GDP of Guangxi was10.4 trillion yuan, an increase of 10.3% over the previous year. The growth rate exceeds the national average. In 20 13, Ningxia's GDP was 260 billion yuan, an increase of more than 10% over the previous year, the general budget revenue of local finance was 30.8 billion yuan, an increase of 16.7% over the previous year, and the per capita disposable income of urban residents was 220 13 yuan, an increase of/kloc-0 over the previous year.
Foreign trade policy of intransitive verbs
Article 3 1 of the Law on Regional National Autonomy stipulates that ethnic autonomous areas should develop foreign economic relations and trade, open foreign trade ports and develop border trade. From the geographical location of the five autonomous regions, four of them border on foreign countries, Xinjiang has 15 land border crossings, Tibet has 5 border crossings, Inner Mongolia has 16 border crossings and Guangxi has 14 border crossings. Active foreign economic and trade activities and border trade have played a positive role in promoting the opening up and economic and social development of the region. Although Ningxia is located inland, its foreign trade has been further expanded by holding the China-Arab Forum (upgraded from 20 13 to China-Arab Expo), opening up the land port of Yinchuan and adjusting the structure of import and export products. In 20 13, Ningxia's total import and export volume reached $3 billion, up 45.2% year-on-year.
Seven. fiscal policy
Implementing more favorable financial policies is an important means for the state to attach importance to and support the development of ethnic areas. Article 32 of the Law on Regional National Autonomy stipulates that the autonomous region has the autonomy to manage its finances, and all the fiscal revenues belonging to the autonomous region according to the national financial system shall be independently arranged and used by the autonomous region. Under the unified financial system of the state, the autonomous region enjoys the care of higher-level finance through the standardized financial transfer payment system implemented by the state. The budget expenditure of the autonomous region shall set up mobile funds in accordance with the provisions of the state, and the proportion of reserve funds in the budget is higher than that in the general region. Take the government budget revenue in 20 13 as an example. The fiscal revenue of Xinjiang 1 128 billion yuan, Tibet 9.5 billion yuan, Inner Mongolia17/kloc-0.9 billion yuan, Guangxi 200 billion yuan and Ningxia 30.8 billion yuan. All the local fiscal revenues are independently arranged and used by the autonomous region. Since the reform and opening up, the central government has been implementing financial support policies for the autonomous region, increasing the transfer payments year by year, and in the past 30 years (as of 2009), the transfer payments to ethnic minority areas exceeded 2 trillion yuan. /kloc-since 0/0, the central government has transferred 154 1 billion yuan to Tibet and nearly 400 billion yuan to Xinjiang. Judging from the per capita transfer payment in ethnic areas, Tibet and Ningxia have more per capita transfer payments.
Eight. Tax and financial policies
Articles 34 and 35 of the Law on Regional National Autonomy stipulate that the organs of self-government of ethnic autonomous areas may, when implementing the national tax law, reduce or exempt some tax items that belong to local fiscal revenue and need to be taken care of and encouraged in taxation, except those that are uniformly examined and approved by the state. Since the development of the western region, the state has continuously adjusted its tax policies and given preferential tax policies to the western region, especially to ethnic minority areas. Taking the tax policy adjustment of the second round of western development as an example, in terms of preferential tax policies, this paper puts forward a series of policy measures, such as reducing the tax rate of 15% for encouraged enterprises in the western region, implementing the "three exemptions and three reductions" of corporate income tax, promoting the reform of resource tax, and exempting imported equipment from customs duties. Most ethnic autonomous areas are rich in coal, oil, natural gas and other resources, so it is a very preferential policy to implement resource tax reform in several ethnic autonomous areas.
Nine, the development of ethnic education
Article 37 of the Law on Regional Ethnic Autonomy stipulates that the organs of self-government of ethnic autonomous areas independently develop ethnic education, constantly improve the quality of the population and train minority talents. Ningxia has implemented a number of key education projects, such as compulsory education projects in poverty-stricken areas, renovation of dilapidated buildings in rural primary and secondary schools, construction of rural boarding schools, modern distance education projects in rural primary and secondary schools, and standardized construction projects of 100 Huimin primary and secondary schools, and the conditions for running primary and secondary schools in the region have been generally improved. Strengthen education to help the poor, and build Liupanshan and Yucai two demonstration high schools with large scale and high teachers' level in Yinchuan. Each county will build 1-2 boarding high schools. Vigorously develop vocational education, set up nine higher vocational and technical colleges, and strive to make junior high school graduates who have not entered higher education institutions receive vocational education. We will fully implement the policies of "one-fee system" and "two exemptions and one subsidy" for compulsory education to solve the problem of children from poor families' difficulty in going to school. Xinjiang has established boarding schools in agricultural and pastoral areas, and Tibet has implemented the "three guarantees" policy of compulsory education for children of farmers and herdsmen.
X. Family planning
Article 44 of the Law on Regional National Autonomy stipulates that ethnic autonomous areas shall formulate measures to implement family planning according to laws and local conditions. At present, all five autonomous regions have revised their population and family planning laws according to local conditions, and their family planning policies are also different. The state implements a relatively loose family planning policy for ethnic minorities in Xinjiang and Tibet. Ningxia also takes care of the Hui nationality in family planning, with 2-3 births in rural areas and 2 births in urban areas. Ningxia has carried out the project of "having fewer children and getting rich quickly" in the whole region. Since 2007, the natural population growth rate has been kept below 10‰.
China has 23 provinces.
Hebei province (Ji)
Shanxi province (Jin)
Liaoning province (Liaoning)
Jilin Province (Kyrgyzstan)
Heilongjiang Province (Black)
Jiangsu province (Jiangsu)
Zhejiang province (Zhejiang)
Anhui Province (Anhui)
Fujian province (Fujian)
Jiangxi province (Jiangxi)
Shandong Province (Shandong)
Henan Province (Yu)
Hubei Province (Hubei)
Hunan Province (Xiang)
Guangdong province (Guangdong)
Hainan Province (Qiong)
Sichuan Province (Sichuan and Sichuan)
Guizhou Province (Guizhou, Guizhou)
Yunnan Province (Yunnan, Yunnan)
Shaanxi Province (Shaanxi, Qin)
Gansu Province (Gansu and Gansu)
Qinghai Province (Qing)
Taiwan Province Province (Taiwan Province)
Four municipalities directly under the central government
Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai and Chongqing
Five autonomous regions
Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Xizang Autonomous Region Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region
Two special administrative regions
Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Macao Special Administrative Region