Freud believed that the energy of people's spiritual activities comes from instinct, which is the internal driving force to promote individual behavior. Human beings have two basic instincts: one is the instinct of life, and the other is the instinct of death or attack. Life instinct includes sexual instinct and individual survival instinct, and its purpose is to maintain racial reproduction and individual survival. Freud was a pan sexologist. In his eyes, sexual desire has a broad meaning, which refers to all people's desire to pursue happiness. Sexual instinct impulse is the internal driving force of all people's psychological activities. When this energy (Freud called it "greater power") accumulates to a certain extent, it will cause physical tension, and the body will seek ways to release energy. Freud divided the development of human sexual psychology into five stages.
Five stages
① Oral phase;
Oral desire period, also known as oral desire period, is a psychological term used to describe a period of children's growth. The first stage of sexual psychology proposed by Freud. This stage occurs from 0 to 18 months after the baby is born. In the meantime, the baby focused on what was in his mouth. Such as sucking breast milk to get the pleasure of mouth and lips, or the child will bite anything he gets. If the oral activities in this period are restricted, it may leave a bad legacy. Adults have a so-called oral character, which may be caused by poor oral development. Gluttony, drinking, smoking, biting nails and other behaviors. Even pessimism and dependence in personality are considered to be the characteristics of oral personality. Adults who drink too much alcohol and smoke, or often put their hands in their mouths, will be diagnosed as oral personality. Erotic period is also one of the earliest relationships between babies and mothers, and the duration of this period varies according to different social cultures.
② Anal stage;
At the age of 2~3, the excretion function becomes the main goal of the baby's sexual pleasure, and the baby gets great happiness from the excretion activity. The main task at this stage is to cultivate children's self-control ability through toilet training. By mastering defecation by themselves, children have taken an important step: they have learned to be independent, cultivated self-confidence and know when to "give up". If there is psychological conflict at this stage, that is, forcing the child to defecate, or being too strict with time and hygiene, it may cause personality stagnation in the anus-depending on the child's reaction. Such people are extremely stingy and conservative. For example, the protagonist in Miser is a typical anal stagnation personality. Similarly, paying too much attention to "regular defecation" may produce two diametrically opposite personality types: being too punctual or always procrastinating. Too much emphasis on hygiene may lead to obsessive-compulsive disorder: always pay attention to cleanliness, or refuse cleanliness and always be sloppy. The anal period appears in the second year of life, and the sexual desire area is in the anal area. During this period, children must learn to control physiological excretion to meet the requirements of society, that is, children must develop sanitary habits. In the anal stage, besides the pleasure brought by the rubbing of feces against rectal mucosa, the pleasure also comes from the discharge and restriction of feces. If there is stagnation in this period, personality can develop in two directions: generosity, indulgence, chaotic life order, informality or conformity, prudence, meanness and neatness, forming "anal excretion type" or "anal retention type" personality.
③ Sexual bud stage;
The most important psychological sexual desire stage. Happened around 3-6 years old. During this period, the sex organs become the most important estrus area. In the later stage of this stage, children will experience Oedipus complex. This term is named after a character in Greek mythology who mistakenly married his mother as his wife. Children at this stage show sexual interest in heterosexual parents. They will be curious about sex organs and feel strange to touch. Children at the stage of sex organs can easily find and touch their penis and other sex organs. When children realize that touching their penis will make it hard, they will have different pleasure, and when girls find that touching the place where they urinate will have special feelings, these feelings will arouse children's interest and curiosity about sex. We may see children put their hands on their crotch or even touch them in their pants; Or rubbing against the thigh; Or sit astride the armrest of the chair and move back and forth regularly. In addition, boys and girls at this stage are curious about each other's bodies; It is possible to expose a certain part of your body and even let the other person touch it if allowed. When children are found to have these behaviors, we may show expressions of surprise and anger and strictly prohibit them. Children may stop acting because of this, but their fun will not disappear with it. Children may find another opportunity to satisfy their curiosity. What we should help our children is to let them see the difference between body structure and gender, and treat every body and every feeling with a healthy and positive attitude, instead of using frightened expressions and evil thoughts to stop the inevitable behavior in the process of children's growth, and at the same time let them spend more time with parents of the opposite sex. In kindergarten, after being exposed to more things, their body parts will not be the only concern, and their attention will gradually shift to other places, so parents and teachers can worry less about this!
4 incubation period;
The incubation period is one of the five stages listed in sigmund freud's sexual psychology development model, which is after the oral stage (the first stage), the anal stage (the second stage), the sexual organ stage (the third stage) and before the reproductive stage (the fifth stage). The incubation period (from 5 years old to before puberty) is very long, during which there is no obvious sexual development. The characteristic of this stage is that children lose interest in sex-related activities, but concentrate on other things, such as school work, good habits, awareness of gender differences between men and women, and confine themselves to the same-sex groups, so it is called incubation period.
⑤ Reproductive period.
Reproductive period (adulthood): adolescence, with the maturity of physical development, enters the last period of personality development-reproductive period. During this period, personal interest gradually changed from the satisfaction of one's own physical stimulation to the establishment and satisfaction of heterosexual relations, so it is also called bisexual period. At this time, the child has changed from a selfish and pleasure-seeking child to a socialized adult with the power of heterosexual love. Freud believes that if this period does not develop smoothly, children may have sex crimes, sexual perversion and even mental illness. Because Freud attached importance to early experience, there was little discussion about incubation period and reproductive period.
Freud believes that the basic components of adult personality have been basically formed in the first three stages of development, so children's early environment and early experiences play an important role in the formation of their adult personality. Many adults' abnormal psychological and psychological conflicts can be traced back to their early traumatic experiences and depression complex.
In his later period, Freud put forward thanatos, which is the power to promote human beings to return to the non-life state before life. Death is the end of life and the last stable state of life. Only in this way, life no longer needs to fight for satisfying physiological desires. Only at this time, there is no anxiety and depression in life, so the ultimate goal of all life is death. Death instinct leads to all kinds of destructive behaviors such as attack, destruction and war. When it turns to the inside of the body, it will lead to self-blame, even self-harm and suicide. When it turns to the outside world, it will lead to attacks, hatred, murder and so on.