Psychological effect is a common psychological phenomenon and law in social life; It is a causal reaction or chain reaction that the behavior or function of one person or something causes other people or things to change accordingly. Let me explain to you the common psychological effects in 10 life.
1, birdcage logic
Hang a beautiful birdcage in the most conspicuous place in the room. In a few days, the owner will definitely make one of the following two choices: throw away the birdcage or buy a bird to put in the birdcage. This is the birdcage logic.
The process is simple. Imagine that you are the owner of this room. As long as someone walks into a room and sees a birdcage, they can't help asking you: Where is the bird? Did you die when you answered: I've never had a bird. ? People will ask:? So, what do you need a birdcage for? Finally, you must choose between two options, because it is much easier than endless explanations.
The reason for birdcage logic is simple: people use inertial thinking most of the time, which shows how important it is to cultivate logical thinking in life and work.
2. Broken window effect
There is a phenomenon in psychological research called. Broken window effect? In other words, if the window of a house is broken and no one comes to repair it, soon, other windows will be broken inexplicably; A wall, if some graffiti is not cleaned up, will soon be covered with messy and unsightly things; In a very clean place, people will be embarrassed to throw garbage, but once there is garbage on the ground, people will not hesitate to throw it and will not feel ashamed.
This is really a strange phenomenon. Is this what psychologists study? The tipping point? How dirty the ground is, people will think it is anyway, and it doesn't matter how dirty it is. How bad the situation is, people will give up on themselves and let it rot to the end. Anything bad will not change if it is not stopped at first, just like a small gap on the river bank, which can collapse and cause millions of times of losses.
3. Decentralization of responsibilities
1March, 964 13 At 3: 20 pm, in front of an apartment on the outskirts of new york, a young woman named Juno Bibi was assassinated on her way home from work in a bar. When she shouted in despair: someone is going to kill someone! Help! Help! ? Residents nearby heard the shouts, turned on the lights and opened the window, and the murderer escaped. Everything calmed down and the murderer came back to commit the crime. When she shouted again, the nearby residents turned on the lights again and the murderer ran away again. When she thought she had nothing to do and went back to her home to go upstairs, the murderer appeared in front of her again and killed her on the stairs. In the process, although she shouted for help, at least 38 people in her neighbors went to the window to watch, but no one came to save her, or even called the police. This incident caused a sensation in new york society, and also attracted the attention and thinking of social psychologists. People call this phenomenon the responsibility of many bystanders spreading from bankruptcy.
Psychologists have conducted a lot of experiments and investigations on the causes of the spread of responsibility, and the results show that this phenomenon can be said to be not only people's apathy, but also the increasingly decadent morality. Because on different occasions, people's aid behavior is really different. When a person encounters an emergency, if he is the only one who can help, he will clearly realize his responsibility and give help to the victims. If he feels guilty from destruction, it will cost him a high psychological price. If there are many people present, the responsibility of helping those who ask for help will be shared by everyone, resulting in scattered responsibilities. Everyone shares little responsibility, and onlookers may not even realize their own responsibilities, leading to a kind of? If I don't save it, someone else will? Psychology, reason? Collective indifference? Situation. How to break this situation is an important topic that psychologists are studying.
4. Parkinson's law
The famous British historian Northgood? Through long-term investigation and study, Parkinson wrote a book called Parkinson's Law. In his book, he explained the reasons and consequences of the expansion of institutional personnel: an incompetent official may have three ways out. The first is to apply for resignation and give your seat to someone who has the ability; The second is to let a capable person help him with his work; The third is to appoint two people lower than themselves as assistants.
The first way is absolutely impossible, because many rights will be lost; You can't go the second way, because that capable person will become your opponent; It seems that only the third way is the most suitable. So, two mediocre assistants share his work, and he gives orders from above. They will not pose a threat to their rights. Since both assistants are incompetent, find yourself two incompetent assistants from top to bottom. By analogy, a leadership system is formed, which is bloated, overstaffed, wrangling with each other and inefficient.
5. Halo effect
Pushkin, a famous Russian writer, once suffered from the halo effect. He fell madly in love with a man named. The first beauty in Moscow? Natalie, and married her. Natalie looks amazing, but she is different from Pushkin. Every time Pushkin reads her a written poem, she always covers her ears and says, don't listen! Don't listen! ? On the contrary, she always asks Pushkin to play with her and attend some luxurious parties and dances. Pushkin left his creation behind, was heavily in debt, and finally died in a duel with her, which made a literary superstar fall prematurely. In Pushkin's view, a beautiful woman must have extraordinary wisdom and noble character, but this is not the case. This phenomenon is called halo effect.
The so-called halo effect is that in interpersonal communication, one aspect of a person's characteristics masks other characteristics, thus causing obstacles to interpersonal cognition. In daily life? Halo effect? It often quietly affects our cognition and evaluation of others. For example, some old people think that if they don't like the individual shortcomings of young people, or don't like their clothes and living habits, they must be worthless. Because some young people admire a certain loveliness of their friends, they think they are cute everywhere. Is it true?/You don't say. A handsome man covers all the ugliness? .
Halo effect is a subjective psychological speculation, and its mistakes lie in: first, it is easy to grasp the individual characteristics of things and is used to pushing the individual to the general, just like a blind man touching an elephant, replacing the face with points; Second, it links some unrelated personality or appearance features, and asserts that there must be another feature with this feature; Third, all the good ones are affirmed, and all the bad ones are denied. This is an absolute tendency dominated by subjective prejudice. In a word, halo effect is a cognitive obstacle that has a great influence on people's psychology in interpersonal communication. We should try our best to avoid and overcome the side effects of halo effect in communication.
6. Hawthorne effect
The experimenter effect in psychology. In the 1920s-1930s, American researchers discovered the experimenter effect, called Hawthorne effect, in the experiment on the relationship among working conditions, social factors and production benefits in Hawthorne factory of Chicago West Electric Power Company.
In the first stage of the experiment, the relationship between working conditions and production benefits was set from 1924 1 1 to the experimental group and the control group. Results The output of the experimental group increased whether the light was increased or controlled, and so did the output of the control group with the same light. In addition, factors such as salary, rest time, working hours per day and working days per week have been tested, and it is not clear that these working conditions have any direct impact on production efficiency.
The second phase of the experiment was led by Mayo, a professor at Harvard University in the United States, and mainly studied the relationship between social factors and production efficiency. The results show that the improvement of production efficiency is mainly due to the great changes in the spirit of the subjects. Workers who participated in the experiment were placed in special laboratories, led by researchers. Their social conditions have changed, which attracted the attention of all parties, thus forming the feeling of participating in the experiment and feeling that they are an important part of the company, thus inspiring workers from the social perspective and promoting the increase of output.
This effect tells us that when students or themselves are concerned or watched by the public, the efficiency of learning and communication will be greatly improved. Therefore, we should learn to get along well with others in our daily life and understand what kind of behavior is accepted and appreciated by our classmates and teachers. Only by constantly increasing your good behavior in life and study can you get more people's attention and appreciation, and you can make your study progress and be confident!
7. Learned helplessness experiment
Learned helplessness was first discovered by Auvermeer and Seligman, and then widely discussed in animal and human studies. In short, many experiments show that after training, dogs can jump over obstacles or engage in other behaviors to escape the electric shock applied to them by experimenters. However, if the dog has been subjected to unpredictable (I don't know when it will come) and uncontrollable electric shock before (for example, the interruption of the electric shock does not depend on the dog's behavior), when the dog has a chance to escape from the electric shock later, it will become impossible to escape. Moreover, dogs will also show other defects, such as feeling depressed and depressed, reducing initiative and so on.
Dogs behave this way because they learned to feel helpless in the early stage of the experiment. In other words, they realize that no matter what they do, they can't control the termination of the electric shock. In each experiment, the termination of electric shock is under the control of the experimenter, and the dog will realize that he has no ability to change this external control, thus learning a sense of helplessness.
If people produce learned helplessness, it will become a deep despair and sorrow. Therefore, we should broaden our horizons in our study and life, see clearly the real decisive factors behind the incident, and don't let ourselves fall into despair.
8. Authority effect
American psychologists once did an experiment: when giving lectures to students in the psychology department of a university, they introduced a German teacher invited from another school to the students, saying that the German teacher was a famous chemist from Germany. This one in the experiment? Chemist? He took out a bottle filled with distilled water, saying it was a newly discovered chemical, and it had some smell. Please raise your hand when you smell the smell. As a result, most students raised their hands. Why do most students raise their hands when they think distilled water has no taste?
Is this because there is a common social psychological phenomenon? Authority effect? . So-called? Authority effect? It means that if the speaker has high status, prestige and respect, what he says can easily attract others' attention and believe its correctness, that is? People talk lightly, people talk heavily? . ? Authority effect? Everywhere, first of all, because people. Safety psychology? Is that people always think that authoritative figures are often correct role models, and obeying them will make them feel safe and will not make mistakes? Insurance factor? ; Second, because people have? Praise? That is to say, people always think that the requirements of authoritative figures are often in line with social norms, and doing according to the requirements of authoritative figures will get praise and rewards from all sides.
In real life, use? Authority effect? There are many examples: inviting authoritative figures to praise a product in advertisements, citing authoritative figures as arguments in arguments and so on. In interpersonal communication, use? Authority effect? , but also to guide or change each other's attitudes and behaviors.
9. Zegoni effect
1927 psychologist Cai gaoni made an experiment: divided the subjects into two groups, A and B, and worked out the same math problem at the same time. In the meantime, group A was allowed to complete the calculation smoothly, while a group of calculations was suddenly ordered to stop halfway. Then let the two groups recall the problems of calculus respectively. Group B is obviously better than Group A, and this unfinished unhappiness remains in the memory of Group B for a long time. What about those that have been completed? Eager to finish? When you are satisfied, it is easy for you to forget the task.
Many people are born with a compulsive tendency to pursue perfection. You can't get rid of what you have to do until you finish it. Keggini effect means that people go to two extremes: one is over-coercion, and they have to face the task in one go. If they don't finish it, they will stick to it and even stubbornly exclude others; At the other end, the driving force is too weak, and everything is procrastinating, often giving up halfway, always shifting the goal until one thing is completely completed, and never completely completing one thing.
10, uniform gannick effect
Qi Ganike effect originated from an experiment made by French psychologist Qi Ganike. He divided the subjects into two groups and completed 20 tasks respectively. In the meantime, he intervened in one group, so that their work could not be successfully completed, while the other group successfully completed all the work without obstacles. Although all the subjects were very nervous when accepting the task, the tension of those who successfully completed the task disappeared, while those who failed to complete the task were always troubled by those tasks, and the tension persisted.
Psychological research has found that when people accept a job, they will have a certain degree of tension, and only after completing the task will the tension be alleviated. However, people often face overlapping tasks in their work. Therefore, tension exists and accumulates all the time, and they can't relax even on weekends and holidays, and they are in a state of fatigue for a long time, which eventually leads to neurasthenia and sub-health.
;