Some commonly used behavior theories can help health management, fully explain behavior and find possible ways to change behavior, and some behavior intervention theories can also be directly used to guide behavior intervention.
Generally includes the following contents.
I. Knowledge, belief and action
Knowledge, belief and action are short for knowledge, belief and action. The intelligence model of health education is essentially the application of cognitive theory in health education.
This model holds that health knowledge and information are the basis for establishing positive and correct beliefs and attitudes and changing health-related behaviors, while beliefs and attitudes are the driving force for behavior change.
Only when people understand relevant health knowledge and establish positive and correct beliefs and attitudes can they actively form healthy behaviors and change behaviors harmful to health.
However, it is still a long and complicated process to turn knowledge into action and change. There are many factors that affect the smooth transformation of knowledge behavior, and any one of them may lead to the failure of behavior formation.
In the practice of health education, we often encounter the situation of "knowing without believing" and "believing without doing".
The possible reason for "knowing without believing" is that the credibility and authority of information dissemination are questioned, and the appeal is not enough to stimulate people's beliefs.
The possible reason for "keeping promises and not doing anything" is that people have some insurmountable or costly obstacles when establishing or changing their behaviors. These obstacles and costs offset some of their actions, so there will be no action.
Second, the health belief model
The theory of health belief model emphasizes the importance of perception in decision-making, and many factors affecting perception are theoretical models that explain health-related behaviors with social psychology methods.
The theory holds that belief is the basis for people to adopt healthy behavior. If people have beliefs related to disease and health, they will take healthy behaviors to change risky behaviors.
When people decide whether to adopt a certain healthy behavior, they should first judge the threat of disease, then adopt healthy behavior on the value of disease prevention, judge the expectation of improving health status and the ability to overcome obstacles, and finally decide whether to adopt healthy behavior.
Whether to adopt healthy behavior in the health belief model is related to the following factors:
1. detect the threat of disease.
Perception of disease susceptibility: an individual's judgment of the possibility of suffering from a certain disease or a certain health problem. The more people think they are likely to get sick, the more likely they are to take action to avoid it.
Perceive the severity of the disease: The severity of the disease includes not only the adverse effects of the disease on physical health, such as pain, disability and death, but also the psychological and social consequences caused by the disease, such as realizing that the disease will affect work, family life and interpersonal relationships.
People are usually more likely to take healthy behaviors to prevent serious health problems.
2. Perceive the benefits and obstacles of healthy behavior.
Perception of the benefits of healthy behavior refers to the human body's subjective judgment on the intention brought by adopting behavior, including the benefits of protecting and improving health status and other marginal benefits.
Perception of health behavior disorder refers to the subjective judgment that individuals will face obstacles when taking health behaviors, including complex behaviors and economic burdens. Sensory disorders can prevent individuals from taking healthy behaviors.
Therefore, the stronger the individual's perception of the benefits of healthy behavior, the smaller the obstacles to adopting healthy behavior and the greater the possibility of adopting healthy behavior.
3. Self-efficacy.
Self-efficacy was put forward by American psychologist Bandura in 1977. Self-efficacy refers to an individual's subjective judgment on his ability to organize and implement a specific behavior and achieve the expected results.
That is, individuals have the self-confidence and self-control ability to control internal and external factors and successfully adopt healthy behaviors and achieve the expected results.
Self-efficacy is the motivation of human behavior, and the basis of health and individual achievement is an important factor to determine whether people can produce behavioral motivation and behavior.
Because only people believe that their actions can lead to the expected results, they are willing to act, otherwise people will not have too strong motivation in the face of difficulties and will not persist for a long time.
4. Incentive factors
It refers to the factors that induce healthy behaviors, such as mass media diseases, prevention and control campaigns, doctors' suggestions on adopting healthy behaviors, family members and friends suffering from such diseases, etc. It can be used as an incentive factor to induce individuals to adopt healthy behaviors.
The more suggestive factors, the more likely individuals are to adopt healthy behaviors.
5. Social and demographic factors
Including individual characteristics, such as age, gender, nationality, personality characteristics, social class, peer influence, individual's understanding of disease and health, etc.
People with health care knowledge are more likely to adopt healthy behaviors.
For different types of health behaviors, people with different ages, genders and personality characteristics have different possibilities to take behaviors.
Third, the stage theory of behavior change.
The main basis of this theory is that human behavior change is a process, not an event, and everyone who changes behavior has different needs and motives. Only by providing different interventions and help according to their needs can we promote the educational objects to change to the next stage and finally adopt healthy behaviors.
The stage theory of behavior change divides behavior change into five stages, and there is a sixth stage for addictive behavior, that is, the termination stage.
1. There is no planning stage.
In the last six months, they didn't consider changing their behavior, or insisted on it intentionally. They don't know that I'm not aware of my unhealthy behavior and its harmfulness, that I'm not interested in changing my behavior or think it's a waste of time, and that I don't have the ability to change my behavior.
Because people at this stage don't like reading, talking or thinking about problems or contents related to their actions, some people even have many reasons to justify their actions.
2. Planning stage
In recent six months, people began to realize the existence and seriousness of the problem. A temporary change, the art that behavior may bring, and I know that changing behavior requires a price, so I am hesitant and ambivalent, weighing the benefits and costs.
3. Preparation stage.
In the last 30 days, people have made serious behaviors and changed their promises, such as announcing to relatives and friends that they want to change some behaviors, and you have taken action.
4. Action phase.
Within half a year, people have begun to take action, but because many people's actions are not planned, have no specific goals and implementation steps, and have no social network and environmental support, they eventually fail.
5. Maintenance phase.
People's behavior has changed for more than six months, and people have achieved the results of behavior change and consolidated them to prevent recurrence.
After the initial success of behavior change, many people can't stand the temptation of the outside world because of their own slack, and relapse again.
6. Termination phase.
Some behaviors may have this stage, especially addictive behaviors.
At this stage, people are no longer tempted and have high confidence in maintaining behavior changes.
I may have been depressed, bored, lonely and angry, but I can stick to it and make sure I don't go back to my old habits.
In practice, in order to ensure the effectiveness of behavior intervention, health managers must first understand the different needs of people at different stages of behavior, and then take targeted measures to help them enter the next stage.
The first stage and the second stage, the focus is to make people think, realize the harm of dangerous behavior, weigh the advantages and disadvantages of changing behavior, and thus generate the motivation to change behavior intentionally.
In the third stage, we should urge them to make a decision and start to change behaviors that are harmful to health as soon as possible.
In the fourth and fifth stages, we should change the environment to eliminate or reduce temptation, and support behavior change through self-reinforcement and learning to trust.
If the intervention effect is not ideal or successful, the behavior of the object will stay at a certain stage or even retrogress.