Abstract: Middle school is an important stage of life growth, and it is also a critical period of mental health development. However, in the face of the intensification of social competition, the limitations of education and the weakening of family education, many middle school students have various psychological troubles and obstacles to varying degrees, which have affected their healthy development. Therefore, we should attach importance to students' mental health education. In educational work, we should not only stay at the level of understanding and analyzing problems, but also be able to solve problems, so that mental health education has practical significance and promotes the development of quality education.
Keywords: mental health, psychological problems, psychological stress, weariness of learning, interpersonal relationship, countermeasures, inducing factors of adolescent frustration.
Quality-oriented education is the guiding ideology of modern education in China and the educational banner for the Chinese nation to realize its great rejuvenation in the future. It is everyone's responsibility in China to actively, scientifically and comprehensively promote quality education, and it is also the sacred mission of educators! Mental health education is the basis of all-round quality education.
First of all, the questions raised
Middle school is an important stage of life growth and a critical period of mental health development. However, in the face of the intensification of competition in modern society, the limitations of education and the weakening of family education, many middle school students have various psychological troubles and obstacles to varying degrees, which have affected their healthy development. So, what are the common psychological problems of middle school students? What are the influencing factors? As an educator, how to effectively cultivate and improve students' psychological quality according to their psychological conditions? This is an urgent problem in China's education at this stage. This paper analyzes and expounds these problems.
Second, the common psychological problems of middle school students
Middle school is the most important period in life, and it is also the most prone to psychological problems. The common psychological problems of middle school students mainly include the following:
(A), learning problems
Psychological problems arising from learning are the main part of middle school students' psychological problems. Their problems are:
1. Students' psychological pressure in learning has increased, which has caused many physiological problems. At present, under the influence of the guiding ideology of one-sided pursuit of enrollment rate, some schools divide poor classes, rank second in exams, engage in sea tactics, and adopt some educational methods, teaching means and educational measures that violate the principle of mental health. This situation, on the one hand, makes students' psychology in a state of high tension with intellectual overload all day, leading to neurasthenia, insomnia, memory loss, inattention and some abnormal learning behaviors and habits; On the other hand, the wrong view of achievement will also cause students psychological pain and increase psychological pressure.
2. Learning weariness is a prominent problem in current study. Not only students with poor academic performance are unwilling to study, but some students with good academic performance are also tired of learning. For example, the unreasonable educational structure shows that the teaching content is too difficult. According to the survey of People's Education Publishing House, 80% of middle school students have difficulty in learning science textbooks. This situation has led some students to develop from aversion to learning to avoidance of learning, leaving school to seek improper stimulation, thus forming a series of conduct obstacles. Many educators have emphasized that too difficult textbooks will have a negative impact on students' mental health, so they feel tired of learning. A responsible comrade of the State Education Commission said at a meeting that under the current educational situation, 30% of students are tired of learning, and in some counties it is as high as 60%. It can be seen that weariness of learning is a common psychological problem among modern middle school students.
3. Test anxiety, especially when encountering more important exams, is more serious, and even anxiety is generalized. In the current middle school education system, there are still many unreasonable phenomena in China's education structure, especially in ordinary middle schools. What students learn at school is basically prepared for the college entrance examination. However, only a part of students actually enter the university, and students are faced with the phenomenon of difficulty in entering a higher school, employment and narrow way out, especially the underachievers feel hopeless in entering a higher school. A sense of sadness and panic that there is no way out after graduation controls them. This situation is reflected in the exam, and there is test anxiety.
In addition, inappropriate educational methods, such as inflexible and punitive teaching methods, teachers' ridicule, classmates' contempt and even parents' complaints and abuse, have caused great pressure on students' psychology and will cause various problems to their psychology.
(B), interpersonal problems
Interpersonal relationship is also a problem that middle school students reflect more. These questions are as follows:
1. Relationship with teachers. The main problems are rebellious psychology caused by teachers' incomprehension and distrust of students, psychological pressure and aggressive behavior caused by teachers' cognitive deviation. In middle school, teachers are still the ideal goals and fair representatives of students, hoping to get their care, understanding and love. If teachers lack understanding, patience and love, and can't give enthusiastic guidance and help, they will be disappointed. What's more, teachers' bad attitude of disrespecting students and belittling their values has caused serious psychological trauma to students. Students, especially senior students, often feel all this morbidly, which is also the reason for the conflict between teachers and students. In this case, students have a sense of depression, negative emotions, and the relationship between teachers and students is becoming increasingly tense.
2. The relationship between classmates. Middle school students not only hope to get the understanding and support of teachers, but also hope to have an accepted sense of belonging among classes and classmates, and seek the understanding and trust of classmates and friends. Due to the disharmony and even tension between classmates, some students show loneliness and want to restore their relationship with classmates, but they don't know how to do it.
3. Relationship with parents. A democratic and harmonious family gives middle school students a warm harbor of their own. In authoritarian families, parents and children can't communicate normally, which leads to children's withdrawn and bossy personality. All kinds of family scars will cause psychological harm to middle school students to varying degrees. Some studies believe that parental discord is more harmful to children's psychological problems than the death of one parent, because they see bad interpersonal relationships in their parents. Disagreement with parents has many psychological effects on middle school students. "There is a sense of abandonment and anger; They may become depressed, hostile, destructive, ... and often make them uninterested in school work and social life. "They will think that their parents have brought them pain and hate their parents' family, because family is where all misfortune lies.
(C), adolescent psychological problems
1. adolescent atresia psychology. Its main performance is that the external performance tends to be closed and blocked, and the increasingly rich and complex internal activities coexist in the same individual. It can be said that closed psychology is a universal and special symbol of adolescent psychology. Therefore, the psychological problem of atresia mainly refers to the psychology under negative circumstances. Under the control of negative emotions, it will be a noteworthy sign for middle school students to close any psychological communication with the outside world.
2. Emotion is exciting, explicit and implicit. The physiological upheaval in adolescence will inevitably cause emotional agitation among middle school students. This turbulent emotion is sometimes explicit and sometimes implicit. A smile can make people excited all night, but the heart is excited, happy or distressed, depressed and seemingly calm; They have things they want to tell others and secrets they want to tell others, but they are silent when they meet their parents or teachers. If this situation is not understood, there will be depression and anxiety and depression.
3. puppy love. Middle school students are generally underage, and we call this underage love of middle school students puppy love. Middle schools, especially high school students, are in adolescence, and one of the most prominent contradictions in this period is the contradiction between rapid sexual development and relatively naive sexual psychology. Middle school students are limited by their cognitive ability and personality development, especially when the education guidance is not timely and effective, which makes the sexual psychological development of middle school students show relative naivety, so there is a self-considered serious and hazy love. Although this kind of love is curious and imitative, it is a matter of great concern.
(D), frustration adaptation problem
Middle school students' frustration comes from many aspects, including study, interpersonal relationship, interest desire and self-esteem. There are objective factors, social environment factors and personal subjective factors. Facing the difficulties and pains caused by setbacks, middle school students have two ways to respond: negative response and positive response. Once passive frustration adaptation is habituated and stabilized, even if the frustration state changes in a certain situation, its behavior is still manifested as habitual adaptation. Therefore, negative frustration adaptation has turned into a serious mental health problem, which requires long-term patient education.
Third, the factors affecting the mental health of middle school students
Because people's mental health is an extremely complex dynamic process with relatively independent nature, the factors that restrict mental health and cause psychological deviation, psychological disorder or mental illness are also extremely complex and diverse. Judging from the nature of various restrictive factors, there are mainly biological genetic factors, psychological environmental factors and social environmental factors. Judging from the functions of various restrictive factors, they can be divided into two categories: ontological factors and induced factors.
(A) ontological factors
Ontological factors are inherent subjective factors of individuals. It mainly includes individual biological genetic factors and psychological activity factors.
1. Biological genetic factors
The influence of biological genetic factors mainly includes genetic factors, bacterial or viral infection, brain injury or chemical poisoning, as well as physical diseases or physiological dysfunction.
First, genetic factors. Generally speaking, people's psychological activities cannot be inherited. However, as a whole with both body and mind, a person is closely related to genetic factors, especially a person's physical, temperament, intelligence, neural process and other characteristics, which are more obviously influenced by genetic factors. According to investigation and clinical observation, quite a few people in the families of mental patients suffer from neuropsychiatric diseases or abnormal psychological behaviors such as mental retardation, seizures, eccentric temperament, manic depression, etc. For example, the survey data of the prevalence rate of relatives of patients with manic depression and schizophrenia show that the etiology of mental illness does have obvious blood relationship, and the closer the blood relationship, the higher the prevalence rate, which is precisely the influence of genetic factors.
Second, bacterial or viral infection. Clinical studies have proved that infectious diseases of the central nervous system, such as typhus and epidemic encephalitis, cause organic psychological disorder or mental disorder due to the damage of germs and viruses to nerve tissue structure, which can inhibit psychological development and cause mental retardation or dementia.
Third, brain trauma or chemical poisoning. Concussion and brain contusion caused by various reasons can lead to mental disorders such as consciousness disorder, amnesia, speech disorder and personality change. Because harmful chemicals invade the human body and poison the central nervous system, such as alcoholism, food poisoning, gas poisoning and drug poisoning. , but also lead to psychological disorders or mental disorders.
Fourth, serious physical illness or physiological dysfunction. This kind of influence is also one of the causes of psychological disorders and mental disorders. For example, the most prominent endocrine disorders, such as thyroid dysfunction and hyperthyroidism, often have psychological abnormalities such as sensitivity, irritability, irritability, emotional impulse, and weakened self-control; Excessive adrenaline secretion can cause mania, while insufficient adrenaline secretion may lead to depression.
2. Psychological activity factors
Psychological activity is a state of mind. Once the individual's psychological state is formed, it will affect the future psychological development and changes. Psychological factors mainly include cognitive factors, emotional factors and personality factors.
First, cognitive factors. Cognition refers to people's psychological activities that recognize objective things, reflect their characteristics and connections, and reveal their meanings and functions to people. Cognitive process is the process of acquiring, storing, transforming, extracting and using information. People's cognitive factors cover a wide range, mainly including perception, attention, memory, imagination, thinking, speech and so on. Every individual has various cognitive factors. The development of these cognitive factors and the relationship between them may be coordinated or uncoordinated. Once a cognitive factor develops abnormally or the relationship between several cognitive factors is unbalanced, cognitive contradictions and conflicts will occur. This kind of contradiction and conflict can make people feel nervous, irritable and anxious, so try your best to alleviate or eliminate it. The more serious the imbalance between cognitive factors, the more people expect to reduce or eliminate the imbalance, and the stronger the motivation to maintain balance. If this need and motivation can't be met for a long time and can't be realized, it may lead to psychological deviation or psychological obstacle. Serious cognitive impairment will also damage the integrity and coordination of personality, and even lead to personality abnormality.
Second, emotional factors. People's emotional experience is multidimensional, multi-component and multi-level. It is the internal motive force of a person's survival and social adaptation, and an important factor to maintain physical and mental health.
Generally speaking, a stable and positive emotional state makes people happy, stable, energetic, moderate, comfortable and powerful; On the contrary, the negative emotional state with frequent fluctuations often makes people depressed, anxious, distracted, out of control, weak and powerless. Therefore, it is beneficial to people's physical and mental health to cultivate good positive emotions and eliminate bad negative emotions.
Third, personality factors. Personality factors can also be called personality factors. Personality factors include personality, temperament, ability and personality tendency. Personality factor is the core of psychological activity factor and has the greatest influence on a person's mental health. For example, the same kind of life setbacks have completely different effects on people with different personalities. Some people may not be able to bear it, or respond negatively, and then give up on themselves; Some people may accept the reality, face up to setbacks, redouble their efforts and work hard. Research shows that special personality characteristics are often the basis of corresponding mental diseases, especially neurosis. For example, obsessive-compulsive personality characteristics such as caution, perfection, indecision, ruthlessness, sensitivity, narrow-mindedness, regret for everything, and being harsh on oneself can easily lead to obsessive-compulsive neurosis; For another example, special personality characteristics, such as suggestibility, fantasy, changeable mood, excitability, self-centeredness and self-expression, can easily lead to hysteria. Therefore, cultivating a sound personality is one of the key factors to maintain physical and mental health.
(2) Inducing factors
Inducing factors are external objective factors that directly cause psychological problems. It mainly includes family factors, school factors and social factors.
1. Family factors
Family has a great influence on the physical and mental health of primary and secondary school students. A large number of studies at home and abroad show that bad family environment factors can easily cause abnormal psychological behavior of family members. These factors mainly include: changes in major family members, such as parents' death, parents' divorce or separation, and parents' remarriage. Family relations are tense, such as parents, mother-in-law and daughter-in-law, disharmony between brothers and sisters, indifferent family emotional atmosphere, frequent conflicts and so on. Improper family education methods, such as autocracy, coercion, or connivance, laissez-faire, etc. There are family changes, accidents and so on.
2. School factors
School is the main place for students to study and live, and students spend most of their time in school. Therefore, school life has a great influence on students' physical and mental health. School factors mainly include school education conditions, study conditions, living conditions, teacher-student relationship, peer relationship and so on. If these conditions and relationships are not handled well, it will affect the healthy development of students' body and mind. For example, bad school spirit, heavy learning burden, improper educational methods, emotional opposition between teachers and students, and disharmony between classmates will all make students psychologically depressed, nervous and anxious. If it is not adjusted in time, it will cause psychological obstacles and lead to psychological obstacles.
3. Social factors
Social factors mainly include politics, economy, culture and education, social relations and so on. These factors play a decisive role in a person's survival and development. Among them, all kinds of unhealthy thoughts, emotions and behaviors in social life seriously poison students' minds. Especially at present, the communication between people is increasingly extensive, the role of various social media is increasing, the tension in life is increasing, and contradictions, conflicts and competition are intensifying. These phenomena will increase students' psychological burden and inner contradictions, and affect their physical and mental health.
In short, the above factors restrict each other and often play a comprehensive role in a person's physical and mental health. Therefore, when we observe, analyze and diagnose psychological disorders, psychological disorders or mental diseases, we must fully consider the role of various factors, check and eliminate them one by one, make a comprehensive and correct diagnosis, and take effective measures to adjust and treat them.
Fourth, effective countermeasures to maintain the mental health of middle school students.
School education is very important to cultivate and improve the psychological quality of middle school students. So, how to proceed? We believe that there are the following specific practices:
1, set up special mental health education courses in middle schools to help students understand psychological science knowledge and master certain psychological adjustment skills. In teaching, we should give priority to all students, supplemented by individual counseling. It can be divided into two parts: one part is knowledge theory class, such as lectures on mental health knowledge, psychological adjustment and answering questions, discussion on key issues, etc. In the study of psychological knowledge, we can clearly understand and correct our ideas and treat our psychological conflicts with a positive attitude. The other part is activity training class, which is the most effective way to carry out mental health education for middle school students. Activities include: sketch performances, role simulation games, mutual visits and questions. In the activities, students can not only learn social skills of introducing themselves, understanding others and interacting with others, but also master some psychological adjustment means such as transferring emotions, venting pain and venting anger, so as to nip in the bud.
2. Infiltrate mental health education in the teaching of various subjects. Many courses in middle schools contain rich and colorful mental health education contents. Teachers should actively and deeply explore and consciously and purposefully influence middle school students in order to achieve the effect of moistening things quietly. For example, the strong will and heroic deeds of heroes in history class and the description of characters' psychology in Chinese class will have a positive impact on students' psychology. Therefore, the subsection goal of psychological education is added to the teaching purpose of each subject, which makes the educational model change from knowledge education to quality education and psychological education.
At the same time, mental health education, school education and teaching are interdependent, mutually promoting and restricting. Mental health education is a part of the whole teaching work in the school. Teachers should change their concepts, and change the previous test and evaluation methods that only look at grades but not abilities. Give students more love and respect, praise more, encourage more and criticize less in teaching, create a harmonious teaching environment and establish a good relationship between teachers and students. Only in this way can we stimulate the internal drive of mental health education in schools. Therefore, the subsection goal of psychological education is added to the teaching purpose of each subject, which makes the educational model change from knowledge education to quality education and psychological education.
3. Carry out psychological counseling and counseling. A "mental health consultation room" can be set up in the school to provide individual and group consultation, outpatient consultation, telephone consultation, letter consultation, column consultation, on-site consultation, etc. in view of psychological conflicts and psychological setbacks caused by maladjustment of freshmen and old classmates. Some simple psychotherapy methods can be adopted to treat individual students' psychological diseases, and at the same time, we should pay attention to our own image and sincerely pay attention to students. In this respect, we help to analyze the reasons for poor exams, make them realize that success or failure is common, improve their self-awareness and encourage them to find their own solutions. At the same time, we guide him to adjust his mood, such as listening to light music, doing more activities and interacting with people. Let him overcome his depressed mood and develop good behavior habits.
4. Optimize the second class and guide students to actively participate in various practical activities. The second classroom is the basic way to promote the all-round development of morality, intelligence, physique, beauty and labor and the harmonious development of knowledge, emotion, will and behavior, which plays an important role in broadening students' knowledge and ideological realm, improving their cultural accomplishment, expanding their social scope and psychological capacity, and developing their personality. Students can discover and develop their potential through practice inside and outside the school. The second lesson is quite extensive. According to their actual situation, school classes can hold various instructional lectures on situational education, social life, mental health, reading, aesthetics, information processing and so on. You can actively organize various social practice activities, such as visits. Various types of extracurricular activity groups and reading groups can be established. In short, the second class should strive to embody the unity of ideology, knowledge, emotion, artistry, practicality and students' subjectivity.
5. Give consideration to other aspects of psychological propaganda for parents and students. Research shows that students' mental health problems are directly or indirectly related to family rearing patterns and family interpersonal relationships, and some of them are even manifestations and continuations of family problems. Therefore, parents' active support and cooperation are needed to understand the causes of students' psychological and behavioral deviations, or to formulate and implement counseling and correction plans. Therefore, school mental health education should give attention to publicity to parents and other aspects.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) conclusion
"Ten years of trees, a hundred years of tree people." Education is a long and complicated project. Today, with the full implementation of quality education, students' good mental health education must be regarded as an important task. Only in this way can we really lay a solid foundation for the development of students in primary and secondary schools.
Main bibliography:
1. Published by Liaoning University Press and taught by Ding Zhiqiang.
2. "Psychological Health Education for Students" edited by Sun Police Education Press 1997.
3. Ning Hongbin's Thinking and Practice in Teaching Education Science Press 1998 Edition
4. Exploration of Psychological Quality Education in Primary and Secondary Schools, edited by Wo Jianzhong, Science Press, 2000.
5. Introduction to Psychology, edited by Huang Xiting People's Education Publishing House (1997 edition).
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