theory
Cartel believes that the basic structural element of personality is trait. There are many kinds of traits, which are common to human beings and unique to each other. Some traits are determined by heredity, while others are determined by environment. Some are related to motivation, and some are related to ability and temperament. If divided by dimensions, it can be divided into four dimensions.
(1) surface traits and root traits
Surface features refer to a group of features or behaviors that seem to gather together, that is, various behaviors that can be observed. There is a correlation between them. Root trait is the ultimate root and cause of behavior. They are bricks stacked in a grid. Each root trait controls a set of surface traits. Through factor analysis of many surface features, we can find the root features to which they belong.
(2) Ability, temperament and motivation.
Ability traits are related to cognition and thinking. In 16PF, it is mainly expressed by intelligence factor (factor B), which determines the efficiency of work. The emotional and emotional aspects of behavior show the characteristics of temperament and style. Dynamic characteristics are related to the will and motivation of behavior.
(3) Individual characteristics are the same as * * *
Cartel agrees with Ahlport's view that human beings have both characteristics common to all members of society (* * * has characteristics) and unique characteristics of individuals, that is, individual characteristics (refers to superficial characteristics). Although there are * * * the same characteristics, the strength of * * the same characteristics on each member is different (refers to the root characteristics).
(4) Physical characteristics and environmental shaping characteristics
Cartel thinks that some traits in 16PF are determined by heredity, which is called physical root traits, while others come from experience, so they are called environmental shaping traits. Cartel believes that both heredity and environment have influence on the growth and development of personality. He attached great importance to heredity and tried to determine the special genetic components of each root trait.
On the basis of his theory of personality interpretation, Cartel compiled a 16 personality factor questionnaire, which described the personality characteristics of individuals from 16 aspects. The names and symbols of these 16 factors or subscales are gregarious (a), intelligent (b), stable (c), bullying (e), excitability (f), constancy (g), aggressiveness (h), sensitivity (i), skepticism (l) and so on. The explanation of these 16 factors can be found in the test instructions.
Questionnaire characteristics
general situation
The full name of this test is Cattell 16 Personality Factor Test, which was compiled by Professor Cattell from the Institute of Personality and Ability of Illinois State University. According to his personality theory, Cartel compiled this test by factor analysis. Cartel believes that people's behavior is consistent and regular because everyone has root characteristics. In order to measure 4500 words used to describe human behavior, 17 1 feature names are selected, and college students are required to use these names to evaluate their classmates' behaviors. After factor analysis, 16 personality traits were finally obtained. Cartel believes that these 16 features represent the basic composition of personality organization.
objectivity
The structure of the test questions is clear, and each question has three possible answers, and the subjects can choose one of them. There is a compromise or neutral answer between the two opposite choice answers, so that the subjects have a compromise choice (for example, I like watching football games: A. Yes, B. Accidentally, C. No; Or for example, most of my favorite people are: a. reserved, b. between a and c, c. sociable), avoiding the compulsion to choose between whether or not, so the subjects are more spontaneous and free to answer questions. In order to overcome the incentive effect, we try our best to use "neutral" test questions so as not to include questions recognized by the general society as "right" or "wrong", "good" or "bad", and many selected questions seem to be related to one personality factor on the surface, but in fact are closely related to another personality factor. Therefore, it is difficult for the subjects to guess the intention of each question, which is conducive to answering truthfully. From the arrangement of test questions, the method of taking turns in turn is adopted, which not only keeps the subjects' interest in answering, but also helps to prevent them from guessing the meaning of the questions subjectively and answering irrelevant questions. The name of the test is direct and not deceptive. Participants know that this is a personality test, and sometimes they may find the meaning of a topic. But in most cases, the relationship between test questions and personality traits is not obvious.
standardization
The test-retest reliability of this scale is high (198 1 year test shows that the highest reliability coefficient is 0.92(O factor) and the lowest is 0.48(B factor)). Half-reliability is not high. In terms of validity, the test results show that the correlation between 16 factors is low, indicating that each factor is independent. The factor load of the scale items is between 0.73 and 0.96, and the answers to each question in the same factor are highly consistent.
multifunction
Through the score and contour map of 16 personality factor or subscale, we can not only reflect the overall combination of 16 personality and personality characteristics of the subjects, but also reflect the extroversion and extroversion of personality, mental health, interpersonal relationship, career orientation, ability to learn and grow in the new working environment, personality factors of people who can achieve professional success and strong creativity through the combined effect of some factors. In addition, compared with other similar tests, 16PF can measure more main personality characteristics in the same time, which is a true multiple personality scale.
universality
The norm population of 16PF is a normal population, and its evaluation is generally aimed at the normal population, so it has a wide application range. It is suitable for both individual testing and group testing. Each test takes only 45 minutes to complete. Suitable for young people, adults and the elderly with an education level equivalent to grade three or above.
profound
Carter has long-term experience in clinical psychology, and specializes in McDougall William's instinctive psychology and Freud's psychoanalytic theory. It is not difficult to find the influence of instinctive psychology and psychoanalysis in his trait theory. In addition, he was born and educated in England, and has good humanistic quality and strong intuitive understanding and insight. Therefore, his explanation of personality structure and personality factors is holistic, dynamic and profound. He even tried to make his 16PF analysis a "quantitative psychoanalysis". Of course, this "complete" and "profound" effort also makes other examiners who use 16PF encounter different degrees of difficulty in interpreting the test results.
The purpose of the questionnaire
Personality is a stable and habitual way of thinking and behavior, which runs through people's whole psychology and is the overall portrayal of people's uniqueness. Personality is very important for managers, which permeates all the behaviors of managers and affects their activities, styles and performance. A lot of research and practice show that some styles of personality types have a specific relationship with management activities, and their contributions to the group are different, and the suitable management environment is also different. Using mature personality tests to diagnose the personality types of managers or candidates can provide suggestions for personnel placement, adjustment and rational use of human resources. This is the purpose of this test. 16PF is widely used in personnel selection and evaluation.
Questionnaire function
From 16, we describe people's relatively independent personality characteristics, such as interesting groups, intelligence, self-discipline, independence, sensitivity, adventure, doubt, etc., and understand the performance of candidates in environmental adaptation, professional achievements, mental health and so on. In personnel management, 16PF can predict the job stability, work efficiency and stress tolerance of candidates. It can be widely used in all aspects of psychological counseling, personnel selection and career guidance, and provides personal psychological quality reference for personnel decision-making and personnel diagnosis.
Applicable object
This kind of test has a wide range of application, and is suitable for all young people, mature people and the elderly who have the education level equivalent to junior high school or above. 16PF belongs to the scale of group measurement, but it can also be measured separately.
Test realization
instruction
Only one answer can be selected for each test;
Don't miss any questions;
Try not to choose neutral answers;
Make tendentious choices for questions that have never been thought of or are difficult to answer.
Factor A is gregarious: those with high scores are extroverted, enthusiastic and gregarious; People with low scores are silent, lonely and introverted.
B factor intelligence: those with high scores are smart and knowledgeable; People with low scores are slow and have little knowledge.
C factor stability: high scores are emotionally stable and mature; Those with low scores are emotionally unstable.
E factor depends on strength: those with high scores are strong and stubborn, leading the attack; People with low scores are modest and obedient.
F factor excitability: those with high scores are relaxed and excited, free and unrestrained; Those with low scores are cautious and taciturn.
Factor g has constancy: those with high scores have constant sense of responsibility and heavy conscience; Those with low scores are perfunctory and principled.
H-factor enterprising: those with high scores have strong adventurous spirit, less scruples and strong initiative; People with low scores are shy, cringe and shrink back.
Factor 1: sensitivity: those with high scores are careful, sensitive and emotional; Low marks are careless, rational and practical.
Factor l skepticism: those with high scores are suspicious, willful and opinionated; People with low scores are sincere, cooperative, tolerant, trustworthy and easy-going.
Factor M: Fantasy: Those with high scores are imaginative and unrestrained; Those with low scores should be realistic, down-to-earth and conform to the rules.
Factor n sophistication: those with high scores are smart, smooth, sophisticated, knowledgeable and good at dealing with the world; Low score, frank, straightforward, naive.
Anxiety factor O: those with high scores are anxious, depressed, pessimistic, self-blaming and lack of self-confidence; Those with low scores are calm and confident.
Factor Ql is experimental: those with high scores are free and open, critical and radical; Conservative with low scores, follow the rules and respect the tradition.
Factor Q2 is independent: those with high scores are independent and decisive; Those with low scores depend on others and follow the crowd.
Factor Q3 Self-discipline: Those with high scores know themselves, and are self-disciplined and cautious; Those with low scores can't be self-controlled, undisciplined, contradictory, sloppy or arbitrary.
Factor Q4 nervousness: those with high scores are nervous, depressed, often impatient, uneasy and often tired; Those with low scores are calm, calm and contented.
Scoring theory
Check whether there are obvious mistakes or omissions first.
Three levels: 0, 2. But intelligence (factor B) is a grade 2 score.
Original score → standard 10 score → introduction.
Except for the question in the intelligence (B) scale, there is no right or wrong question in other subscales. Each question has three answers, A, B and C, and you can get 0 or 2 points (the questions in the B scale have correct answers, and the correct answers are 1 and the wrong answers are 0). Use the scoring template to get the original score of each factor, and then convert the original score into the standard score according to the quota table. In this way, the outline of the subject's personality factors can be obtained according to this score, and the corresponding personality characteristics of the subject can also be evaluated according to this score. Or use a computer to score, and record the computer scoring results.
computing formula
On the basis of 16 personality factor, Cartel made a second-order factor analysis, obtained four second-order common factors, and calculated the multiple regression equation for finding the second-order factor from the first-order factor. These four second-order common factors are dimensional personality factors that synthesize the corresponding first-order factor information, and their calculation formulas and explanations are as follows:
① Adaptation and anxiety = (38+2l+3o+4Q4-2c-2h-2q3) ÷10, where the letters respectively represent the standard scores of the corresponding scales (the same below). The final score obtained from the formula represents the strength of "adaptation and anxiety". People with low scores usually feel satisfied when they adapt to life smoothly, while people with very low scores may lack perseverance, shrink back in the face of difficulties and refuse to struggle and work hard. High scores don't necessarily have neurosis, but they are usually easily excited and anxious, and they are often dissatisfied with their situation; High anxiety not only reduces work efficiency, but also affects health.
② Extroversion = (2a+3e+4f+5h-2Q2-11) ÷10, that is, extroversion. People with low scores are introverted, shy and cautious at ordinary times, and are more stiff and unnatural when getting along with others; Those with high scores are extroverted, usually sociable, cheerful and informal.
③ Emotion and serene alertness = (77+2c+2e+2f+2n-4a-6i-2m) ÷10, indicating serene alertness. People with low scores are full of emotions, upset and usually feel depressed and discouraged. When encountering problems, you need to think twice before making a decision. They are usually subtle and sensitive, and pay attention to the art of life. High marks are serene, alert, decisive and enterprising, but they are often too realistic and ignore many benefits of life. When encountering difficulties, they sometimes act rashly without considering the consequences.
(4) cowardice and boldness = (4e+3m+4q1+4q2-3a-2g) ÷10 Those with low scores tend to listen to other people's suggestions, be indecisive, be driven by others, be independent and have strong dependence, so in order to win the favor of others, they always indulge themselves. High marks are independent, bold, sharp-edged and full of courage. Often automatically look for an environment or opportunity to show their advantages.
Comprehensive personality factor analysis (applied personality factor analysis) Comprehensive factor analysis is a double standard based on statistical standards and social adaptability standards. Although theoretically 16 factors are independent, in the realistic situation of social adaptation, a certain behavior is often the result of the interaction of various personality factors. Therefore, in order to analyze people's actual performance in a practical field, it is necessary to comprehensively analyze the scores of various personality factors. Therefore, through the statistics of experimental data, Cartel collected the test answers of personality factors of 7500 people engaged in more than 80 occupations and more than 5000 people with various life problems, analyzed in detail the characteristics and types of personality factors of various occupational departments and people with various life problems, and put forward a "predictive application formula" for comprehensively analyzing the scores of various personality factors. In these formulas, cartel weights different factors according to the role of each factor in a certain behavior in the actual social situation, so the standard based on comprehensive analysis is to add the social adaptability standard to the statistical standard. To evaluate the subjects according to this double comprehensive standard, we should not only consider the scores of each factor, but also consider the direction, weight and coordination of each factor. Commonly used formulas and their explanations are as follows:
① Personality factors of mental health people.
The formula is c+f+(11-o)+(11-Q4). The letters in the formula are the standard scores of each scale (the same below). The result of formula operation represents the mental health level at the personality level. Usually between 0-40 points, with an average of 22 points, people who are generally less than 12 points are very unstable, accounting for only 10% of the population distribution.
② Personality factors of professional and accomplished people.
The formula is: 2Q3+2G+2C+E+N+Q2+Q 1. Generally, the total score is between 10 and 100, with an average of 55 points, 60 points equals the standard score of 7, 63 points or more equals the standard score of 10, and the total score of 67 points or more is average.
③ Personality factors with strong creativity.
The formula is: 2 (1l-a)+2b+e+2 (11-f)+h+2i+m+(11-n)+QL+2q2. The total score obtained by this formula can be converted into the corresponding standard score through the following table. The higher the standard score, the stronger its creativity.
④ Personality factors with growth ability in the new environment.
The formula is B+G+Q3+( 1 1-F). The total score of personality factors with growth ability in the new environment is between 4 and 40, with an average of 22 points. People below 17 (about 10%) can't adapt to the new environment, and those above 27 have the hope of success.
Conflict and coordination analysis of idiosyncratic factors Cartel regards the cause of psychological abnormality as a hereditary physical tendency that makes people easy to experience conflict, plus personal traumatic experience in the environment, that is, the cause is caused by conflict. This is similar to Freud's view of mental illness. These conflicts can be seen from the factor score of 16PF. So cartel's 16PF analysis can be regarded as a kind of "quantitative psychoanalysis". As early as 1965, Cartel pointed out in the book Scientific Analysis of Personality that 16PF has the function of identifying patients' psychological conflicts, and suggested that clinicians use 16PF as a diagnostic tool. To achieve this goal, when using 16PF for diagnosis, we must follow the "coordination principle", that is, there are two levels of coordination between several specific factors. One is the coordination between people's internal needs or desires and their external behaviors, and the other is the coordination between personality factors corresponding to Freud's so-called "ID", "ego" and "superego". Cartel particularly emphasized the role of "ego" and thought that the maturity of personality is the growth of "self-strength", which enabled him to find a realistic and flexible solution to change his innate internal drive or "ability" and thus successfully repay his long-cherished wish. When the ego is too weak, the id and superego are too strong, especially when the latter is too strong, it is most likely to cause psychological conflicts. On the other hand, if the id is too strong and the superego is too weak, it will easily lead to social adaptation problems. Therefore, the key to mental health lies in strengthening "self". From these coordination, especially the contrast (conflict) of coordination, we can find the problems and reasons of individual internal and external adaptation.
Fractional interpretation
Low score (1~3) and high score (8~ 10).
After reading the 16 personality factor questionnaire, which one do you belong to? What is your ideal?