0 1. Psychology is a science that studies psychological phenomena and their laws. Psychological phenomenon is also called psychological activity, including psychological process and personality psychology.
02. Psychological process: (1) cognitive process, including feeling, perception, memory, thinking and imagination; (2) Emotion and emotional process; (3) Meeting process.
03. Personality psychology: (1) Personality psychological motivation (tendency), including needs, motivations, interests, beliefs, world outlook, etc. (2) Psychological characteristics of personality, including ability, temperament and personality.
04. Psychology is the function of the human brain, and the brain is the organ of psychology. The essence of human psychology: the reflection of objective reality in the human brain.
05. The basic activity mode of the nervous system-reflex.
06. Consciousness is the highest form of people's psychological reflection. The basic characteristics of consciousness: conscious purpose, subjective initiative, social constraints, and the coordination of two signal systems, mainly the second signal system.
07. The nature of psychology: Psychology is an interdisciplinary subject between natural science and social science.
08. Demand type: (1) By source: physiological demand and social demand; (2) By object: material needs and spiritual needs.
09. Maslow's hierarchy of needs can be divided into physiological needs, security needs, social needs (also known as love and belonging needs), respect needs and self-realization needs.
10. Incentive conditions: internal conditions are necessary and external conditions are incentives.
1 1. Interest refers to the individual's psychological tendency to actively know, explore things and engage in activities.
12. Quality characteristics of interest: tendentiousness (also called directivity), extensiveness, stability (also called persistence) and high efficiency.
13. Stimulation of learning motivation: (1) Create problem situations and implement heuristic teaching. (2) Properly control the excitation level according to the operation difficulty. (3) Make full use of feedback information for effective rewards and punishments. (4) Set up the classroom structure reasonably and organize the learning competition reasonably. (5) Correctly guide the attribution of grades and urge students to continue their efforts.
14. Jacques-dodson Law: A moderate level of motivation is most conducive to stimulating students' learning motivation.
15. According to the theory of achievement structure, there are three kinds of realistic classroom structures: cooperative, competitive and personalized. The cooperative goal structure can arouse the enthusiasm of learning to the maximum extent.
16. According to the attribution theory of success or failure, students often attribute success or failure to four aspects: ability, hard work, luck and task difficulty.
17. The theoretical basis of creating problem situations is achievement motivation theory.
18. Feeling is a reflection of the individual attributes of objective things that directly act on sensory organs; Perception is the comprehensive reflection of the human brain on the objective things that directly act on the sensory organs. Feeling is the basis of perception, and perception is the integration of feeling.
19. biological clock phenomenon: all physical changes and chemistry in the human body are rhythmic, and these rhythmic changes are the so-called "biological clock" mechanism.
20. Characteristics of perception: selectivity, integrity, understanding and constancy.
2 1. The characteristics of attention: the directionality, concentration and organization of psychological activities.
22. Types of attention: careless attention (unintentional attention), casual attention (intentional attention) and casual attention (intentional attention).
23. Thinking is the indirect and generalized reflection of the human brain on the essential characteristics and internal laws of objective things. Indirectness and generality are two basic characteristics of thinking.
24. Thinking types: (1) According to the relying things and thinking forms, it can be divided into action thinking, image thinking and abstract logical thinking.
25. According to whether to follow the logical rules, it can be divided into informal logical thinking and formal logical thinking. (3) According to the direction and answer, there are differences: centralized thinking and divergent thinking (seeking difference thinking).
26. Thinking process: analysis and synthesis, comparison, abstraction and generalization, systematization and concretization.
27. Basic forms of thinking: concept, judgment and reasoning.
28. Thinking activities to solve problems: (1) Ask questions (the process of finding contradictions). (2) Clarify the problem (the process of finding out the main contradiction). (3) Propose assumptions (looking for solutions to problems in the form of assumptions). (4) Testing hypothesis (testing hypothesis through theoretical and practical forms).
29. Inspiration is seeing solutions to problems from other things. What inspires and solves problems is called prototype.
30. Stereotype refers to a state of preparation for psychological activities (psychological tendency is also called psychological orientation).
3 1. Migration is the influence of acquired knowledge and skills and learning methods on learning new knowledge and skills. The mastery of one kind of knowledge and skill promotes the mastery of another kind of knowledge and skill, which is positive migration, such as imitating others by analogy; On the contrary, it is negative migration.
32. Understanding is students' understanding of the nature and laws of related things in textbooks. Understanding is the central link for students to master knowledge.
33. Imagination is a process in which the human brain processes existing representations to create new images. Imagination is a special form of thinking. Perceptual materials are the foundation of imagination, and practical activities are the reason and motivation to promote imagination.
34. Types of imagination:
(1) According to whether there is a purpose in imagination, it can be divided into intentional imagination and unintentional imagination. (2) According to the novelty and creativity of the content, it can be divided into recreating imagination and creating imagination. (3) According to the relationship between imagination and reality, it can be divided into fantasy, ideal and fantasy.
35. Features of good thinking quality: (1) Broad and profound. (2) independence and criticism. (3) logic. (4) flexibility and agility. (5) creativity.
36. Memory is the reflection of past experiences in the human brain. It includes three basic links: memory, retention, recognition and recall. Judging from the information processing, it is a process of encoding, storing and extracting the input residence.
37. Classification of memory: ("According to the content and object, it can be divided into image memory, logical memory, emotional memory and action memory. (2) According to the information processing and memory stages: instantaneous memory, short-term memory and long-term memory.
38. Maintenance is the process of consolidating the acquired knowledge and experience. Retention is the central link of memory.
39. Forgetting: The materials that have been memorized can no longer be identified and recalled, or are manifested as wrong identification and recall. Ebbinghaus's law of forgetting curve: the forgetting process is unbalanced and has the characteristics of "fast first and then slow".
40. Types and laws of association: proximity association (proximity in space and time), similarity association (similarity in nature), contrast law (contrast in nature and characteristics) and causality (causality).
4 1. Good memory qualities include: agility, persistence, accuracy and readiness (refers to whether the required knowledge can be extracted from memory in time, which is the application characteristic of extraction).
42. Skills are legitimate activities formed through learning. Practice is the basic way to form operational skills.
43. Knowledge provides a directional basis for activities, and skills control the implementation of activities.
44. Plateau phenomenon: In the middle stage of operating skills practice, there will be a pause in the performance progress.
45. Ability is a personality characteristic, which directly affects the efficiency of activities and enables them to be successfully completed. Only by transferring knowledge and skills can we "draw inferences from others" and "practice makes perfect" and promote the development of ability.
46. Abstract logical thinking ability is the core component of intelligence, and creativity is the advanced form of intelligence.
47. Extraordinary children: IQ is above 130; Children with low IQ: below 70.
48. Emotion is associated with physiological needs;
Emotion is related to social needs. The basic emotions are divided into: happiness, sadness and fear; Emotion can be divided into mood, passion and pressure according to the duration of intensity.
50. Overcoming internal and external difficulties is the most important feature of will.
5 1. The purpose conflict of will action has four forms:
Double avoidance conflict, double avoidance conflict, avoidance conflict, multiple avoidance conflict.
52. Pavlov divides people's neural activities into many types, of which four typical types correspond to temperament types:
The strong imbalance type is choleric;
Strong, balanced and flexible type is sanguine;
The firm, balanced and rigid type is mucilage;
Weak type is depressed type.
53. Personality is the psychological characteristic of personality in its stable attitude towards reality and habitual behavior.
Temperament is formed early and is first shown; And the character is formed late, which is manifested in the back. Personality is the core part of personality.
54. The realistic standard of mental health:
Correct self-cognition; Interpersonal coordination; Gender role differentiation;
Social adaptation is good; Positive and stable emotions; Personality structure is complete.
Other standards include: Maslow's "self-actualizer" standard and "future new human" standard.
55. Psychological counseling:
Psychoanalysis-Freud;
Behavior correction method-Watson;
Humanistic y: f method-Rogers;
Rational emotional therapy-Alice.
56. The principle of adolescent heterosexual communication: natural moderation.