1 is a "modern" novel writer. Since 1950s, his writing situation has undergone many changes. He gave up his novel creation actively or passively. (Shen Congwen, Zhang Ailing, Xu Xu, Qian Zhongshu)
2. Other novelists began their transformation in materials, artistic methods and work styles to meet the needs of the new literary era. (Laoshe's Longxugou, a mine created in May after Xiao Jun was purged).
Second, the status quo of novel genre
1, polarization: long stories and short stories.
2. Reasons for differentiation: Long stories can meet the needs of epic complexity and great times, and short stories can reflect life quickly and flexibly.
The emphasis on novels and short stories has its "functional" basis.
Thirdly, the classification and level of novel themes.
1, subject classification
According to the scale, there are industries, agriculture, military, schools and so on. In the "space" of social life, historical themes in time, real life themes, etc. This classification essentially contains the category background of "class", and also shows the fundamental basis for distinguishing themes by the political life of social groups (rather than "personal daily life").
2. Establishment of hierarchy
Different disciplines are endowed with different levels of value; That is, the strict distinction between advantages and disadvantages, primary and secondary, and high and low categories is closely related to the clear arrangement of grades.
Classification principle: the life of workers, peasants and soldiers is better than that of intellectuals or non-working people, and public life is better than private life.
3. Novel creation
In the early 1950s, novel creation was relatively calm. An Iron Wall (Liu Qing), The Story of the Storm (Sun Li) and Defending Yan 'an (Du Pengcheng) are the more important ones.
From the late 1950s to the early 1960s, the number of novels published increased greatly, and a number of works reflecting the level of novel creation in this period appeared. Therefore, this stage is often called the "harvest" (or "climax") period of novels by critics at that time and later.
Red Classic: "Three Reds and One Creation Protecting Castle Peak (Forest)"
In addition, Zhao Shuli's Three Mile Bay, Yao's Li Zicheng and Hao Ran's Sunny Days, etc.
The characteristics of novels in the fourth and seventeenth years-the trend of simplification in form
1, the content is simplified
In the late forties, the criticism of the main types of modern popular novels, such as romance and chivalry, made "popular novels" lose their legitimacy in the contemporary era.
B novels that reflect the "most positive" life phenomena (such as heroes and advanced deeds) are in the most positive position.
The value status of exposed, critical, humorous and satirical novels is questioned.
2. Simplification of form
A writing typical heroes, writing contradictions and conflicts in life, and designing novels with ups and downs of plot clues have become the main measures to measure the value of works.
B. New forms of suspicion and rejection, including
A "poetic" and "prose" novel, even if such a work appears, it is difficult to get a high evaluation.
B pay attention to psychological activities, especially works with complex psychological contradictions.
Calm, "contemplative" and "realistic" works.
Revolutionary historical novels
First, an overview of revolutionary historical novels
1, the connotation of revolutionary historical novels: it is "to tell the established historical theme within the established ideological constraints, so as to achieve the established ideological goals." It mainly tells the origin of "revolution" and the story of how the revolution finally went to victory through a tortuous process.
2. Reasons for prosperity:
1) The emotional needs of writers who have experienced the historical process of revolutionary struggle.
2) The new regime naturally requires literature to serve politics.
3) The Cold War between the East and the West, the ideological struggle between China and the Soviet Union, and the influence of the popular idea of "liberating all mankind" in the international capitalist movement at that time.
3. Representative works: (Polarization)
it's a long story
An Iron Wall, Tales of the Wind and Cloud, Defending Yan 'an, Flying Tigers, Spring and Autumn in a Small Town, Red Sun, Lin Hai Xue Yuan, Red Flag Spectrum, Song of Youth in Battle, Wildfire Fighting the Ancient City, Fire and Gold, Armed Behind the Enemy, Kucaihua, Sanjiaxiang and Hongyan.
Short story
Memories of the Mountain (Sun Li), Lily (Ru Zhijuan), Riverside at Dawn (Jun Qing), Party dues (Wang Yuanjian), Three in the Snow (Xiaoping), Ten Thousand Cows (Zi Han) and so on.
4. Achievements and characteristics of the climax of novel creation (textbook 3 17)
From the late 1950s to the early 1960s, it was called the "harvest" period of novels by critics at that time and later.
time limit
5, narrative way:
1) Some writers pursue an "epic" grasp of history in their novels.
2) Other writers add some "legendary" factors, which are close to the modern "popular novel" model.
3) Individual writers prefer to highlight their emotions in real situations as a trigger for memories of the past, such as Lily.
6. Aesthetic concepts in the context of war culture:
First of all, writers no longer describe war from the standpoint of intellectuals' enlightenment.
Secondly, the form of war makes the writer form the thinking mode of "two armies against each other".
Thirdly, the creative tone of heroic optimism is regarded as a fixed aesthetic mode, forming a unified aesthetic style.
Second, the great exploration of war novels:' Red Sun'
1, an overview of writers and works
Du Pengcheng's Defending Yan 'an is the first war novel with wide influence, but its art is relatively rough, far less than Wu Qiang's Red Sun. This novel was created by the author according to his own personal experience, and made a good exploration in expressing major battles in artistic form. It takes the three consecutive battles of Lianshui, Laiwu and Menglianggu in Shandong battlefield from 65438 to 0947 as the main line of plot development, which embodies the author's "
2. The uniqueness of artistic creation:
This novel is innovative and exploratory in the concept of war and novel aesthetics.
First of all, the legendary stories in traditional war novels are replaced by grand descriptions of modern war scenes (different from novels such as Flying Tigers and Lin Yuan, from guerrilla warfare to positional warfare, from micro to macro).
Secondly, the novel's richness in depicting characters in the war environment broke through the limitations of similar creations at that time, such as not portraying PLA officers and soldiers as perfect people and blindly demonizing the enemy.
Thirdly, in the description of the contrast and transformation between war and peace scenes, the novel not only embodies a moderate sense of rhythm in narrative, but also implies some deviations from the name of the times in the concept of war. If you are too keen on the war itself, you will show a war madman mentality. Zhang Ailing: Pay attention to the flying side of life and the stable side of life. The latter is the foundation of the former. )
3, defects: lack of in-depth thinking on the ontology of war-* * *.
* Differences between Chinese and Western War Novels: (Three Major Wars, Saving Private Ryan)
Western war novels pay attention to the expression of human destiny through war, and reflect the thinking of human existence and life significance through the observation of individual destiny. China's war novels focus on expressing the group style, the integrity and reality of war. Correspondingly, China writers' avoidance of a large number of violence and bloodshed in the war and their neglect of the fate and life value of a large number of ordinary individuals other than heroes are all the results of the restriction of modern war cultural norms on writers.
Third, the legendary war novel: Lin Yuan (Fictional Contract and Factual Contract)
1, author and main contents:
Qu Bo, a writer, was once the head of the People's Liberation Army in China, and commanded a detachment of the People's Liberation Army to fight bandits in Linhai Xueyuan, Mudanjiang, Northeast China. "Lin Hai Xue Yuan" reflects the writer's life experience, that is, it describes the story that a detachment of 36 scouts of the China People's Liberation Army pursued the remnants of the Kuomintang and bandits in the Changbai Mountain forest area and Suifenhe grassland in northeast China.
2. Creative features:
1) The portrayal of heroes is a major feature of Lin Yuan, and the disposition of characters is dominated by the invisible structure of the traditional folk novel "Five Tiger Generals". (The Five Tiger Generals of Shu in Romance of the Three Kingdoms: Guan Yu, Zhang Fei, Zhao Yun, Ma Chao and Huang Zhong)
Yang Zirong: A role of "outsmart the Tiger Mountain" between officials and bandits, red and black, and "right and wrong". The first conversation with Zuo Shandiao: (slang/red words)
Mountain carving: the king of heaven covers the earth. How dare you! Use it to anger your ancestors. )
Fake Hu Biao (Yang Zirong): River Demon in Baota Town. In that case, tell me that I fell from the mountain and drowned in the river. )
Shandiao: Why are you blushing?
Fake Hu Biao: Refreshing.
Mountain carving: It's yellow again!
Fake Hu Biao: Cold-resistant wax.
Donkey kong: Huh? Huh?
Fake Hu Biao: Talk at noon, no one has a home.
It is impossible to completely purify the hero.
2) In terms of structural layout, Lin Yuan also has an obvious thinking mode of "two armies against each other" and exaggerates the so-called "good people are particularly good and bad people are particularly bad" mode in the legendary sense. The image of Yang Zirong reflects the contradiction of this model.
3) Although Lin Yuan also exposed the extreme cruelty of bandits and described the heroic sacrifice spirit of PLA soldiers, he always permeated with the tone of heroism and optimism when describing the main heroes.
3. Defects and deficiencies:
Too exaggerated and sensational description, too old-fashioned mode of expressing heroes.
Fourth, the epic pursuit of war:' Red Flag'
Author's situation and main contents:
The Red Flag written by Liang Bin vividly shows the magnificent picture of the class struggle and revolutionary movement in rural and urban areas under the historical background of the ten-year revolutionary struggle before and after the failure of the Great Revolution.
Story background
Three generations of farmers:
The image significance of Zhu Laozhong: He is a link between the preceding and the following. He is an artistic model of a peasant revolutionary hero who spans the old and new times in contemporary literature. He is bold and brave, and constantly improves his revolutionary consciousness.
Achievements:
The first is epic bearing.
The novel depicts people from all walks of life in northern rural areas from the Great Revolution to "September 18th" with magnificent pictures, points out the inevitability of the failure of spontaneous struggle, and draws the conclusion that only under the leadership of the Party can the revolution succeed.
Secondly, the characters are epochal, revolutionary and national.
Third, the exploration of national style.
1, story content, character style, lifestyle, natural scenery → local color, national style
2. Inherit classical novels and foreign techniques and forms to form an artistic style with national characteristics.
(1) strong story; ② Depicting characters' personality characteristics through actions and language; ③ The composition and structure inherited China's classical novels.
5. Shortcomings: The author Liang Bin wanted to write it as an epic, but he wrote it as a revolutionary legend.
Fifth, the fate of family and history: "Sanjiaxiang"
Author's situation and main contents:
Published in 1959 by Ouyang Shan. Taking Guangzhou in the 1920s as the background, the personal growth trajectory, family ups and downs, and historical changes are integrated, and a magnificent and complicated picture of the early China Revolution is depicted.
The typicality of materials and the restoration of life.
The narrative of Sanjiaxiang is developed from the mode of Midnight, and each character in the book is a typical class. The multiple and complicated relationships, especially the descriptions of petty-bourgeois intellectuals of different classes, have broken the thinking mode of simplifying and vulgarizing class relations and class contradictions in general modern historical novels. The author chooses three families, Zhou, Chen and He, on three streets to write, which vividly shows the formation process of comprador bourgeoisie in China.
The Complexity of Zhou Bing's Personality
An intellectual from the class foundation (ideological burden) strikes while the iron is hot.
Simple, cowardly, naive, passionate and unrealistic, full of fantasy and other personality weaknesses.
There are two women who are directly related to Zhou Bing's personality: Qu Tao (the deepest heart) and Chen Wenting (the most pen and ink).
4. Artistic features
I chose the perspective of profile description of major historical events.
In characterization, there are people with complex personalities.
5. Disputes:
The focus is on the description of daily life scenes, the entanglements between relatives, friends and lovers, the detailed description of social customs, and the behaviors, thoughts and feelings of Zhou Bing and Chen Wenting.
Sixth, the growth of intellectuals in the revolutionary history-'Song of Youth'
Author and content of works:
Yang Mo's Song of Youth (1914-1995) has the color of autobiographical biography, which shows that the author's life in the 1930s is the obvious basis for writing.
2, the main plot and the image of Lin Daojing:
Constant pursuit, three breakthroughs:
Break with the feudal family, break with Yu Yongze and break with the petty bourgeoisie. Before finally finding the ultimate goal, Lin Daojing bid farewell to his relatives who have no affection (affection), his unlovable lover (love), his old self, and finally returned to his ego, forgetting himself and becoming a typical revolutionary face.
Is it a person who has found himself, or a person who has found sex but lost his personality? He is willing to be a screw in the revolutionary machine.
3. Special factors of the novel.
First of all, it is also a story about the road of modern intellectuals in China: how petty-bourgeois intellectuals grow into proletarian vanguard fighters. Whether it can be allowed or recognized is another matter, which is somewhat wishful thinking.
Secondly, it involves the theme of women's fate: women's separation from men (Yu Yongze) and their attachment to men (Lu Jiachuan, Jiang Hua). Even the revolutionary goddess can't do without the call and guidance of the revolutionary male god.
Third, the issue of bloodline theory. The formation of bloodline consciousness depends on two aspects: one is consanguinity, and the other is social status. When the concept of consanguinity is combined with a certain social status, and the quality of consanguinity is determined by social status, and the rationality of social status "hereditary" is explained by the natural continuation of consanguinity, the concept of consanguinity evolves into bloodline consciousness. Lin Daojing's lineage is twofold: "I am the daughter of the tenant, and she is also the daughter of the landlord." "I have black bones and white bones." Her biological father is an out-and-out bureaucratic landlord, but her biological mother is the daughter of a truly oppressed and insulted farmer, which is the legal premise of her transformation.
3, artistic gain and loss:
The structure of the first half of the novel is relatively complete, and the back is a bit loose.
Lin Daojing's emotional and psychological description is meticulous and true. The description of many scenes can show the atmosphere and characteristics of a specific era and region.
However, the language of the work lacks individuality and is changeable; In long writing, the consciousness of using various narrative means is unconscious.
Portrait of the Revolutionary Hero: Red Rock
1, the successful practice of organizing production
It was published by China Youth Publishing House by Luo Guangbin and Yang Yiyan. 1958, because of a revolutionary experience, Luo and Yang co-wrote a revolutionary memoir, Fire Will Live Forever, and on this basis, wrote the novel Red Rock for about ten years. The authors of Red Rock are a group of writers who cooperate for the same ideological purpose. The success of Time reached 4 million copies in less than two years and more than 8 million copies in the 1980s, making it the highest publication of contemporary novels.
2. Main contents
Focusing on the struggle between the enemy and ourselves in the concentration camp of Chongqing Sino-American Cooperation College, the novel shows the student movement in Chongqing, the underground struggle, the prison struggle in the concentration camp and the armed struggle in the rural areas of northern Sichuan.
3. The creation of heroes.
In this novel, the relationship between revolutionaries (,Jiang Jie,, China,, Qi,) and so on. ) and the enemy (Xu Pengfei, etc. ) in the contest pattern of two political groups, two life paths and two spiritual forces.
4. Artistic features: the structural features of the multi-clue network.
5. Deficiency: the language of characters lacks individuality.
Eight, short story creation
Jun Qing
By the river at dawn
2. Wang Yuanjian
The story of party dues, seven matches and grain.
3, representative analysis: Ru Zhijuan' Lily'
⑴ "Love Garden without Love"-the display of human beauty
Plot: Send a member of the female art troupe (me)-borrow a quilt from the new wife-the new wife sews clothes for the little soldier after his sacrifice.
Theme: A theme that expresses the unity of the army and the people, life and death and * * *, and expresses by describing and eulogizing the loyalty of soldiers to the people and the love of the people for soldiers. A kind of retrospect and attachment, secretly contains a kind of hidden worry about the real human feelings (people can share their troubles but can't share their happiness, and interpersonal relationships are far less simple and pure than in wartime)
Character image: small correspondent, newly married wife
⑵ Artistic features
1, a unique female narrative perspective
2. The detailed description shows the mental outlook of the characters and the role of the lily quilt.
3. Fresh and elegant artistic style
Section 3 17 years of real life novels
First, the basic situation of real life novel creation
Three kinds: rural areas, factories and intellectuals.
1, reflecting rural life
1) Two development trends of art forms
The first is to emphasize the performance of "realistic struggle"
The second is to realize the "in-depth core" of description.
2) Theme type
1. Write about the changes in farmers' thoughts after the land reform.
2. Write about the agricultural cooperative movement, reflecting rural life and showing the spirit of farmers.
3. Describe the present situation of rural areas during the Great Leap Forward.
3) Representative writers
At that time, there were two creative groups with different artistic tendencies and great influence:
First, Zhao Shuli and other Shanxi writers.
The other is Shaanxi writers and Wang.
More importantly, Zhou Libo, Lee Joon and Haoran.
2. Reflect factory and city life.
Zhou Libo's Hot Metal Rushing, Ai Wu's A Hundred Tempers Into Steel, Zhou Fu's Morning in Shanghai, Cao Ming's Braving the Wind and Waves, and Du Pengcheng's Peaceful Days.
3. Novels reflecting the life of contemporary young intellectuals breaking through the "forbidden zone"
Works that interfere with reality: Wang Meng's New Youth in the Organization Department, Li Guowen's Re-election, Liu Shaotang's Sunset in the Field, Bai Wei's Chairman of the Besieged Farm, and Geng Jian's Man Climbing on the Flagpole.
Works that show humanity: My Husband and Wife, On the Cliff, Red Bean by Zong Pu, Beauty by fengcun and Deep Lane by Lu.
Second, Zhao Shuli's novels and "Zhao Shuli's direction"
1, Zhao Shuli (1906-1970), a native of Qinshui County, Shanxi Province, wants to be a literary writer, not a literary writer (different from the enlightenment position of the May 4th writers). Folk position, political orientation.
2, "Three Mile Bay"
1) Creation background: The first novel reflecting the agricultural cooperative movement after the founding of the People's Republic of China.
2) Main contents
3) Character image
Typical backwardness: a, village head fan
B. Wealthy middle peasants are "confused", "always reasonable", "iron abacus" and "not to be taunted".
C. Yuan Tiancheng's family.
Advanced models: 1. Secretary of a Party branch in Wang Jinsheng.
B, ordinary member Wang Manxi
4) Artistic features:
Absorbed and inherited the traditional techniques of national literature and art
Character description, vivid "sketch" technique. In the arrangement of plot structure, we should pay attention to cut to the chase and the coherence of the story.
Full of life, healthy and humorous taste.
The clear and vivid language enhances the artistic charm of the work.
5) Disadvantages:
The contradictions and conflicts described in the works shrink too hastily. In some places, the narrative is too lengthy.
Third, Sun Li's' Iron Wood Prequel'
1, Sun Li and Lotus School
The language of the novel is simple, soft and beautiful, not whitewashing, but very expressive. He is known as the core representative writer of "novel poetry, novel poetry".
2. Prequel to Tiemu.
1) Creative motivation and theme: Generally speaking, it shows the necessity and arduousness of agricultural cooperation, but in fact it is a story that can only share worries but not happiness (too poor to love wealth).
2) Main content: The story of years of friendship between blacksmith Fu Laogang and carpenter Li Laodong shattered in the face of wealth (the gap between rich and poor).
3) Character image: Xiaomanzi is a unique artistic image, which is very well shaped.
4) Artistic features
Focus on writing the fate and ideological changes of the characters and show the pace of the development of the times;
Pay attention to choosing vivid details full of life breath and local characteristics when shaping characters;
Quite a pen and ink to express feelings, pursue the artistic conception of poetry and prose, and create a specific lyrical atmosphere.
Fourth, Liu Qing's History of Entrepreneurship.
1, about the author:
Liu Qing (19 16- 1978), formerly known as Liu Yunhua, was born in Wubao, Shaanxi.
2,' History of Entrepreneurship'
1) synopsis of the story:
2) Character image analysis:
1. Liang Shengbao: The image of the new socialist is an ordinary and noble, pragmatic and ideal leader of agricultural cooperation.
B. Liang San: Liang San's image is the most successful. Is a typical old China farmers, traditional virtues, narrow-minded small producers.
C, toad beach three great talents
Guo Shifu, Yao Shijie, Guo Zhenshan
3) Artistic features:
(1) The artistic composition is broad and profound.
(2) The artistic description is exquisite and colorful.
(3) The lyrical argument is profound and incisive, which can give readers profound inspiration.
4) Limitations: the political concept is too heavy, which is suspected of graphic politics; Class analysis is mainly used for characters, but the richness and contradiction of characters are not shown enough.
Fifth, Zhou Libo's "great changes in rural areas"
1, Zhou Libo (1908— 1979), a native of Yiyang, Hunan.
2, "Great changes in rural areas."
1) Subject content
2) Character image
First, Liu Yusheng is a vivid image of a successful new generation of farmers.
B, among the older generation of farmers, pavilion batter and Chen's image are well written.
C, Wang Jusheng and Zhang Guiqiu, two wealthy middle peasants, also wrote with their own characteristics.
D. As the leader of one party in the movement, Deng Xiumei is also ready to go.
3) Artistic features
First of all, the author is good at integrating the fiery struggle life into beautiful daily stories, which makes his works full of life breath and touching artistic power.
Secondly, novels often combine the description of people in new life and new era with the description of poetic pastoral scenery and genre painting, which not only expresses profound thoughts, but also creates beautiful artistic conception and expresses noble feelings.
Thirdly, the language of the novel is also very distinctive, not only vivid and simple, but also full of local color and life breath.
4) Defects:
To some extent, it is influenced by the theoretical model of rural class struggle in the past, which has caused the contradiction of image.
Sixth, the cycle of "morning in Shanghai"
1 19 14 was born in Nanjing, and his ancestral home is Jingde County, Anhui Province.
2,' Morning in Shanghai'
1) New development of theme content
This paper describes the process of socialist transformation of the national bourgeoisie and capitalist industry and commerce led by the Party after the founding of the People's Republic of China.
2) Characterization features
Zhu Yannian and Xu Yide
3) Structural features:
The structure of the work is more rigorous and the flashback arrangement is appropriate.
Seven, Du Pengcheng's "In the Days of Peace".
1, Du Pengcheng, formerly known as Du Hongxi, once used the pen name Sima Jun.
2,' In the Days of Peace'
main content
Character image:
Liang Jian, Yan Xing, Zhang Rushui
Artistic style: the combination of philosophy and poetry, full of passion and philosophical exploration.
Eight, short story creation
(A) Lee Joon and the Biography of Li Shuangshuang
Lee Joon 1( 1928—)
2. The screenplay "Li Shuangshuang" adapted from The Biography of Li Shuangshuang.
First, the character image
Li Shuangshuang is a hardworking, upright, brave and energetic rural woman.
Sun is kind, simple and honest, loves labor and has simple class feelings, but the complex experience of the old society left a deep imprint on him.
B "Li Shuangshuang" in the intangible structure of folk art;
Invisible structure: It is a special phenomenon in literary creation in 1950s and 1960s. At that time, the explicit structure of many works publicized the will of the country, but works of art were not propaganda books in the general sense. Because writers consciously or unconsciously spread folk cultural forms and use folk forms in their expressions, folk forms at this time are also a kind of language and text, which leads the fulcrum of artistic expression of works to folk positions and makes them become folk reading materials acceptable to ordinary people. In this artistic structure,
The invisible structure of Li Shuangshuang comes from the mode of "two people" opposition in folk performing arts, which is a very common form in folk local arts (such as "The Northeast Errenzhuan"), that is, the character between an outspoken, provocative, bold, pure and optimistic actress (wife: Li Shuangshuang) and a selfish, timid, kind and interesting clown (husband: hope).
The comedy of Li Shuangshuang's characters also comes from the people. Li Shuangshuang's character is inherited from the character of sharp-tongued Li Cuilian in China's traditional folk literature. He is bold and provocative, reckless, and dares to laugh and cry.
Whether the spirit of folk art can be injected often becomes the key to the success or failure of artistic creation in that period.
(2) Ma Feng and my first superior
1, Ma Feng (1922-), a native of Xiaoyi County, Shanxi Province.
2, "My first superior"
The image of Mr. Tian:
Contrastive skills and functions of first restraining and then promoting;
* The artistic style characteristics of Shanxi writers.
1, a school of Shanxi writers represented by Zhao Shuli.
2, the content is close to life, with a strong "rustic"
3, the writing is plain, simple and clumsy with a little humor.
(3) Wang
1, the main creation
2. Creative characteristics
1) Wang was once called a writer who looked at life with a smile. He often describes our colorful rural life with relaxed and pleasant pen and ink.
2) Wang captures and depicts new things, new contents and new atmosphere in life with his keen sense of new life, which adds new colors to the life picture in socialist countryside.
3) Wang is good at creating an environment with strong local flavor and characteristics of the times for his new image.
3. Wang's creative weakness.
Those who are backward, criticized and can be used as negative teaching materials are ignored.
Nine, break through the forbidden area of novels
(A) Wang Meng's "New Youth of the Organization Department"
(2) Deng Youmei is on the cliff.
(3) Zong Pu's Red Bean.
(D) Lu's "Deep Alley"
Masterpiece Analysis of the New Young People in Organization Department (Bildungsroman, Critical Novel)
1, Wang Meng
2. The most striking thing about "Newcomer to the Organization Department" is that it bravely and keenly touched the social contradictions that the people were concerned about during the socialist construction period and made bold interventions in life.
1) Theme of "New Youth in Organization Department"
2) The image of Liu Shiwu and its significance.
3) Lin Zhen's personality and its role in his works.