Savoi Villa is a masterpiece of le corbusier's purism, a perfect functionalist work, and even one of the works that can best reflect his architectural views. At the beginning of villa design, Corbusier's original intention was to use this simple and industrialized method to build a large number of low-cost civil houses. Unexpectedly, before people could accept it, the young Ms. Savoi, who owns hundreds of millions of property, became a great work, and her modern architectural principles influenced the architectural trend for more than half a century.
Parisians like this kind of house and get different impressions from different angles. T Pormee, a French businessman, said, "I have never seen other buildings, which can give people great shock and endless aftertaste with such a simple shape."
Design Aesthetics of Savoi Villa
In "Five Elements of Architecture" published by 1926, Corbusier put forward the "five elements" of new architecture, which are: 1, the independent pillar at the bottom; 2. Roof garden; 3. Free plane; 4. Free facade; 5. Transverse long window. Savoi Villa is the concrete embodiment of "five elements" put forward by le corbusier, and even the most appropriate example, which has a great influence on the establishment and promotion of modernist architectural style.
Savoi Villa profoundly embodies the new architectural aesthetic principles advocated by modernist architecture. The unity of expression and construction means, the coordination of architectural form and internal function, the logicality of architectural image, the flexible and balanced composition without symmetry, the simple handling method, the pure form and the absorption of new achievements in visual art by architectural art have inspired and influenced countless architects. Even today, modernist architecture is still favored by many people. Because it represents progress, nature and purity, and embodies the most essential characteristics of architecture.
As the most outstanding architectural work in Corbusier's architectural design career, most of his future works are designed on this basis. On the surface, this building looks unremarkable and does not have much decoration, which is completely different from the early medieval buildings. Its exterior decoration is painted white, and the only thing that can be called a decorative component is the long row of windows. The building surface is flat and the shape is relatively simple. However, when you look at it from different directions, you will get a completely different impression, which makes the appearance of the building very changeable. This difference is not deliberately designed, but the external embodiment of the internal functional space. In this building, we can see the embodiment of modernist architectural spirit, including simple external decoration and emphasis on use function.
Layout, Structure and System of Savoi Villa
Savoi Villa is a perfect work of functional aesthetics. Its base is an open area in poissy with a slight uplift in the center. The plot is 12 mu, and the building foundation is rectangular, about 22.5 meters long and 20 meters wide, with three floors in total. The ground floor (column-supported overhead floor) is empty on three sides, set up by columns, and has a hall, garage and servant room, which is an open structure surrounded by curved glass windows. On the second floor, there are living room, bedroom, kitchen, dining room, roof garden and semi-open rest space. On the third floor is the master bedroom and roof garden. The floors are connected by spiral stairs and folding ramps. There are no decorative feet inside and outside the building, so some curved walls are used to increase the variety.
The design of Savoi Villa is quite different from the previous European-style residence. The outline is simple, like a white square box supported by thin columns. The horizontal long window is flat and wide, and the outer wall is bright and clean without any decoration, but the light and shadow change is rich. Although the appearance of the villa is simple, the interior space is complex, just like a delicate hollow geometry and a complex machine. The building adopts reinforced concrete frame structure, which is free in plane and space layout, interspersed with spaces and connected inside and outside. The appearance is light, the space is transparent, and the decoration is simple, which is in sharp contrast with the classical mansion with heavy shape, closed space and complicated decoration.
Design Features of Savoi Villa
The building has the following main features in design:
(1) Modular design-This is the result of Corbusier's research on mathematics, architecture and human proportions. Now this design method is widely used;
(2) Simple decoration style-Compared with the complicated decoration methods that people often used before, its decoration can be said to be very simple;
(3) Solid color-the exterior decoration of the building is all white, representing fresh, pure, simple and healthy colors; (le corbusier once wrote in one of his books)
④ Open indoor space design;
⑤ Specially designed and manufactured furniture;
⑥ Dynamic and unconventional forms of space organization-especially spiral stairs and ramps are used to organize space;
⑦ the design of the roof garden-the roof garden designed by painting and sculpture;
⑧ Garage design-a special method to organize traffic streamline, so that the garage and the building can be perfectly combined, and the car can be easily parked without traffic and people *;
Pet-name ruby sculpture design-this is le corbusier's common design technique, which makes his works often reflect a sense of sculpture.
Design Interpretation of Savoi Villa
Savoi Villa is overhead on the ground floor, which makes the living space supported on the upper part far away from the noise of traffic and market. This idea comes from the ideal life prototype formed by Corbusier according to the quiet life experience gained by visiting the monastery when he was young (this experience deeply influenced the creation of many buildings including Savoi Villa and Marseille Apartment in the future). The structure of "floating" changed the traditional way of life surrounded by gardens, and at the same time let Corbusier find an ideal way of life. Corbusier used the concept of roof garden in many early villa designs-he thought that roof garden was a way to compensate nature, "with the intention of restoring the land occupied by houses".
Corbusier also emphasized the flexible division of space with walls or partitions. He believes that residents should be able to divide their living space according to their own needs-the proposal of free plane-the bearing structure and partition structure are completely separated, which greatly realizes the flexibility and adaptability of space division. The proposal of free facade frees the design of building facade from the shackles of neoclassical composition principle, makes the coordination between building facade and internal function more logical, and also makes T Pormee realize that "different angles will get different impressions"-this impression is not deliberate and artificial, but the external presentation of the internal situation of the villa. The horizontal long window is to let the room get enough light and outdoor landscape.
In "On Architecture and Urbanism", Corbusier frankly admitted the tendency of "forced classicism" in Savoy Villa-"The residents come here because the rough field scenery echoes the rural life", and they can observe the whole area from jardin suspendu or the bar window in four directions, and their family life is embedded in a Virgil-style dream. "
The geometric composition of Savoi Villa is also very classical. Compared with Palladio's round villa, it can be seen that the rectangular (approximately square) plane, the U-shaped layout on the ground floor and the ramp located on the north-south axis of the building can be regarded as metaphors of centralization, centripetal and biaxial of the round villa. Douglas Graff graphically analyzed the relationship between the Villa Savoy and the Renaissance Villa-cutting the plane of the Villa Savoy from the north-south direction of the entrance, separating the west of the plane with the middle line of the ramp as the boundary, and pushing the separated parts in their respective directions to restore to a U-shaped plane-the geometric composition of the Villa Savoy can be transformed into the geometric composition of the Renaissance Villa through deformation. Moreover, the relationship between architecture and environment in Savoy villa can also be regarded as the spatial occlusion of traditional gardens and buildings. However, the symmetry and centrality of classical composition are dissolved by the dynamic stairs and ramps in Savoy villa, and spread to the "Virgil-like dream" formed by roof gardens and rough field scenery with the movement of people.
If we look at the facades of Pisava Villa and the Parthenon, we can also find that the former has classic metaphors: a solid base, a golden middle part and an open top; The perspective relationship between the pillars at the bottom and the building can be regarded as the visual deformation of the Parthenon. However, in Savoi Villa, the classical three-stage style has been combined with modern simplicity. Phidias expressed his characteristics in the form of nature, while Corbusier expressed the characteristics of his time by praising mechanized products. The similarity between the Parthenon and Savoy Villa lies in the beauty of proportion and order. "The architect achieved an order by making some forms orderly ... He used the coordination he created to arouse a deep * * * sound in our hearts, he gave us a standard to measure an order that is considered consistent with the world order, and he decided various movements of our thoughts and hearts; At this time, we felt the beauty. "
Le corbusier also wrote: "When we started the magazine" New Spirit "in 1920, we gave basic importance to life. I call it a "living machine", so I need a perfect and clear answer from it. This far-reaching outline restored the central position of people in architecture. Whether in Paris or in America, where machines are king, I have never regretted this expression. The dictionary tells us that the word "machine" comes from Latin and Greek, and its original meaning is "artifice" and "device", "a tool built to produce a certain result". The word "device" makes the problem very clear, that is, to control the increasingly dangerous situation and create a sufficient and necessary survival framework from it. Through the media of art, committed to the happiness of mankind, we have the ability to make life full of light by improving life. " At the same time, le corbusier also expounded his views on living space: "In your bedroom, living room and kitchen, you need blank walls and embedded furniture to replace expensive furniture ... you need hidden or scattered light sources, you need vacuum cleaners, and you just need to buy some practical furniture instead of decorative ones. If you want to see what is vulgar taste, go to the rich people's homes for a walk. Hang some solid colors on the wall, but be excellent. "
This view of Corbusier was fully reflected in the subsequent design of Savoi Villa. Savoi Villa has almost no superfluous decoration-only white painted walls. Corbusier said that white is a fresh, pure, simple and healthy color. There are no unnecessary decorations in the bright and empty room, only Thonet's bent wooden chairs and cheap embedded furniture can be used whenever possible. Corbusier uses dynamic, open and unconventional space syntax, especially spiral stairs and folding ramps to organize space-here, space has become the protagonist of architecture. The dynamic indoor and outdoor space adds the time factor (the fourth dimension) brought by people's constant displacement to the traditional space, which makes the architectural space show more changes. Gideon regarded Savoy Villa as a model of "time and space", and pointed out the rich spatial effect, the change of viewpoint and the embodiment of timeliness. Using cheap materials, abandoning redundant decoration and creating rich space with the elements of the building itself are not only in line with the economic depression at that time, but also the embodiment of the design idea that early modernist buildings attached importance to function and space and opposed additional decoration. However, the pure Sava Villa profoundly embodies the new aesthetic principles advocated by modern architecture-the combination of architectural form and internal function, the logic of architectural image, the law of composition, the beauty of proportion and order ... Savoi Villa and its design thought still inspire and influence countless architects and become the source of their design, because it embodies the most essential feature of architecture-a kind of vitality creation.