Lifestyle is a concept with a wide range of contents, including people's values, morality, aesthetics, and all aspects related to these ways, such as clothing, food, housing, transportation, leisure, entertainment, social interaction, treating people with things and so on. It can be understood as the way of life of all ethnic groups, classes and social groups in a certain historical period and social conditions.
2 Basic concepts
Different individuals, groups or all members of society are restricted and priced under certain social conditions.
Under the guidance of values, a system of all forms of activities and behavioral characteristics that meet the needs of one's own life. In addition to this normative expression, there are people who use the concept of lifestyle in the following two situations: ① refers to the forms of activities and behavioral characteristics in the field of daily life. This is a narrow way of life, while the former is a broad concept. ② Only refers to the unique expression of personal life behavior determined by interests, hobbies and value orientation. In this sense, it is equivalent to the concept of lifestyle.
3 study history
Lifestyle used to be everyday language. Since the middle of19th century, it has appeared as a scientific concept in academic works. When Marx and Engels founded the principle of historical materialism, they also put forward the concepts of production mode and lifestyle. They pointed out that in every era of social production, there are "some activities of these individuals, some manifestations of their lives, and some ways of life" (Complete Works of Marx and Engels, Volume 3, page 24). Marx and Engels also used this concept many times in other works to reveal social relations and social processes in a certain historical period, from which important ideas about lifestyle were expounded. Since the late 1950s, lifestyle research has become the focus of attention of scholars all over the world. From 1950s to 1960s, American and other western scholars mainly aimed at the rapidly changing values of people in western society and the reality of various life ideals conflicts, trying to find the answers to various value conflicts through the study of lifestyle choices. Since 1970s, the main concerns of western scholars are what changes the new technological revolution will bring to people's lifestyles and how to establish a "balanced" lifestyle. During the same period, sociologists in the Soviet Union and Eastern European countries did a lot of systematic research on lifestyle, involving the construction of theoretical system of lifestyle itself, and made a lot of empirical research and theoretical exploration on lifestyles in various fields, classes and strata, urban and rural lifestyles, the significance of lifestyle to cultivating new socialist people, the role of lifestyle in social and economic development, the establishment of lifestyle index system, and even the construction of lifestyle sociology.
China scholars began to study lifestyle in the early 1980s. According to the reality of social reform and modernization in China, scholars have done a lot of useful theoretical and empirical research on various fields of social lifestyle in changing China, published a lot of works, and held many national lifestyle academic seminars sponsored by China Women magazine, Heilongjiang Academy of Social Sciences, Tianjin Academy of Social Sciences and other units.
4 components
Lifestyle is a complex organism with activity form and behavior characteristics formed by the interaction between life subject and certain social conditions. The basic elements are divided into three parts: life activity conditions, life subjects and life activity forms.
Living activity conditions
In every era of human history, the mode of production in a certain society has stipulated the essential characteristics of social lifestyle. In the unified structure of production mode, the development level of productivity not only has a final and decisive influence on lifestyle, but also often has a direct impact on a specific form of lifestyle. The progress of contemporary science and technology and the rapid development of productive forces have become a great force to promote the change of human lifestyle. The relations of production in a certain society and the social system it determines determine the social type of the dominant lifestyle in that society. There are two social systems in the contemporary world, capitalism and socialism, and there are also two social lifestyles. The value goal of socialist lifestyle is one of the important symbols of human social progress.
Different geographical environment, cultural tradition, politics and law, ideology, social psychology and other factors also affect the specific characteristics of lifestyle from different aspects. For example, residents living in different geographical environments such as climate, mountains and landforms have different styles, habits and characteristics; The unique cultural background formed in the long-term development of a nation makes its lifestyle present rich and colorful national characteristics. For different groups and individuals in a certain society, both macro-social environment and micro-social environment affect the formation of lifestyle. The differences in people's specific working conditions, economic income, consumption level, family structure, interpersonal relationship, education level, leisure time, housing and social services have caused obvious differences in the lifestyles of different classes, strata, professional groups and individuals in the same society.
The subject of life activities
The main body of lifestyle is divided into three levels: individuals, groups (from large groups such as class, stratum and nationality to small groups such as families) and society. The way of life of any individual, group and all members of society is the way of human activity as the conscious subject of life activities. The characteristics of human activities are initiative and creativity. Under the same social conditions, different subjects will form completely different lifestyles. In the main structure of lifestyle, certain world outlook, values and outlook on life play a fundamental role in regulating people's life activities and stipulate the choice direction of a person's lifestyle; Socio-psychological factors such as social atmosphere, fashion, tradition and habits also have a strong guiding role in life activities and become a deep force affecting lifestyle. Personal psychological and physiological factors regulate people's life activities and behavioral characteristics in a unique way. The subject of lifestyle plays a core role in the elements of lifestyle. Especially in modern society, individual value choice plays an increasingly important role in regulating and standardizing the formation of lifestyle, and modern people's lifestyle is obviously subjective.
Life activity form
The interaction between living conditions and the main body of life is bound to show a certain state, way and style of life activities, which makes the lifestyle visible and fixed. Different occupational characteristics, demographic characteristics and other subjective and objective factors have formed a unique way of life, which is bound to be manifested through a typical and stable form of life activities. Therefore, lifestyle often becomes an important symbol of dividing classes, strata and other social groups.
Five basic characteristics
As a complex concept with rich connotations, lifestyle has four different characteristics.
① comprehensiveness and concreteness. The difference between lifestyle and mode of production in category characteristics: mode of production expresses the interaction and movement law of productivity and production relations at the level of social form, which belongs to the object category and mainly involves the field of material production; Lifestyle can be expressed as social lifestyle from the level of social form, and it can also be expressed as group lifestyle and individual lifestyle from the level of different groups and individuals. Lifestyle belongs to the subject category. From the perspective of meeting the needs of the subject, it not only involves the field of material production, but also involves people's daily life, political life, spiritual life and other broader fields besides material production activities. It is a comprehensive concept with extensive extension and various levels. Lifestyle at any level and in any field is always expressed by individual's specific activity form, state and behavior characteristics, so lifestyle has specific characteristics.
② Stability and variability. Lifestyle is a cultural phenomenon. The lifestyle under certain objective conditions has its unique development law, and its activity form and behavior characteristics are relatively stable and inherited from history. In human history, we can see such a phenomenon: although a nation has changed several different social and economic forms in the development of thousands of years, its inherent lifestyle characteristics have been continued and become one of the important symbols of its cultural homogeneity. The stability of lifestyle makes it tend to exclude new and foreign lifestyles in its development. However, the lifestyle of any country and nation will inevitably change with the change of social conditions that restrict it sooner or later, and this change is an important part of the whole social change. The social change of lifestyle usually takes a gradual approach, but in a specific period of social change, a breakthrough approach is taken, showing some advance.
③ Social morphological attributes and human nature. In different social forms, lifestyle always has a certain sociality, while in class society it has a class nature. For example, in slave society, there are two kinds of lifestyles: slaves and slave owners; In feudal society, there were two ways of life: farmers and landlords, and so on. On the other hand, the way of life has the characteristics of non-social form of all mankind: a. People's way of life not only has social attributes to meet social needs, but also has the characteristics of meeting people's survival needs and has exotic natural attributes; B. In the same nation, different classes and strata have the same language, region, economic life and cultural tradition, and their way of life will inevitably form the nationality of each class and stratum; C. The communication between countries has formed the same norms and standards of human life style; D. The closeness of productivity and the level of scientific and technological development has prompted countries and nations to form more and more similarities in their lifestyles. This similarity beyond social systems makes it possible and necessary for countries with different social systems to learn from each other in their lifestyles.
④ Qualitative regulation and quantitative regulation. People's life activities are inseparable from a certain number of material and spiritual living conditions and a certain level of product and service consumption, which constitute the quantitative stipulation of lifestyle, and its development level can generally be measured by living standards indicators; The description of people's lifestyle characteristics in a certain society is also inseparable from the determination of the utilization nature of material and spiritual wealth of social members and the value of meeting the needs of the main body, which is manifested in the stipulation of lifestyle quality, which can generally be measured by some indicators of quality of life. Only by unifying the quantitative and qualitative aspects of lifestyle can we fully grasp the category attributes of a certain lifestyle.
6 basic classification
Typological analysis of lifestyle can be carried out from many angles. ① According to different subject levels, it can be divided into three lifestyles: social, group and individual. Social lifestyle is the general feature of the lifestyle of all members of society. Different types of social lifestyles in human history include primitive social lifestyles, slave social lifestyles, feudal social lifestyles, capitalist social lifestyles and socialist social lifestyles. Group lifestyle includes various classes, strata, ethnic groups, professional groups, and even family lifestyles and other huge systems. Personal lifestyle can be divided into: introverted lifestyle and extroverted lifestyle from the perspectives of psychological characteristics, value orientation, communication relationship and the relationship between individuals and society; Energetic lifestyle and decadent lifestyle; Independent lifestyle and dependent lifestyle; Progressive lifestyle and conservative lifestyle, and so on. The lifestyle of a certain society, group and individual is the general, special and individual expression of this lifestyle in that society. ② According to different fields of lifestyle, it can be divided into work lifestyle, consumption lifestyle, leisure lifestyle, communication lifestyle, political lifestyle and religious lifestyle. ③ According to different communities, it can be divided into two categories: urban lifestyle and rural lifestyle. In today's world, the urban population in developed countries accounts for a large proportion, and the urban lifestyle is the lifestyle of the vast majority of residents; The agricultural population in developing countries accounts for a large proportion, and the rural lifestyle still dominates. With the process of industrialization and urbanization, cities and urbanized lifestyles in developing countries will also develop accordingly. According to the characteristics of the times, it can be divided into modern social lifestyle and traditional social lifestyle. ⑤ According to the main economic forms, it can be divided into natural economic lifestyle and commodity economic lifestyle.
7 identity role
According to the basic principles of Marxism, the mode of production is the foundation of human society and the starting point of the development process. Without the production of material materials, people's life activities can't be discussed. However, if there is no certain way of life for human beings to meet their own needs for survival, enjoyment and development, there will be no human production and reproduction, and the development of the whole society will be out of the question. The history of human society shows that the more productive forces develop, the more science and technology progress, the more space and time people live, the greater the role of human subjectivity in social development, and the more important the position and role of lifestyle in social production and reproduction. The study of lifestyle is of great theoretical significance for enriching and developing the principles of historical materialism, strengthening the discipline construction of sociology and multidisciplinary comprehensive research; For countries that are carrying out socialist modernization, establishing a new way of life is the value goal and overall interest of the socialist cause itself, which is of great practical significance for ensuring the coordinated and stable development of society, promoting the all-round and healthy development of everyone's personality and rationally organizing people's daily life.
8 reality status quo
With the globalization of the world economy, people's lifestyles are becoming more and more international. "Lifestyle" generally refers to people's material consumption, spiritual lifestyle and leisure lifestyle. It usually reflects personal tastes, hobbies and value orientation, and has distinct characteristics of the times and nationalities.
Lifestyle is an important part of human socialization, which determines the nature, level and direction of individual socialization. Lifestyle is a historical category, which changes with the development of society. People from different societies, different historical periods, different classes and different occupations have different ideologies in a person, which will react on a person's ideology. In short, the change of lifestyle directly or indirectly affects a person's ideology and values. Therefore, social life style influences one's behavior and attitude towards society through the formation of one's ideology and psychological structure, and reflects one's values. That is, the basic tendency of the world outlook.
That is, the way of life. It refers to the behavior that requires a certain habitat, habitat mode and activity type. And the sum of all living habits such as nutrition, nutrition and reproduction. Various biological species often have unique lifestyles, such as free life, attached life, parasitic life, floating life, group life and so on. , each showing a certain type. The life style of living things is not exactly the same in life, and the performance in the development stage is usually special. The so-called species lifestyle actually refers to the whole form of lifestyle in the whole life history.
Since 1980s, people have paid more and more attention to the importance of lifestyle, so they have used it more and more frequently and placed it in a position similar to the world outlook and values. Lifestyle has a great influence on people's consumption and social fashion. In fashion or fashion newspapers, the frequency of this word is slightly higher than other newspapers.
A person's clothes are closely related to his or her lifestyle. Proper dress is actually a dress that adapts to its lifestyle. White-collar workers who go to office buildings every day should wear suits and ties, skirts and stockings; People who have more outdoor activities will wear casual clothes and jeans; Only those who need to go to formal occasions in high society need to buy evening dresses.
The times are changing, the concept of home is changing, and the change of lifestyle is also very obvious. Golden life has become a very mainstream lifestyle. Golden life is a modifier, which is used to describe the daily habits that pay attention to taste and quality, and belongs to the category of people's psychological perception of life. Its content can be unique personal hobbies, career concepts, emotional concepts, quality of life concepts, spiritual pursuit of the world outlook, outlook on life, values and so on. And the gold requirements in housing, clothing, diet, tourism, physical leisure, sports and career pursuit. The emergence of the lifestyle of golden life is closely related to brand management behavior. Initially, Golden Sanitary Ware put forward the brand slogan of "Taste the Golden Life", created the gold standard of "Gold Design, Gold Craft, Gold Quality and Gold Service", and advocated the golden life. With the deepening of promotion, the golden life has been recognized and familiar by people and has become a mainstream lifestyle.
Learn to discover the beauty around you, create beauty, own beauty, and maintain beauty, and then sort it out, constantly pursue it, and constantly improve it. The pursuit of gold life is the performance of pursuing taste and comfort, and it is also a free feeling, and it is also a realm of still water and deep flow. Gold life emphasizes taste and tasting, and pays attention to the unity and coordination of appearance and connotation. It is not only the gold of appearance, but also the revelation of natural connotation. More importantly, we should have a mature and rational ideological understanding of life. Life at home should be carefully calculated. The house at home is not necessarily large, but the furnishings must be reasonable. The decoration is not necessarily luxurious, but it must be comfortable. It is not necessarily a famous brand, but it must be decent and clean. In fact, everyone's life is different, just like porcelain, some are wrapped in gorgeous coats, and some are plain. Life is simple and natural, and the soul will naturally pursue exquisiteness and elegance.
9 Lifestyle Management
The World Health Organization summarizes the factors affecting health as follows:
Health = 60% lifestyle+15% genetic factors+10% social factors +8% medical factors +7% climatic factors [1]
This shows that lifestyle management is an important strategy for emerging personal health management. A healthy lifestyle needs to be cultivated, and the initiative of cultivation lies in people themselves. The concept of lifestyle management emphasizes that individuals are responsible for their own health.
Lifestyle management is realized in the following ways:
1. Education transfers knowledge, establishes attitudes and changes behaviors.
2. Encourage behavior correction through positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, feedback promotion and punishment.
3. Training Through a series of participatory training and experience, individuals are trained to master behavior correction techniques.
4. Marketing uses social marketing technology to promote healthy behaviors, create a healthy environment, and promote individuals to change unhealthy behaviors.
The core of lifestyle management is to develop good living habits. For a long time, people have made a series of health plans themselves, and the executors will consciously implement them with perseverance. With the rise of mobile Internet, lifestyle management is changing. Mobile lifestyle management tools such as Duo C and Fitbit provide convenience for people and make the cultivation of healthy lifestyle interesting and dynamic.
10 Ten Wrong Lifestyles
A proper lifestyle can enhance people's own health. In the survey of 932 people, the conclusion is amazing:
Dangerous way 1: Extreme lack of physical exercise.
Of the 932 respondents, only 96 exercised regularly every week, and 68% chose "hardly exercise". This can easily lead to fatigue, dizziness and other phenomena, leading to obesity and cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases.
Danger mode 2: don't go to the doctor if you are sick.
According to the survey, nearly half of people buy their own medicine when they are sick, and13 of them simply ignore any superficial "small problems". Many diseases of working people have been delayed, and the best treatment time has been missed. Some diseases have been covered up by the surface relief effect of drugs and accumulated into serious diseases.
Risk mode 3: lack of active physical examination
Of the 932 people, 2 19 have never had a physical examination.
Danger mode 4: skip breakfast
With the accelerated pace of work, eating breakfast that meets the nutritional requirements has become a luxury for office white-collar workers. Among the respondents, only 2 19 people eat breakfast regularly and according to nutritional requirements. Skipping breakfast or stuffing a few mouthfuls at will has become a common phenomenon.
Danger mode 5: lack of communication with family members
More than 4 1% office workers seldom communicate with their families. Even if family members take the initiative to care, 32% people often take a coping attitude. In the absence of communication, guidance and catharsis, the mental pressure of the office crowd is increasing day by day.
Danger mode 6: being in an air-conditioned environment for a long time.
At work, in addition to going out to do things, more than 70% people stay in air-conditioned rooms almost all year round. "Greenhouse people" have decreased their body regulation and disease resistance.
Dangerous way 7: sit still all the time.
Among the respondents, 542 people's work habit is that once they sit down, they don't stand up easily unless they go to the toilet. Sedentary, not conducive to blood circulation, will lead to many metabolic and cardiovascular diseases; Long-term fixation of sitting posture is also an important factor in the pathogenesis of cervical and lumbar vertebrae.
Danger mode 8: Sleep time cannot be guaranteed.
More than 60% people often can't sleep for 8 hours, and another 7% people often suffer from insomnia.
Dangerous way 9: Facing the computer for too long
3 1% people often use computers for more than 8 hours every day. Excessive use and dependence on computers, in addition to radiation, also make eye diseases, cervical spondylosis and mental illness very common in office groups.
Dangerous way 10: irregular diet for three meals.
13 or more people can't guarantee to eat three meals on time, and less than half of them are guaranteed to eat three meals regularly and quantitatively.