Young students are in an important period of physical and mental development, and most of them are only children. With the development of physiology and psychology, the pressure of competition is increasing, especially with the rapid development of society, the ecological environment and social environment for development and growth are becoming more and more complicated, which has a greater negative impact on the development of physical and mental health, making the mental health problems of young students more obvious and prominent than before. In recent years, a large number of studies and surveys show that the mental health of young students in China is not optimistic and worrying. It should be noted that although the data of these surveys and statistics are not objective and standardized, the increasingly exposed mental health problems of young students show that we should pay enough attention to them.
The Shanghai Mental Health Center, together with the World Health Organization (WHO) and the University of Hawaii, conducted a large-scale survey on the mental health status of primary and secondary school students in Shanghai, and found that 27% of the students had psychological abnormalities (including mental disorders and mental diseases). The former State Education Commission's sampling survey of college students in China shows that 20% of them are mentally abnormal. 23% people have different degrees of mental health disorders. According to this calculation, there are about 200 million primary and secondary school students in China with as many as 30 million to 40 million mental health problems, which is simply an amazing number. According to research, with the growth of age, students' mental health problems are on the rise. Mental health workers in Zhejiang province investigated 296 1 primary and secondary school students in different types of schools in urban and rural areas of the province, and found that the total number was 16. 7% students have serious mental health problems, among which junior high school students are 13. 67%, high school students are 18. 7%, while college students are as high as 25. 39%。 Worryingly, poor mental health not only leads to students' own physical and mental diseases, but also seriously affects their physical health and learning activities. At the same time, it directly harms their moral development and normal social adaptation, such as dropping out of school, leaving home, dying or even committing crimes due to mental health problems, which objectively causes adverse consequences to society, schools, families and individuals. For example, a joint survey of Beijing 16 universities shows that the number of college students who drop out of school due to mental illness accounts for 37% of the total number of students who drop out of school. 9% and 64. 4%。 According to the statistics of Tsinghua University, the number of students who dropped out of school and died due to mental illness accounted for 565,438+0% and 50% of the total number of students who dropped out of school and died respectively. According to a recent survey of nearly 3000 college students and middle school students in China, 42. 73% of students "get nervous easily when doing things", 55. 92% students "worry too much about trifles", 47. 4 1% students "feel that the relationship between people is too cold", 67. 26% students "can't find a friend to talk to when they are in a bad mood", 48. 63% of the students are "nervous about the exam results and a little overwhelmed". The above-mentioned materials fully illustrate the seriousness of the mental health problems of young students in China, and also illustrate that it is an unavoidable practical task for school education to carry out mental health education for students in universities, primary and secondary schools and to maintain and promote their mental health.
Because people's mental health is an extremely complex dynamic process with relatively independent nature, the factors that restrict mental health, cause psychological deviation, psychological disorder or mental illness are also extremely complex and diverse. According to the nature and types of various restrictive factors, there are mainly biological genetic factors, psychological environmental factors and social environmental factors. According to the different types of restrictive factors, they can be divided into two categories: ontological factors and induced factors.
The ontological factor is the internal cause of a person's mental health change, while the inducing factor is the external cause of the change. Inducing factors act through ontological factors, which determine the reality of people's mental health changes. For example, for students with good psychological function, intense study life will stimulate higher learning enthusiasm and invest more learning energy; For students with poor psychological function, it may cause excessive anxiety and lead to psychological obstacles. The following briefly expounds the influence of ontological factors and inducing factors on mental health.
(A) ontological factors
Ontological factors are inherent subjective factors of individuals. It mainly includes individual biological genetic factors and psychological activity factors.
1。 Biological genetic factors
The influence of biological genetic factors mainly includes genetic factors, bacterial or viral infection, brain injury or chemical poisoning, as well as physical diseases or physiological dysfunction.
First, genetic factors. Generally speaking, people's psychological activities cannot be inherited. However, as a whole with both body and mind, a person is closely related to genetic factors, especially a person's physical, temperament, intelligence, neural process and other characteristics, which are more obviously influenced by genetic factors. According to investigation and clinical observation, a considerable proportion of people in the families of mental patients suffer from neuropsychiatric diseases or mental retardation, seizures, eccentric temperament, manic depression and other abnormal psychological and behavioral manifestations. For example, the survey data of the prevalence rate of relatives of patients with manic depression and schizophrenia show that the etiology of mental illness does have obvious blood relationship, and the closer the blood relationship, the higher the prevalence rate, which is precisely the influence of genetic factors.
Second, bacterial or viral infection. Clinical studies have proved that infectious diseases of the central nervous system, such as typhus and epidemic encephalitis, cause organic psychological disorder or mental disorder due to the damage of germs and viruses to nerve tissue structure, which can inhibit psychological development and cause mental retardation or dementia.
Third, brain trauma or chemical poisoning. Concussion and brain contusion caused by various reasons can lead to psychological obstacles such as consciousness disorder, amnesia, speech disorder and personality change; Harmful chemicals invade the human body and poison the central nervous system, such as alcoholism, food poisoning, gas poisoning and drug poisoning. , but also lead to psychological disorders or mental disorders.
Fourth, serious physical illness or physiological dysfunction. This kind of influence is also one of the causes of psychological disorders and mental disorders. For example, the most prominent endocrine disorders, such as thyroid dysfunction and hyperthyroidism, often have psychological abnormalities such as sensitivity, irritability, irritability, emotional impulse, and weakened self-control; Excessive adrenaline secretion can cause mania, while insufficient adrenaline secretion may lead to depression.
2。 Psychological activity factors
Psychological activity is a state of mind. Once the individual's psychological state is formed, it will affect the future psychological development and changes. Psychological factors mainly include cognitive factors, emotional factors and personality factors.
First, cognitive factors. Cognition refers to people's understanding of objective things, reflecting their characteristics and connections, and revealing their meanings and functions to people. Cognitive process is the process of acquiring, storing, transforming, extracting and using information. People's cognitive factors cover a wide range, mainly including perception, attention, memory, imagination, thinking, speech and so on.
Every individual has various cognitive factors. The development of these cognitive factors and the relationship between them may be coordinated or uncoordinated. Once a cognitive factor develops abnormally or the relationship between several cognitive factors is unbalanced, cognitive contradictions and conflicts will occur. This kind of contradiction and conflict can make people feel nervous, irritable and anxious, so try your best to alleviate or eliminate it.
The more serious the imbalance between cognitive factors, the more people expect to reduce or eliminate the imbalance, and the stronger the motivation to maintain balance. If this need and motivation can't be met for a long time and can't be realized, it may lead to psychological deviation or psychological obstacle. Serious cognitive impairment will also damage the integrity and coordination of personality, and even lead to personality abnormality.
Second, emotional factors. People's emotional experience is multidimensional, multi-component and multi-level. It is the internal motive force of a person's survival and social adaptation, and an important factor to maintain physical and mental health.
Generally speaking, a stable and positive emotional state makes people happy, stable, energetic, moderate, comfortable and powerful; On the contrary, the negative emotional state with frequent fluctuations often makes people depressed, anxious, distracted, out of control, weak and powerless. Therefore, it is beneficial to people's physical and mental health to cultivate good positive emotions and eliminate bad negative emotions.
Third, personality factors. Personality factors can also be called personality factors. Personality factors include personality, temperament, ability and personality tendency. Personality factor is the core of psychological activity factor and has the greatest influence on a person's mental health. For example, the same kind of life setbacks have completely different effects on people with different personalities. Some people may be too passive to bear or cope with, and then give up on themselves; Some people may accept the reality, face up to setbacks, redouble their efforts and work hard.
Research shows that special personality characteristics are often the basis of corresponding mental diseases, especially neurosis. For example, obsessive-compulsive personality characteristics such as caution, perfection, indecision, ruthlessness, sensitivity, narrow-mindedness, regret for everything, and being harsh on oneself can easily lead to obsessive-compulsive neurosis; For another example, special personality characteristics, such as suggestibility, fantasy, changeable mood, irritability, self-centeredness and self-expression, can easily lead to hysteria. Therefore, cultivating a sound personality is one of the key factors to maintain physical and mental health.
(2) Inducing factors
Inducing factors are external objective factors that directly cause psychological problems. It mainly includes family factors, school factors and social factors.
1。 family factors
Family has a great influence on the physical and mental health of primary and secondary school students. A large number of studies at home and abroad show that bad family environment factors can easily cause abnormal psychological behavior of family members. These factors mainly include: incomplete main family members, such as parents' death, parents' divorce or separation, parents' remarriage, etc. Family relations are tense, such as parents, mother-in-law and daughter-in-law, disharmony between brothers and sisters, indifferent family emotional atmosphere, frequent conflicts and so on. Improper family education methods, such as autocracy, coercion, or connivance, laissez-faire, etc. There are family changes, accidents and so on.
2。 School factors
School is the main place for students to study and live, and students spend most of their time in school. Therefore, school life has a great influence on students' physical and mental health. School factors mainly include school education conditions, study conditions, living conditions, teacher-student relationship, peer relationship and so on. These conditions and relationships, if not handled well, will affect the healthy development of students' body and mind. For example, bad school spirit, heavy learning burden, improper educational methods, emotional opposition between teachers and students, and disharmony between classmates will all make students psychologically depressed, nervous and anxious. If it is not adjusted in time, it will cause psychological obstacles and lead to psychological obstacles.
3。 social factor
Social factors mainly include politics, economy, culture and education, social relations and so on. These factors play a decisive role in a person's survival and development. Among them, all kinds of unhealthy thoughts, emotions and behaviors in social life seriously poison students' minds. Especially at present, the communication between people is increasingly extensive, the role of various social media is increasing, the tension in life is increasing, and contradictions, conflicts and competition are intensifying. These phenomena will increase students' psychological burden and inner contradictions, and affect their physical and mental health.