Because the management of health, safety and environmental hazards is similar in principle, process and effect, and closely related in actual production, the compatibility of occupational safety and health system and environmental management system, health, safety and environmental management gradually form a new integrated system-HSE system. Through integrated HSE management, enterprises can take active and effective preventive and control measures to reduce possible casualties, property losses and environmental pollution, thus achieving economic, clean and environmental pollution.
1the emergence and development of HSE
1. 1 HSE is the * * * victory product of the game between profit and responsibility. The emergence of HSE can be traced back to the safety management practice in enterprise management at the earliest.
From 65438 to 0929, Heinrich published "Prevention of Industrial Accidents", which systematically expounded the thought and experience of "prevention first" in safety management for the first time. In the 1980s, many major safety and environmental accidents occurred in the world, such as the toxic gas leakage of Bhopal United Carbonization Company in India, the explosion of Chernobyl nuclear power plant in 1986, and the North Sea oil field fire in 1988 in Britain. These accidents deeply touched the whole western society and played a great role in promoting the production of HSE.
Corporate social responsibility includes responsibility for people, environment and social development, including the health and safety of employees and the surrounding environment related to corporate activities. In the traditional concept, responsibility is synonymous with cost. Taking social responsibility is often considered to be contrary to the nature of enterprises' pursuit of profits. The pursuit of safety and environmental protection will cost. In 1980s, there were several serious accidents in the world, which caused many casualties, great ecological damage, high compensation, great criminal responsibility and serious damage to corporate image. With the rise of western human rights thought and the continuous intervention of environmental protection and labor rights bill, enterprises, insurance companies and all walks of life have to re-examine the legal, ethical and public welfare responsibilities of enterprises as the basic units of society. In this context, foreign enterprises take the lead in realizing that being a respected employer and an environment-friendly enterprise also has great potential market value and competitiveness, and the contradiction between the essential demand for profit maximization and the objective requirement for social responsibility can be reconciled. HSE is the winning product of this contradictory game balance, and then it is endowed with the strategic significance of maintaining the sustainable development of enterprises, and the establishment of HSE system is therefore considered as one of the important symbols of modern enterprises.
1.2 HSE and corporate social responsibility report
With the emergence of HSE system, voluntary corporate social responsibility movement has gradually emerged abroad, the main form of which is the public release of corporate annual reports, making corporate social responsibility behavior more transparent and standardized. According to KPMG's global corporate social responsibility survey, from 1998 to 2008, the number of enterprises issuing CSR reports by G250 has increased year by year, the level of CSR reports has been continuously improved, and the contents have become richer and more diverse, paying more attention to the practice process and performance of modern enterprise management system with HSE as the core.
The domestic CSR report started from Shell (China) 1999. By the end of 2008, more than 150 domestic enterprises had issued CSR reports, among which COSCO Group's 2007 Sustainable Development Report won the highest A+ grade in GRI, becoming the first China enterprise to win this honor. 65438+In February 2007, the State Grid issued the document 1.
The Guide to Corporate Social Responsibility —— South of Corporate Social Responsibility of State Grid Corporation of China indicates that the corporate social responsibility movement in China has entered a new stage of comprehensive integration of ideas and management practices.
1.3 development of HSE abroad
1974, the international association of oil companies established the exploration and development forum (e&; PForum) special working group, specializing in the development of HSE management system. 1984, Shell introduced DuPont's safety management model, and combined with the characteristics of petrochemical industry, put forward ideas and methods to strengthen safety management, and gradually formed a complete HSE management system within Shell enterprises. 199 1 The concept of HSE system was formally put forward at the first HSE conference on oil and gas exploration and development in The Hague, the Netherlands. Since then, the HSE system has gradually changed from shell enterprise regulations to industry unified rules.
HSE system is a dynamic management system, which is constantly updated and improved under PDCA cycle. The core of Shell's HSE system is hazard and impact management (HEMP, hazards &; As an in-depth risk assessment, HEMP requires the establishment of detailed files to describe the process and measures to minimize risks, and adopts a four-step assessment method. First, it identifies the risk factors in a substance or behavior, and then uses the matrix method to evaluate the potential risks. Steps 3 and 4 are used to determine the feasibility of accident pre-control and remedial measures respectively [1].
With the successful practice of HSE system in petrochemical industry, it has been widely promoted and applied in mining, manufacturing, construction and other industries. Since 2005, BHP Billiton has started the HSEProductive Ideas Program, encouraging employees and contractors to actively participate in the Health, Safety, Environment and Community (HSEC) suggestions, and * * * accepted and popularized more than 65,438+080 HSE suggestions on equipment, working environment and working methods, which not only reduced the accident rate, but also improved the accident rate. In April, 2007, the International Finance Organization (IFC) officially promulgated the Guidelines on Environment, Health and Safety, which formulated detailed HSE guidelines for the design, construction, operation and retirement of industrial enterprises such as metallurgy, chemical industry and minerals around the world, for the reference of World Bank loan member countries and other organizations, including the Guidelines on HSE of Large Steel Plants.
1.4 development of HSE in China
The word HSE first appeared in 1990, an oil and gas exploration project in Yancheng, Jiangsu Province contracted by Shell Company. Similar to its development abroad, the implementation of HSE stems from the strong conflict between PetroChina and the international advanced management model in many aspects such as ideology, culture, organization and system. In a sense, it is a passive behavior for China enterprises to adapt to international laws, but it is this gradual adaptation and understanding of the rules that has promoted China enterprises to be more standardized.
In recent years, with the acceleration of China's industrialization process, major production safety and environmental pollution accidents have occurred frequently, and people's life and health and property safety have been seriously threatened. Because of its performance in petrochemical industry, especially in high-risk industries such as coal mine, construction and metallurgy, HSE system has attracted the attention of national authorities and more enterprises, which has played a positive role in effectively reducing the occurrence of casualties. In 2006, the first China Enterprise HSE Management Summit was held in Beijing. Participants had in-depth exchanges and discussions on effective safety principles, integrating the company's management system and promoting the establishment of a new safety culture in China, which played an important role in comprehensively improving the HSE level of enterprises in China [2].
2 problems and countermeasures of domestic current HSE implementation enterprises
In recent years, due to the needs of their own development and the pressure of increasing market risks, many domestic enterprises have actively carried out HSE system certification and made remarkable progress in environmental protection and social responsibility. However, it should not be ignored that, as an imported management system, the implementation of HSE in China always has the problem of acclimatization, which restricts the effective operation of the system.
2. 1 Leadership HSE commitment
Leadership commitment is the core of HSE implementation thought and the driving force for the smooth implementation of HSE. Although in the HSE system documents of many enterprises, the top management of the company has made a clear commitment and established the goal of "zero accident and zero pollution", they often lack a serious attitude in practical problems, which is the primary reason why HSE cannot operate effectively. The fundamental reason is that in the current stage of rapid social and economic development, some enterprise leaders have a weak sense of social responsibility, lack a deep understanding of the triple bottom line principle of enterprise sustainable development, and have not yet established a performance concept of balanced development of economic, environmental and social performance.
With the continuous expansion of economic globalization, any enterprise will face increasingly chaotic market risks in investment, production and other fields. The core idea of HSE system is the embodiment of risk management, which points out a way to minimize or even avoid risks for enterprises, but at the same time, it also requires enterprise leaders to understand HSE from a strategic height, understand environmental management, fulfill HSE commitments with a highly responsible attitude, and bring the most powerful guarantee and motivation for enterprise development.
2.2 HSE consciousness and concept
HSE is the embodiment of corporate social responsibility, and the corporate responsibility related to employees' interests is to provide healthy and safe working environment, labor protection and corresponding training. However, many employees in domestic enterprises regard it as a kind of strengthening management, and they are resistant to the rules and measures of HSE system, and they are not aware of the binding effect of HSE on the protection of employees' rights and interests. The negative reaction of employees is an important reason for the difficulty in implementing HSE in domestic enterprises.
HSE is a corporate culture, and a good corporate culture will guide employees to keep consistent with corporate values, so that employees can consciously implement the management system [3]. However, HSE culture cannot be achieved overnight, and it depends on the guidance of enterprises. Training is a way for employees to understand, from passive "I want to be safe and environmentally friendly" to active "I want to be safe and environmentally friendly". Training should be guided according to industry characteristics. Taking an engineering enterprise as an example, the focus of training should be to integrate the concept of HSE into the planning and design stage and control the risks at the source of the project, so as to realize the intrinsic safety and environmental protection of the project.
2.3 integration and operation of HSE system
Many domestic enterprises have passed the HSE system certification, but the integrated system has not achieved the expected results in actual operation, and the lack of system documents is another important reason.
Many enterprises' HSE system documents are imported from the outside, which are set to meet the requirements of HSE system preparation specifications. Program documents and operation documents strive to be comprehensive, and often do not well combine the industry characteristics of enterprises, so the applicability and operability of the documents are not strong, and they only exist in the form of written records during the operation. In addition, the integration system of some enterprises is only a simple accumulation of occupational safety and health system (OHSAS 18000) and environmental management system (ISO 14000). In fact, the two systems are still running independently, which does not reflect the expected purpose of reducing management costs, optimizing resources and complementing each other's advantages after integration, thus losing the significance of HSE integration.
System documents are used to state the problem of "doing", and a clear description of "why to do it, who will do it, how to do it, whether it is good or not, and how to change it" is the premise for the smooth implementation of HSE system. Therefore, the integration of the system should comprehensively consider the same/different standard requirements and characteristics in the occupational health and safety system and the environmental management system, and consider the risks of key, important and special processes in enterprise activities according to the needs of interested parties.
Conduct identification control and formulate unified implementation standards, schemes and processes. Taking an engineering enterprise as an example, according to the principle that process control is important, key and special, HSE system documents should focus on the key process of planning and design, formulate detailed design HSE management documents, identify risk factors in project implementation, and make designers know how to design reasonably in terms of safety and environmental protection according to simple processes. If you participate in the design of foreign projects, the system documents should highlight the particularity of process control, and make detailed identification requirements for the international practices, laws, regulations, standards and norms of the country where the project is located, and even the geography, climate, customs and habits of the country where it is located, so as to attract the attention of designers in advance and reduce the risks of overseas projects.
2.4 HSE implementation capacity of HSE management
The quality of HSE personnel is one of the important standards to measure the HSE management level of enterprises. Besides having corresponding safety and environmental protection technologies and being familiar with domestic and foreign safety and environmental protection laws and regulations, you also need to master knowledge of system engineering and management. Foreign companies usually have an independent HSE department, which is directly responsible to the top leader. The head of the department is responsible for the HSE affairs of the department and is supervised by the company's HSE department. As a functional supervision department, HSE participates in risk investigation, evaluation, management training and audit of all activities of enterprises. There are not many people in HSE department, but they basically have corresponding technical and management experience, as well as highly educated background in safety, environment or law. They are usually called HSE commissioners. Corresponding to the HSE department of foreign enterprises is the safety and environmental protection department (department, department) established step by step by domestic enterprises. According to the professional division of labor, safety management departments and environmental management departments are set up respectively, and sometimes they are subdivided into traffic safety, fire safety and security departments. Each department has its own system and operates independently. There are many HSE employees, few highly educated and uneven management level, so there is a big gap between them and foreign companies in HSE implementation ability. Take safety management personnel as an example, usually called safety officers, who are mainly engaged in safety supervision of production lines and have rich field experience. However, due to their low academic qualifications and status, their role in specific work is limited in many aspects. The gap between the traditional concept of safety and environmental protection in China and the current international concept of HSE is the main reason for the ineffective implementation of HSE management in enterprises. The human resources required by HSE management, especially the demand for compound talents, are the basis of HSE work. At the same time, the education and training of on-the-job HSE personnel is also an important way to improve the overall HSE level of enterprises. The main contents of the training should focus on the advanced concepts, technologies and practical experience in safety and environmental protection at home and abroad, so that they can carry out effective HSE management on the basis of international integration and enterprise reality.
3 Conclusion
(1)HSE, as the result of game equilibrium between corporate social responsibility and the pursuit of profit maximization, has extremely important strategic significance in the implementation of modern enterprises. Good business performance of an enterprise provides a material basis for HSE, and excellent HSE performance creates favorable conditions for enterprise operation. HSE balances the interests of enterprises and related parties (customers, employees and social environment) in activities, and embodies the essential requirements of "economy, cleanliness and safety" for sustainable development.
(2) As a risk management system, HSE adheres to the management idea of "prevention first, leadership commitment, full participation and continuous improvement", which points out the direction for enterprises to deal with market risks under the background of globalization and plays a positive role in integrating internal resources, improving comprehensive management level and building excellent corporate culture.
(3) As a management system of imported products, China's HSE practice is still immature, and there is a big gap between the HSE management of domestic enterprises and the advanced level of foreign countries. Promoting the combination of HSE and enterprise industry characteristics by effectively propagating HSE consciousness and concept will contribute to the improvement and development of HSE management level of domestic enterprises.