First, the basic teaching methods
1. Heuristic teaching
Heuristic teaching refers to the teaching method in which teachers mobilize children's thinking and learning enthusiasm to the maximum extent according to the objective laws of learning process in the teaching process.
Heuristic teaching method has the following characteristics:
Pay attention to mobilizing children's mental activities and provide them with an opportunity for self-exploration, self-thinking and self-expression.
Pay attention to stimulate children's interest in learning and the initiative and enthusiasm of participating in activities, so that children can participate in activities happily.
Pay attention to establishing a democratic and harmonious relationship between teachers and students, and both teachers and students respect, trust, cooperate and promote each other.
2. Situational teaching
Situational teaching method means that teachers create a concrete, vivid and vivid learning situation for children in the teaching process, and bring children into this situation completely through appropriate ways, so that children can learn effectively under the constant inspiration of specific situations.
Using situational teaching method should pay attention to the following problems:
Let the children be there, observe, perceive, operate and experience in the situation, and produce emotions such as joy or sadness, love or hate, joy or anger under the infection of specific situations.
The simulated situation created should be novel in form, and the novel stimulus is easy to attract children's attention and stimulate their thirst for knowledge; The content should be practical, and the situation created should be able to effectively achieve the goal, not ostentatious.
When using situational teaching method, teachers should enlighten and summarize according to children's needs, so as to help children summarize and refine their own perceptual experience. Children should be given opportunities to fully express, express and communicate in situations, so that they can become the main body of activities.
3. Hint teaching method
The suggestive teaching method is a method that uses the relevant knowledge and laws of psychology, physiology and psychiatry, carefully designs the teaching environment, and skillfully uses unconscious psychological activities through the comprehensive application of suggestive, associative and imaginative, intellectual activities, physical activities, exercises and music to stimulate individual psychological potential and make children learn in a relaxed and happy situation.
When using the suggestive teaching method, we should pay attention to the following questions:
Using suggestion teaching method should choose appropriate suggestion means according to teaching objectives and contents.
Grasping the opportunity of suggestion makes children's unconscious psychological activities conducive to the transformation to conscious psychological activities.
Create a good suggestive environment for children to carry out unconscious memoryless activities in a pleasant and relaxed atmosphere.
Pay attention to the subtle influence of teachers' behavior, ideas, attitudes, teaching methods and teaching environment on children in teaching and play an active role.
4. Discovery method
Discovery method refers to a method in which teachers only give students some facts and questions when guiding students to learn concepts and principles, so that students can actively think, explore independently and discover and master the corresponding principles and conclusions by themselves.
5. Activity operation method
Activity operation method refers to the method that teachers provide materials according to teaching objectives and guide children to make full use of their hands, brains and mouths in the activities of operating materials, so as to gain experience.
Second, a more systematic teaching method:
First, intuitive method: the main method of kindergarten teaching. Including: observing (objects and phenomena), demonstrating, demonstrating, using visual teaching AIDS, adopting audio-visual education means, etc.
1, observation: one of the intuitive teaching methods in kindergartens, observation education. The main method of scientific education and teaching activities refers to perceptual activities with expected purposes. Observation: refers to the specific method of observing things. According to the purpose of observation, choosing scientific observation methods will improve the efficiency of observation.
(1) Children's spontaneous observation: Children take the initiative to observe the novelty around them without the guidance of teachers. Such as airplanes in the sky, ants under trees, etc.
(2) Observation of individual objects: in a certain period of time, organize children to observe an object or phenomenon, so that children can master the name, external characteristics, functions and relationship with people and society of this object or phenomenon, thus obtaining relevant superficial knowledge. For example, food, animals and plants are generally understood in this way.
(3) Comparative observation: refers to organizing children to observe two or more objects and phenomena and compare their similarities and differences. Through analysis, comparison, judgment and thinking, we can understand things more accurately, carefully and completely and form concepts. Such as knowing figures (squares and rectangles), knowing evergreen trees and deciduous trees. It can also be divided into overall comparison and decomposition comparison. Overall comparison is to compare two or more things as a whole and find out their similarities, opposites and similarities. Decomposition comparison is to compare two objects one by one from the local area.
(4) Long-term systematic observation: also known as? Follow-up observation Organize children to observe the development and change of an object or phenomenon intermittently and systematically for a long time. For example, observe the changes of plants and the moon from the perspective of planting.
(5) sequential observation: that is, carefully observe the observed objects from different angles in order. Animals are generally observed from head to toe, from top to bottom.
(6) Characteristic observation: it is a relatively static observation of the most important or some characteristics of the observed object.
(7) decomposition observation method: it is to carefully decompose and observe all parts of the observed object, and then synthesize them to achieve the purpose of clearly understanding the whole picture. (8) exploratory observation: that is, observing the connection, transformation and cause and effect between things to explore.
2. Demonstration method: refers to the teaching performance made by teachers through their own language and actions, and provides concrete imitation examples for children. Widely used in common language, art and health fields.
(1) Complete demonstration: The demonstration of the new teaching content from beginning to end gives children a complete impression, which is easy to understand and master, and forms a whole concept. For example, new songs, poems and morning exercises are often used.
(2) Local demonstration: When children have difficulties and mistakes in the learning process, the teacher will make local demonstrations to help solve local problems, but will not demonstrate what they have learned.
(3) decomposition demonstration: divide the learning materials into several parts and demonstrate them in sections, so that children can master every point and key point of learning.
(4) Demonstration in different directions: Demonstrate from the front, back or side, so that children can get a complete impression from different angles. Generally, dance and rhythm are used more.
Questioning method: It is one of the commonly used teaching methods in education and teaching, and it is the main method to guide children to observe and learn.
1, descriptive question: that is, to remind children to observe and describe things in detail, usually ask questions like this? What is the woodpecker you see?
2, comparative questioning: that is, inspire children to compare the similarities and differences of things. Like what? Where are the similarities and differences between a square and a rectangle?
3. Classification problem: that is, the problem of inspiring children to think with concepts. Like what? What kind of oranges do you think belong to? (Dried fruit or fruit)
4. Explanatory questions: that is, prompt children to understand things and the reasons for changes and explain them clearly. Like what? How is the rain formed?
5. Selective questioning: that is, the question of choosing among several conclusions. Like what? Do you think raisins belong to fruit or dried fruit?
6. Interrogative questioning refers to asking questions about the judgments made by children in the process of observation and perception. Like what? Is the baby seahorse born by mother?
Third, the conversation method: also known as? Question and answer method? One of the ancient teaching methods. Teaching is carried out through teachers' questions and children's answers. That is to guide children to use existing knowledge and experience to answer questions, so as to gain new knowledge, or to check and consolidate knowledge.
1, reappearing conversation method: also known as? Summative conversation? Or? Thematic dialogue? . It is a dialogue to consolidate knowledge or check knowledge. According to the knowledge that children have learned, ask questions around certain topics and ask children to answer by recalling knowledge. After the reproduction of knowledge, sporadic knowledge will be systematized to achieve the purpose of sorting out, consolidating or checking.
2. Inspirational lecture: This is a lecture to impart new knowledge. Teachers put forward a series of coherent and enlightening questions according to the purpose of learning, and guide children to think positively and make correct answers according to existing knowledge and experience or observation of immediate things and phenomena, so as to acquire new knowledge.
Fourth, teaching methods: teachers describe scenes, facts, concepts and reasons to children through oral language. Include explanation, narration and description.
Discussion: Under the guidance of the teacher, children debate the questions raised to express their different understandings and opinions.
Sixth, the operation method: teach children to learn through their own practical activities according to certain requirements and procedures.
Seven, several artistic concepts:
1, Propositional Painting: Also known as? Theme painting? The children draw according to the theme and theme assigned by the teacher.
2. Propositional willingness painting: the combination of propositional painting and willingness painting. Refers to the children around the teacher's theme, arbitrary imagination to composition and painting. It can express the designated theme, and allow children to freely choose the theme content of the theme, give full play to their imagination and express their feelings.
3. Willing to paint: The teacher does not specify the theme and the scope of the theme, and the child is completely free to choose the theme composition for painting.
4, physical painting: also known as? Still life painting? . It is a painting with a static object as the description object.
5. Figure painting: painting with characters as the description object.
6, landscape painting: also known as? Landscape painting? . Painting with outdoor natural scenery as the description object.
7. Impression painting: also called? Memory painting? . What children don't draw in front of them, draw with existing knowledge and impressions. That is, relying on the representation in the mind, fully arouse the memory of children, and express what they are most impressed and interested in through painting.
8. Story painting: A number of pictures drawn according to stories that children are familiar with and most interested in.
Decorative painting: Decorate paper daily necessities or homemade toys with simple patterns.
10, rubbing painting: pad the pattern imprint under the paper and polish it on the paper with a colored pencil.
1 1, outline painting: a painting method for children to practice outlining. Press hands, leaves, bottle caps, keys, etc. On paper, draw an outline along the outer edge of the object, and then paint it with appropriate colors to form vivid graphics.
12, rubbings: similar to calligraphy? Draw red? Painting type. One is line drawing, which marks the outline of the object drawn by the teacher according to the shape; The other is attached paper painting, which uses translucent paper to paint on pre-drawn or printed images.
13. Wax scraping painting: spread the paper completely and evenly with colored crayons or oil pastels, and then draw various images on it with bamboo needles. Or spread a thin colored paste evenly on the cardboard, and scrape off the texture with a comb or other toothed instrument.
14. Oil-water separation painting: first draw an image on paper with an oil pastel or crayon, and then brush it with gouache paint. The color of water will fade when there is wax.
15, Pinch Dyeing Painting: Pinch out several small pieces on rice paper or kraft paper, then dip them in the color tray respectively, and spread them out when the color is dry, showing colorful patterns.